{"id":196,"date":"2018-06-18T16:33:07","date_gmt":"2018-06-18T20:33:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedanatomy1sted\/chapter\/bones-5\/"},"modified":"2018-12-20T18:42:03","modified_gmt":"2018-12-20T23:42:03","slug":"bones-5","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedanatomy1sted\/chapter\/bones-5\/","title":{"raw":"Bones","rendered":"Bones"},"content":{"raw":"

The Femur<\/strong><\/p>\r\nThe femur <\/strong>is the longest and strongest bone in the body. Located in the thigh, it is classified as a long bone and acts as an important site for the origin and insertions of many muscles and ligaments. The main function of the femur is to support the weight of the body and transmit forces from the tibia to the hip joint. It is divided into three major areas (proximal to distal): the femoral head, <\/em>the\u00a0shaft, <\/em>and\u00a0the condyles<\/em>. At its proximal end, the femur articulates with pelvis creating the hip joint, and distally with the tibia of the leg to form the knee joint.\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0femoral head<\/strong> is a smoothly rounded epiphysis, with the exception for the small central depression called the\u00a0fovea capitis<\/strong>. It is an important ligament attachment site from the acetabulum to form the hip joint and hold the femur securely in place. Below the femoral head, is the\u00a0neck\u00a0<\/strong>which is a narrow, slender connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Adjacent to the neck is the superior\u00a0greater trochanter\u00a0<\/strong>and the inferior\u00a0lesser trochanter\u00a0<\/strong>projecting laterally. Both are sites were ligaments attach.\r\n\r\nThe shaft<\/strong>\u00a0(diaphysis) descends in a slight medial direction. This brings the knees closer to the body\u2019s center of gravity, increasing stability. Along the central posterior shaft is the\u00a0linea aspera<\/strong>, a rough ridge that marks the attachment site of the hamstrings. Proximally, the linea aspera is formed by the\u00a0pectineal line<\/strong>\u00a0along the medial border and the\u00a0gluteal tuberosity\u00a0<\/strong>from the lateral border. Distally, the linea aspera\u00a0splits into the medial\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0lateral supracondylar ridges <\/em>that create the medial\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0lateral epicondyles<\/strong> and forms the floor of the popliteal fossa.\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n

Figure 1. Diagram demonstrating the anterior view of the femur origin(in red) and insertion(blue) landmarks.<\/h5>\r\n\"\"\r\n
Figure 2. Diagram demonstrating the posterior view of the origin (red) and insertion (blue) landmarks on the femur.<\/h5>\r\nThe distal end of the femur forms two large round protuberances on the outer side, the\u00a0medial and\u00a0lateral condyles<\/strong>. The medial condyle is structurally larger and bears more weight because it is positioned closer to the center of mass\u00a0than the smaller, broad lateral condyle. Anteriorly, the condyles are separated by the\u00a0patellar surface<\/strong>, a smooth articular surface\u00a0where the\u00a0patella\u00a0<\/strong>can glide across. Posteriorly, the condyles are much more prominent and are separated by a deep\u00a0intercondylar fossa.<\/strong>\u00a0 The medial and lateral femoral condyles articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia to form the knee joint.\r\n

The Knee<\/strong><\/p>\r\nThe knee\u00a0<\/strong>is comprised of three bones, the\u00a0femur,\u00a0patella<\/em>, and tibia.<\/em> As mentioned previously, the knee is the most weight-bearing joint in the human body making it highly susceptible to injury.\r\nThe patella<\/strong>, also known as the kneecap,\u00a0 is a flat triangular sesamoid bone that forms within the quadriceps femoris<\/em>\u00a0tendon. The patella has an inferior apex<\/strong>, connected by the patella ligament; a broad superior\u00a0base<\/strong>; a rough convex anterior surface; and two posterior facets for articulation with the condyles of the femur.\u00a0 In terms of position, the patella sits anteriorly to the tibiofemoral joint to reduce friction between the bones and muscles that cross the knee. As flexion and extension at the knee occur the patella moves along the patellofemoral groove<\/em> to protect any surfaces from rubbing.\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n

Figure 3. Diagram demonstrating the anterior (right) and posterior (left) bony landmarks and features of the femur, patella, tibia and fibula.<\/h5>\r\n\"\"\u00a0<\/b>\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n
Figure 4. Diagram demonstrating the anterior (right) and posterior (left) muscle origins (red) and insertion (blue) of muscles along the femur, tibia and fibula.<\/h5>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n

The Tibia<\/strong><\/p>\r\nThe\u00a0tibia<\/strong>, known as the shinbone,\u00a0 sits medially and is the strongest and largest of the leg bones. The tibias role is to support the weight from the knee to the ankle. Inbetween the medial and lateral condyles, is the intercondylar eminence\u00a0<\/strong>which is an important attachment site for knee cruciate ligaments.\u00a0Right below the condyles on the anterior surface is the tibial tuberosity<\/strong>, a palpable rough patch where the patellar ligament attaches. Beginning from the tibial tuberosity and continuing down the shaft is the\u00a0anterior margin<\/strong>, which is also easily palpable through the skin. Distally there is a triangular shaped protrusion known as the medial malleolus<\/strong>, which is given its name because of its resemblance of a hammer. This protrusion connects to the talus\u00a0<\/strong>which forms and lends stability to the medial aspect of the ankle joint.\r\n

The Fibula<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

The fibula<\/strong>, known as the calf bone,\u00a0is the thinner and slender lateral bone of the leg. Proximally, the fibular head articulates with the lateral tibial condyle and is attached at the shaft by the\u00a0interosseous membrane<\/strong>. Distal and inferiorly is the bony landmark\u00a0lateral malleolus\u00a0<\/strong>that provides lateral support for the ankle. Overall, the fibular plays an important role in stabilizing the ankle and is an important site for muscle attachments that move the foot. It, however,\u00a0does not transfer or bear any weight from the knee to the ankle and is mainly a support for the tibia.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

The Ankle\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\nThe ankle is made up of the distal ends of the tibia and fibula; specifically the medial and lateral malleolus. The lateral portion of the distal tibia has a facet that articulates with the medial side of the talus.\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n

Figure 5. Diagram demonstrating an x-ray image of the medial and lateral malleolus of the ankle joint.<\/h5>\r\n \r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n ","rendered":"

The Femur<\/strong><\/p>\n

The femur <\/strong>is the longest and strongest bone in the body. Located in the thigh, it is classified as a long bone and acts as an important site for the origin and insertions of many muscles and ligaments. The main function of the femur is to support the weight of the body and transmit forces from the tibia to the hip joint. It is divided into three major areas (proximal to distal): the femoral head, <\/em>the\u00a0shaft, <\/em>and\u00a0the condyles<\/em>. At its proximal end, the femur articulates with pelvis creating the hip joint, and distally with the tibia of the leg to form the knee joint.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0femoral head<\/strong> is a smoothly rounded epiphysis, with the exception for the small central depression called the\u00a0fovea capitis<\/strong>. It is an important ligament attachment site from the acetabulum to form the hip joint and hold the femur securely in place. Below the femoral head, is the\u00a0neck\u00a0<\/strong>which is a narrow, slender connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Adjacent to the neck is the superior\u00a0greater trochanter\u00a0<\/strong>and the inferior\u00a0lesser trochanter\u00a0<\/strong>projecting laterally. Both are sites were ligaments attach.<\/p>\n

The shaft<\/strong>\u00a0(diaphysis) descends in a slight medial direction. This brings the knees closer to the body\u2019s center of gravity, increasing stability. Along the central posterior shaft is the\u00a0linea aspera<\/strong>, a rough ridge that marks the attachment site of the hamstrings. Proximally, the linea aspera is formed by the\u00a0pectineal line<\/strong>\u00a0along the medial border and the\u00a0gluteal tuberosity\u00a0<\/strong>from the lateral border. Distally, the linea aspera\u00a0splits into the medial\u00a0<\/em>and\u00a0lateral supracondylar ridges <\/em>that create the medial\u00a0<\/strong>and\u00a0lateral epicondyles<\/strong> and forms the floor of the popliteal fossa.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 1. Diagram demonstrating the anterior view of the femur origin(in red) and insertion(blue) landmarks.<\/h5>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 2. Diagram demonstrating the posterior view of the origin (red) and insertion (blue) landmarks on the femur.<\/h5>\n

The distal end of the femur forms two large round protuberances on the outer side, the\u00a0medial and\u00a0lateral condyles<\/strong>. The medial condyle is structurally larger and bears more weight because it is positioned closer to the center of mass\u00a0than the smaller, broad lateral condyle. Anteriorly, the condyles are separated by the\u00a0patellar surface<\/strong>, a smooth articular surface\u00a0where the\u00a0patella\u00a0<\/strong>can glide across. Posteriorly, the condyles are much more prominent and are separated by a deep\u00a0intercondylar fossa.<\/strong>\u00a0 The medial and lateral femoral condyles articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia to form the knee joint.<\/p>\n

The Knee<\/strong><\/p>\n

The knee\u00a0<\/strong>is comprised of three bones, the\u00a0femur,\u00a0patella<\/em>, and tibia.<\/em> As mentioned previously, the knee is the most weight-bearing joint in the human body making it highly susceptible to injury.
\nThe patella<\/strong>, also known as the kneecap,\u00a0 is a flat triangular sesamoid bone that forms within the quadriceps femoris<\/em>\u00a0tendon. The patella has an inferior apex<\/strong>, connected by the patella ligament; a broad superior\u00a0base<\/strong>; a rough convex anterior surface; and two posterior facets for articulation with the condyles of the femur.\u00a0 In terms of position, the patella sits anteriorly to the tibiofemoral joint to reduce friction between the bones and muscles that cross the knee. As flexion and extension at the knee occur the patella moves along the patellofemoral groove<\/em> to protect any surfaces from rubbing.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 3. Diagram demonstrating the anterior (right) and posterior (left) bony landmarks and features of the femur, patella, tibia and fibula.<\/h5>\n

\"\"\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 4. Diagram demonstrating the anterior (right) and posterior (left) muscle origins (red) and insertion (blue) of muscles along the femur, tibia and fibula.<\/h5>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

The Tibia<\/strong><\/p>\n

The\u00a0tibia<\/strong>, known as the shinbone,\u00a0 sits medially and is the strongest and largest of the leg bones. The tibias role is to support the weight from the knee to the ankle. Inbetween the medial and lateral condyles, is the intercondylar eminence\u00a0<\/strong>which is an important attachment site for knee cruciate ligaments.\u00a0Right below the condyles on the anterior surface is the tibial tuberosity<\/strong>, a palpable rough patch where the patellar ligament attaches. Beginning from the tibial tuberosity and continuing down the shaft is the\u00a0anterior margin<\/strong>, which is also easily palpable through the skin. Distally there is a triangular shaped protrusion known as the medial malleolus<\/strong>, which is given its name because of its resemblance of a hammer. This protrusion connects to the talus\u00a0<\/strong>which forms and lends stability to the medial aspect of the ankle joint.<\/p>\n

The Fibula<\/strong><\/p>\n

The fibula<\/strong>, known as the calf bone,\u00a0is the thinner and slender lateral bone of the leg. Proximally, the fibular head articulates with the lateral tibial condyle and is attached at the shaft by the\u00a0interosseous membrane<\/strong>. Distal and inferiorly is the bony landmark\u00a0lateral malleolus\u00a0<\/strong>that provides lateral support for the ankle. Overall, the fibular plays an important role in stabilizing the ankle and is an important site for muscle attachments that move the foot. It, however,\u00a0does not transfer or bear any weight from the knee to the ankle and is mainly a support for the tibia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The Ankle\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

The ankle is made up of the distal ends of the tibia and fibula; specifically the medial and lateral malleolus. The lateral portion of the distal tibia has a facet that articulates with the medial side of the talus.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Figure 5. Diagram demonstrating an x-ray image of the medial and lateral malleolus of the ankle joint.<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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