{"id":236,"date":"2020-02-25T23:16:26","date_gmt":"2020-02-26T04:16:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/chapter\/4-2-spelling\/"},"modified":"2021-08-11T12:17:33","modified_gmt":"2021-08-11T16:17:33","slug":"spelling","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/chapter\/spelling\/","title":{"raw":"Spelling and Homonyms","rendered":"Spelling and Homonyms"},"content":{"raw":"<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">One essential aspect of good writing is accurate spelling. With computer spell checkers, spelling may seem simple, but these programs fail to catch every error. Spell checkers identify some errors, but writers still have to consider the flagged words and suggested replacements. Writers are still responsible for the errors that remain.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">For example, if the spell checker highlights a word that is misspelled and gives you a list of alternative words, you may choose a word that you never intended even though it is spelled correctly. This can change the meaning of your sentence. It can also confuse readers, making them lose interest. Computer spell checkers are useful editing tools, but they can never replace human knowledge of spelling rules, homonyms, and commonly misspelled words.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h1>Common Spelling Rules<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The best way to master new words is to understand the key spelling rules. Keep in mind, however, that some spelling rules carry exceptions. A spell checker may catch these exceptions, but knowing them yourself will prepare you to spell accurately on the first try. You may want to try memorizing each rule and its exception like you would memorize a rhyme or lyrics to a song.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p02\" class=\"para\">Write <em class=\"emphasis\">i<\/em> before <em class=\"emphasis\">e<\/em> except after <em class=\"emphasis\">c<\/em>, or when pronounced <em class=\"emphasis\">ay<\/em> like \u201cneighbor\u201d or \u201cweigh.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>ach<span class=\"token\">ie<\/span>ve, n<span class=\"token\">ie<\/span>ce, al<span class=\"token\">ie<\/span>n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>rec<span class=\"token\">ei<\/span>ve, dec<span class=\"token\">ei<\/span>ve<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p03\" class=\"para\">When words end in a consonant plus <em class=\"emphasis\">y<\/em>, drop the <em class=\"emphasis\">y<\/em> and add an <em class=\"emphasis\">i<\/em> before adding another ending.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>happy + er = happ<span class=\"token\">i<\/span>er<\/li>\r\n \t<li>cry + ed = cr<span class=\"token\">i<\/span>ed<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n03\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p04\" class=\"para\">When words end in a vowel plus <em class=\"emphasis\">y<\/em>, keep the <em class=\"emphasis\">y<\/em> and add the ending.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l03\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>del<span class=\"token\">ay<\/span> + ed = dela<span class=\"token\">yed<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p05\" class=\"para\">Memorize the following exceptions to this rule: <em class=\"emphasis\">day<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">lay<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">say<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">pay<\/em> = <em class=\"emphasis\">daily<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">laid<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">said<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">paid<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n04\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p06\" class=\"para\">When adding an ending that begins with a vowel, such as -<em class=\"emphasis\">able<\/em>, -<em class=\"emphasis\">ence<\/em>, -<em class=\"emphasis\">ing<\/em>, or -<em class=\"emphasis\">ity<\/em>, drop the last <em class=\"emphasis\">e<\/em> in a word.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l04\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>writ<span class=\"token\">e<\/span> + ing = writ<span class=\"token\">ing<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>pur<span class=\"token\">e<\/span> + ity = pur<span class=\"token\">ity<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n05\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p07\" class=\"para\">When adding an ending that begins with a consonant, such as -<em class=\"emphasis\">less<\/em>, -<em class=\"emphasis\">ment<\/em>, or -<em class=\"emphasis\">ly<\/em>, keep the last <em class=\"emphasis\">e<\/em> in a word.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l05\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>hope + less = hop<span class=\"token\">e<\/span>less<\/li>\r\n \t<li>advertise + ment = advertis<span class=\"token\">e<\/span>ment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n06\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p08\" class=\"para\">For many words ending in a consonant and an <em class=\"emphasis\">o<\/em>, add -<em class=\"emphasis\">s<\/em> when using the plural form.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l06\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>pho<span class=\"token\">to<\/span> + s = photos<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sopra<span class=\"token\">no<\/span> + s = sopranos<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n07\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p09\" class=\"para\">Add -<em class=\"emphasis\">es<\/em> to words that end in <em class=\"emphasis\">s<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">ch<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">sh<\/em>, and <em class=\"emphasis\">x<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l07\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>chur<span class=\"token\">ch<\/span> + es = churches<\/li>\r\n \t<li>fa<span class=\"token\">x<\/span> + es = faxes<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p10\" class=\"para\">Identify and correct the nine misspelled words in the following paragraph. Once done, please share with a classmate and compare your answers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_bl01\" class=\"blockquote\">\r\n\r\nSherman J. Alexie Jr. was born in October 1966. He is a Spokane\/Coeur d\u2019Alene Indian and an American writer, poet, and filmmaker. Alexie was born with hydrocephalus, or water on the brain. This condition led doctors to predict that he would likly suffer long-term brain damage and possibly mental retardation. Although Alexie survived with no mental disabilitys, he did suffer other serious side effects from his condition that plagud him throughout his childhood. Amazingly, Alexie learned to read by the age of three, and by age five he had read novels such as John Steinbeck\u2019s <em class=\"emphasis\">The Grapes of Wrath<\/em>. Raised on an Indian reservation, Alexie often felt aleinated from his peers due to his avid love for reading and also from the long-term effects of his illness, which often kept him from socializeing with his peers on the reservation. The reading skills he displaid at such a young age foreshadowed what he would later become. Today Alexie is a prolific and successful writer with several story anthologeis to his credit, noteably <em class=\"emphasis\">The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven<\/em> and <em class=\"emphasis\">The Toughest Indian in the World<\/em>. Most of his fiction is about contemporary Native Americans who are influenced by pop culture and pow wows and everything in between. His work is sometimes funny but always thoughtful and full of richness and depth. Alexie also writes poetry, novels, and screenplays. His latest collection of storys is called <em class=\"emphasis\">War Dances<\/em>, which came out in 2009.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Eight Tips to Improve Spelling Skills<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l08\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Read the words in your assignment carefully, and avoid skimming over the page.<\/strong> Focusing on your written assignment word by word will help you pay close attention to each word\u2019s spelling. Skimming quickly, you may overlook misspelled words.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Use mnemonic devices to remember the correct spelling of words.<\/strong> Mnemonic devices, or memory techniques and learning aids, include inventive sayings or practices that help you remember. For example, the saying \u201cIt is important to be a beautiful person inside and out\u201d may help you remember that <em class=\"emphasis\">beautiful<\/em> begins with \u201cbe a.\u201d The practice of pronouncing the word <em class=\"emphasis\">Wednesday<\/em> Wed-nes-day may help you remember how to spell the word correctly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Use a dictionary.<\/strong> Many professional writers rely on the dictionary\u2014either in print or online. If you find it difficult to use a regular dictionary, ask your instructor to help you find a \u201cpoor speller\u2019s dictionary.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Use your computer\u2019s spell checker.<\/strong> The spell checker will not solve all your spelling problems, but it is a useful tool. See the introduction to this section for cautions about spell checkers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Keep a list of frequently misspelled words.<\/strong> You will often misspell the same words again and again, but do not let this discourage you. All writers struggle with the spellings of certain words; they become aware of their spelling weaknesses and work to improve. Be aware of which words you commonly misspell, and you can add them to a list to learn to spell them correctly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Look over corrected papers for misspelled words.<\/strong> Add these words to your list and practice writing each word four to five times each. Writing teachers will especially notice which words you frequently misspell, and it will help you excel in your classes if they see your spelling improve.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Test yourself with flashcards.<\/strong> Sometimes the old-fashioned methods are best, and for spelling, this tried and true technique has worked for many students. You can work with a peer or alone.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Review the common spelling rules explained in this chapter.<\/strong> Take the necessary time to master the material; you may return to the rules in this chapter again and again, as needed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n10\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip:<\/strong> Remember to focus on spelling during the editing and revising step of the writing process. Start with the big ideas such as organizing your piece of writing and developing effective paragraphs, and then work your way down toward the smaller\u2014but equally important\u2014details like spelling and punctuation.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h1>Homonyms<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\"><span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">Homonyms<\/a><\/span> are words that sound like one another but have different meanings.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h2 class=\"title\">Commonly Misused Homonyms<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"simpara\">Principle, Principal<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Principle (noun).<\/strong> A fundamental concept that is accepted as true.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p02\" class=\"para\">The <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">principle<\/strong> of human equality is an important foundation for all nations.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Principal (noun).<\/strong> The original amount of debt on which interest is calculated.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p03\" class=\"para\">The payment plan allows me to pay back only the <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">principal<\/strong> amount, not any compounded interest.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Principal (noun).<\/strong> A person who is the main authority of a school.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p04\" class=\"para\">The <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">principal<\/strong> held a conference for both parents and teachers.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Where, Wear, Ware<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Where (adverb).<\/strong> The place in which something happens.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p05\" class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Where<\/strong> is the restaurant?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Wear (verb).<\/strong> To carry or have on the body.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p06\" class=\"para\">I will <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">wear<\/strong> my hiking shoes when go on a climb tomorrow morning.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Ware (noun).<\/strong> Articles of merchandise or manufacture (usually, <em class=\"emphasis\">wares<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p07\" class=\"para\">When I return from shopping, I will show you my <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">wares<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lead, Led<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l03\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Lead (noun).<\/strong> A type of metal used in pipes and batteries.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p08\" class=\"para\">The <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">lead<\/strong> pipes in my homes are old and need to be replaced.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Led (verb).<\/strong> The past tense of the verb <em class=\"emphasis\">lead<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p09\" class=\"para\">After the garden, she <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">led<\/strong> the patrons through the museum.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which, Witch<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l04\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Which (pronoun).<\/strong> Replaces one out of a group.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p10\" class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Which<\/strong> apartment is yours?<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Witch (noun).<\/strong> A person who practices sorcery or who has supernatural powers.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p11\" class=\"para\">She thinks she is a <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">witch<\/strong>, but she does not seem to have any powers.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Peace, Piece<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l05\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Peace (noun).<\/strong> A state of tranquility or quiet.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p12\" class=\"para\">For once, there was <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">peace<\/strong> between the argumentative brothers.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Piece (noun).<\/strong> A part of a whole.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p13\" class=\"para\">I would like a large <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">piece<\/strong> of cake, thank you.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Passed, Past<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l06\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Passed (verb).<\/strong> To go away or move.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p14\" class=\"para\">He <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">passed<\/strong> the slower cars on the road using the left lane.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Past (noun).<\/strong> Having existed or taken place in a period before the present.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p15\" class=\"para\">The argument happened in the <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">past<\/strong>, so there is no use in dwelling on it.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lessen, Lesson<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l07\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Lessen (verb).<\/strong> To reduce in number, size, or degree.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p16\" class=\"para\">My dentist gave me medicine to <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">lessen<\/strong> the pain of my aching tooth.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Lesson (noun).<\/strong> A reading or exercise to be studied by a student.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p17\" class=\"para\">Today\u2019s <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">lesson<\/strong> was about mortgage interest rates.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Patience, Patients<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l08\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Patience (noun).<\/strong> The capacity of being patient (waiting for a period of time or enduring pains and trials calmly).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p18\" class=\"para\">The novice teacher\u2019s <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">patience<\/strong> with the unruly class was astounding.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Patients (plural noun).<\/strong> Individuals under medical care.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p19\" class=\"para\">The <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">patients<\/strong> were tired of eating the hospital food, and they could not wait for a home-cooked meal.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sees, Seas, Seize<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l09\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Sees (verb).<\/strong> To perceive with the eye.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p20\" class=\"para\">He <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">sees<\/strong> a whale through his binoculars.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Seas (plural noun).<\/strong> The plural of sea, a great body of salt water.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p21\" class=\"para\">The tidal fluctuation of the oceans and <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">seas<\/strong> are influenced by the moon.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Seize (verb).<\/strong> To possess or take by force.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p22\" class=\"para\">The king plans to <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">seize<\/strong> all the peasants\u2019 land.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Threw, Through<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l10\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Threw (verb).<\/strong> The past tense of <em class=\"emphasis\">throw<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p23\" class=\"para\">She <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">threw<\/strong> the football with perfect form.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Through (preposition).<\/strong> A word that indicates movement.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p24\" class=\"para\">She walked <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">through<\/strong> the door and out of his life.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p25\" class=\"para\">Complete the following sentences by selecting the correct homonym.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l11\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Do you agree with the underlying ________(principle, principal) that ensures copyrights are protected in the digital age?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I like to ________(where, wear, ware) unique clothing from thrift stores that do not have company logos on them.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Marjorie felt like she was being ________(led, lead) on a wild goose chase, and she did not like it one bit.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Serina described ________(witch, which) house was hers, but now that I am here, they all look the same.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Seeing his friend without a lunch, Miguel gave her a ________(peace, piece) of his apple.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do you think that it is healthy for mother to talk about the ________(passed, past) all the time?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Eating healthier foods will ________(lessen, lesson) the risk of heart disease.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I know it sounds clich\u00e9, but my father had the ________(patients, patience) of a saint.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Daniela ________(sees, seas, seize) possibilities in the bleakest situations, and that it is why she is successful.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Everyone goes ________(through, threw) hardships in life regardless of who they are.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02\" class=\"section\">\r\n<h1>Commonly Misspelled Words<\/h1>\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Below is a list of commonly misspelled words. You probably use these words every day in either speaking or writing. Each word has a segment in bold type, which indicates the problem area of the word that is often spelled incorrectly. If you can, use this list as a guide before, during, and after you write.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_n01\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Tip:<\/strong> Use the following two tricks to help you master these troublesome words:\r\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Copy each word a few times and underline the problem area.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Copy the words onto flash cards and have a friend test you.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span class=\"title-prefix\">Commonly misspelled words:\r\n<\/span>\r\n<ul class=\"threecolumn\">\r\n \t<li>across<\/li>\r\n \t<li>disappoint<\/li>\r\n \t<li>integration<\/li>\r\n \t<li>particular<\/li>\r\n \t<li>separate<\/li>\r\n \t<li>address<\/li>\r\n \t<li>disapprove<\/li>\r\n \t<li>intelligent<\/li>\r\n \t<li>perform<\/li>\r\n \t<li>similar<\/li>\r\n \t<li>answer<\/li>\r\n \t<li>doesn\u2019t<\/li>\r\n \t<li>interest<\/li>\r\n \t<li>perhaps<\/li>\r\n \t<li>since<\/li>\r\n \t<li>argument<\/li>\r\n \t<li>eighth<\/li>\r\n \t<li>interfere<\/li>\r\n \t<li>personnel<\/li>\r\n \t<li>speech<\/li>\r\n \t<li>athlete<\/li>\r\n \t<li>embarrass<\/li>\r\n \t<li>jewelry<\/li>\r\n \t<li>possess<\/li>\r\n \t<li>strength<\/li>\r\n \t<li>beginning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>environment<\/li>\r\n \t<li>judgment<\/li>\r\n \t<li>possible<\/li>\r\n \t<li>success<\/li>\r\n \t<li>behaviour<\/li>\r\n \t<li>exaggerate<\/li>\r\n \t<li>knowledge<\/li>\r\n \t<li>prefer<\/li>\r\n \t<li>surprise<\/li>\r\n \t<li>calendar<\/li>\r\n \t<li>familiar<\/li>\r\n \t<li>maintain<\/li>\r\n \t<li>prejudice<\/li>\r\n \t<li>taught<\/li>\r\n \t<li>career<\/li>\r\n \t<li>finally<\/li>\r\n \t<li>mathematics<\/li>\r\n \t<li>privilege<\/li>\r\n \t<li>temperature<\/li>\r\n \t<li>conscience<\/li>\r\n \t<li>government<\/li>\r\n \t<li>meant<\/li>\r\n \t<li>probably<\/li>\r\n \t<li>thorough<\/li>\r\n \t<li>crowded<\/li>\r\n \t<li>grammar<\/li>\r\n \t<li>necessary<\/li>\r\n \t<li>psychology<\/li>\r\n \t<li>thought<\/li>\r\n \t<li>definite<\/li>\r\n \t<li>height<\/li>\r\n \t<li>nervous<\/li>\r\n \t<li>pursue<\/li>\r\n \t<li>tired<\/li>\r\n \t<li>describe<\/li>\r\n \t<li>illegal<\/li>\r\n \t<li>occasion<\/li>\r\n \t<li>reference<\/li>\r\n \t<li>until<\/li>\r\n \t<li>desperate<\/li>\r\n \t<li>immediately<\/li>\r\n \t<li>opinion<\/li>\r\n \t<li>rhythm<\/li>\r\n \t<li>weight<\/li>\r\n \t<li>different<\/li>\r\n \t<li>important<\/li>\r\n \t<li>optimist<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ridiculous<\/li>\r\n \t<li>written<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_t01\" class=\"table block caption\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_p03\" class=\"para\">Identify and correct the ten commonly misspelled words in the following paragraph. Once complete, please share with a classmate and compare your answers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_bl01\" class=\"blockquote\">Brooklyn is one of the five boroughs that make up New York City. It is located on the eastern shore of Long Island directly accross the East River from the island of Manhattan. Its beginings stretch back to the sixteenth century when it was founded by the Dutch who originally called it \u201cBreuckelen.\u201d Immedietely after the Dutch settled Brooklyn, it came under British rule. However, neither the Dutch nor the British were Brooklyn\u2019s first inhabitants. When European settlers first arrived, Brooklyn was largely inhabited by the Lenapi, a collective name for several organized bands of Indigenous people who settled a large area of land that extended from upstate New York through the entire state of New Jersey. They are sometimes referred to as the Delaware Indians. Over time, the Lenapi succumbed to European diseases or conflicts between European settlers or other Native American enemies. Finalley they were pushed out of Brooklyn completely by the British.\r\n\r\nIn 1776, Brooklyn was the site of the first importent battle of the American Revolution known as the Battle of Brooklyn. The colonists lost this battle, which was led by George Washington, but over the next two years they would win the war, kicking the British out of the colonies once and for all.\r\n\r\nBy the end of the nineteenth century, Brooklyn grew to be a city in its own right. The completion of the Brooklyn Bridge was an ocasion for celebration; transportation and commerce between Brooklyn and Manhattan now became much easier. Eventually, in 1898, Brooklyn lost its seperate identity as an independent city and became one of five boroughs of New York City. However, in some people\u2019s opinien, the intagration into New York City should have never happened; they though Brooklyn should have remained an independent city.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Text Attributions<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This chapter was adapted from \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/english-for-business-success\/s07-02-spelling.html\">Spelling<\/a>\u201d in <em>English for Business Success<\/em> by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution is under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Licence<\/a>. Adapted by Allison Kilgannon.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">One essential aspect of good writing is accurate spelling. With computer spell checkers, spelling may seem simple, but these programs fail to catch every error. Spell checkers identify some errors, but writers still have to consider the flagged words and suggested replacements. Writers are still responsible for the errors that remain.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_p02\" class=\"para editable block\">For example, if the spell checker highlights a word that is misspelled and gives you a list of alternative words, you may choose a word that you never intended even though it is spelled correctly. This can change the meaning of your sentence. It can also confuse readers, making them lose interest. Computer spell checkers are useful editing tools, but they can never replace human knowledge of spelling rules, homonyms, and commonly misspelled words.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h1>Common Spelling Rules<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">The best way to master new words is to understand the key spelling rules. Keep in mind, however, that some spelling rules carry exceptions. A spell checker may catch these exceptions, but knowing them yourself will prepare you to spell accurately on the first try. You may want to try memorizing each rule and its exception like you would memorize a rhyme or lyrics to a song.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n01\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p02\" class=\"para\">Write <em class=\"emphasis\">i<\/em> before <em class=\"emphasis\">e<\/em> except after <em class=\"emphasis\">c<\/em>, or when pronounced <em class=\"emphasis\">ay<\/em> like \u201cneighbor\u201d or \u201cweigh.\u201d<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>ach<span class=\"token\">ie<\/span>ve, n<span class=\"token\">ie<\/span>ce, al<span class=\"token\">ie<\/span>n<\/li>\n<li>rec<span class=\"token\">ei<\/span>ve, dec<span class=\"token\">ei<\/span>ve<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n02\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p03\" class=\"para\">When words end in a consonant plus <em class=\"emphasis\">y<\/em>, drop the <em class=\"emphasis\">y<\/em> and add an <em class=\"emphasis\">i<\/em> before adding another ending.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>happy + er = happ<span class=\"token\">i<\/span>er<\/li>\n<li>cry + ed = cr<span class=\"token\">i<\/span>ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n03\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p04\" class=\"para\">When words end in a vowel plus <em class=\"emphasis\">y<\/em>, keep the <em class=\"emphasis\">y<\/em> and add the ending.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l03\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>del<span class=\"token\">ay<\/span> + ed = dela<span class=\"token\">yed<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p05\" class=\"para\">Memorize the following exceptions to this rule: <em class=\"emphasis\">day<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">lay<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">say<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">pay<\/em> = <em class=\"emphasis\">daily<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">laid<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">said<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">paid<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n04\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p06\" class=\"para\">When adding an ending that begins with a vowel, such as &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">able<\/em>, &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ence<\/em>, &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ing<\/em>, or &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ity<\/em>, drop the last <em class=\"emphasis\">e<\/em> in a word.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l04\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>writ<span class=\"token\">e<\/span> + ing = writ<span class=\"token\">ing<\/span><\/li>\n<li>pur<span class=\"token\">e<\/span> + ity = pur<span class=\"token\">ity<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n05\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p07\" class=\"para\">When adding an ending that begins with a consonant, such as &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">less<\/em>, &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ment<\/em>, or &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">ly<\/em>, keep the last <em class=\"emphasis\">e<\/em> in a word.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l05\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>hope + less = hop<span class=\"token\">e<\/span>less<\/li>\n<li>advertise + ment = advertis<span class=\"token\">e<\/span>ment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n06\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p08\" class=\"para\">For many words ending in a consonant and an <em class=\"emphasis\">o<\/em>, add &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">s<\/em> when using the plural form.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l06\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>pho<span class=\"token\">to<\/span> + s = photos<\/li>\n<li>sopra<span class=\"token\">no<\/span> + s = sopranos<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n07\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p09\" class=\"para\">Add &#8211;<em class=\"emphasis\">es<\/em> to words that end in <em class=\"emphasis\">s<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">ch<\/em>, <em class=\"emphasis\">sh<\/em>, and <em class=\"emphasis\">x<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l07\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>chur<span class=\"token\">ch<\/span> + es = churches<\/li>\n<li>fa<span class=\"token\">x<\/span> + es = faxes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_p10\" class=\"para\">Identify and correct the nine misspelled words in the following paragraph. Once done, please share with a classmate and compare your answers.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_bl01\" class=\"blockquote\">\n<p>Sherman J. Alexie Jr. was born in October 1966. He is a Spokane\/Coeur d\u2019Alene Indian and an American writer, poet, and filmmaker. Alexie was born with hydrocephalus, or water on the brain. This condition led doctors to predict that he would likly suffer long-term brain damage and possibly mental retardation. Although Alexie survived with no mental disabilitys, he did suffer other serious side effects from his condition that plagud him throughout his childhood. Amazingly, Alexie learned to read by the age of three, and by age five he had read novels such as John Steinbeck\u2019s <em class=\"emphasis\">The Grapes of Wrath<\/em>. Raised on an Indian reservation, Alexie often felt aleinated from his peers due to his avid love for reading and also from the long-term effects of his illness, which often kept him from socializeing with his peers on the reservation. The reading skills he displaid at such a young age foreshadowed what he would later become. Today Alexie is a prolific and successful writer with several story anthologeis to his credit, noteably <em class=\"emphasis\">The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven<\/em> and <em class=\"emphasis\">The Toughest Indian in the World<\/em>. Most of his fiction is about contemporary Native Americans who are influenced by pop culture and pow wows and everything in between. His work is sometimes funny but always thoughtful and full of richness and depth. Alexie also writes poetry, novels, and screenplays. His latest collection of storys is called <em class=\"emphasis\">War Dances<\/em>, which came out in 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Eight Tips to Improve Spelling Skills<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_l08\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Read the words in your assignment carefully, and avoid skimming over the page.<\/strong> Focusing on your written assignment word by word will help you pay close attention to each word\u2019s spelling. Skimming quickly, you may overlook misspelled words.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Use mnemonic devices to remember the correct spelling of words.<\/strong> Mnemonic devices, or memory techniques and learning aids, include inventive sayings or practices that help you remember. For example, the saying \u201cIt is important to be a beautiful person inside and out\u201d may help you remember that <em class=\"emphasis\">beautiful<\/em> begins with \u201cbe a.\u201d The practice of pronouncing the word <em class=\"emphasis\">Wednesday<\/em> Wed-nes-day may help you remember how to spell the word correctly.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Use a dictionary.<\/strong> Many professional writers rely on the dictionary\u2014either in print or online. If you find it difficult to use a regular dictionary, ask your instructor to help you find a \u201cpoor speller\u2019s dictionary.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Use your computer\u2019s spell checker.<\/strong> The spell checker will not solve all your spelling problems, but it is a useful tool. See the introduction to this section for cautions about spell checkers.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Keep a list of frequently misspelled words.<\/strong> You will often misspell the same words again and again, but do not let this discourage you. All writers struggle with the spellings of certain words; they become aware of their spelling weaknesses and work to improve. Be aware of which words you commonly misspell, and you can add them to a list to learn to spell them correctly.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Look over corrected papers for misspelled words.<\/strong> Add these words to your list and practice writing each word four to five times each. Writing teachers will especially notice which words you frequently misspell, and it will help you excel in your classes if they see your spelling improve.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Test yourself with flashcards.<\/strong> Sometimes the old-fashioned methods are best, and for spelling, this tried and true technique has worked for many students. You can work with a peer or alone.<\/li>\n<li><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Review the common spelling rules explained in this chapter.<\/strong> Take the necessary time to master the material; you may return to the rules in this chapter again and again, as needed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_n10\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Remember to focus on spelling during the editing and revising step of the writing process. Start with the big ideas such as organizing your piece of writing and developing effective paragraphs, and then work your way down toward the smaller\u2014but equally important\u2014details like spelling and punctuation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01\" class=\"section\">\n<h1>Homonyms<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p01\" class=\"para editable block\"><span class=\"margin_term\"><a class=\"glossterm\">Homonyms<\/a><\/span> are words that sound like one another but have different meanings.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_n01\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">Commonly Misused Homonyms<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"simpara\">Principle, Principal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l01\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Principle (noun).<\/strong> A fundamental concept that is accepted as true.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p02\" class=\"para\">The <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">principle<\/strong> of human equality is an important foundation for all nations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Principal (noun).<\/strong> The original amount of debt on which interest is calculated.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p03\" class=\"para\">The payment plan allows me to pay back only the <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">principal<\/strong> amount, not any compounded interest.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Principal (noun).<\/strong> A person who is the main authority of a school.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p04\" class=\"para\">The <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">principal<\/strong> held a conference for both parents and teachers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Where, Wear, Ware<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l02\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Where (adverb).<\/strong> The place in which something happens.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p05\" class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Where<\/strong> is the restaurant?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Wear (verb).<\/strong> To carry or have on the body.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p06\" class=\"para\">I will <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">wear<\/strong> my hiking shoes when go on a climb tomorrow morning.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Ware (noun).<\/strong> Articles of merchandise or manufacture (usually, <em class=\"emphasis\">wares<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p07\" class=\"para\">When I return from shopping, I will show you my <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">wares<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lead, Led<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l03\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Lead (noun).<\/strong> A type of metal used in pipes and batteries.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p08\" class=\"para\">The <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">lead<\/strong> pipes in my homes are old and need to be replaced.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Led (verb).<\/strong> The past tense of the verb <em class=\"emphasis\">lead<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p09\" class=\"para\">After the garden, she <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">led<\/strong> the patrons through the museum.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Which, Witch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l04\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Which (pronoun).<\/strong> Replaces one out of a group.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p10\" class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Which<\/strong> apartment is yours?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Witch (noun).<\/strong> A person who practices sorcery or who has supernatural powers.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p11\" class=\"para\">She thinks she is a <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">witch<\/strong>, but she does not seem to have any powers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Peace, Piece<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l05\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Peace (noun).<\/strong> A state of tranquility or quiet.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p12\" class=\"para\">For once, there was <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">peace<\/strong> between the argumentative brothers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Piece (noun).<\/strong> A part of a whole.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p13\" class=\"para\">I would like a large <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">piece<\/strong> of cake, thank you.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Passed, Past<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l06\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Passed (verb).<\/strong> To go away or move.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p14\" class=\"para\">He <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">passed<\/strong> the slower cars on the road using the left lane.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Past (noun).<\/strong> Having existed or taken place in a period before the present.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p15\" class=\"para\">The argument happened in the <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">past<\/strong>, so there is no use in dwelling on it.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lessen, Lesson<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l07\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Lessen (verb).<\/strong> To reduce in number, size, or degree.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p16\" class=\"para\">My dentist gave me medicine to <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">lessen<\/strong> the pain of my aching tooth.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Lesson (noun).<\/strong> A reading or exercise to be studied by a student.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p17\" class=\"para\">Today\u2019s <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">lesson<\/strong> was about mortgage interest rates.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Patience, Patients<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l08\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Patience (noun).<\/strong> The capacity of being patient (waiting for a period of time or enduring pains and trials calmly).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p18\" class=\"para\">The novice teacher\u2019s <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">patience<\/strong> with the unruly class was astounding.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Patients (plural noun).<\/strong> Individuals under medical care.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p19\" class=\"para\">The <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">patients<\/strong> were tired of eating the hospital food, and they could not wait for a home-cooked meal.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Sees, Seas, Seize<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l09\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Sees (verb).<\/strong> To perceive with the eye.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p20\" class=\"para\">He <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">sees<\/strong> a whale through his binoculars.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Seas (plural noun).<\/strong> The plural of sea, a great body of salt water.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p21\" class=\"para\">The tidal fluctuation of the oceans and <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">seas<\/strong> are influenced by the moon.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Seize (verb).<\/strong> To possess or take by force.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p22\" class=\"para\">The king plans to <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">seize<\/strong> all the peasants\u2019 land.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Threw, Through<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l10\" class=\"itemizedlist\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Threw (verb).<\/strong> The past tense of <em class=\"emphasis\">throw<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p23\" class=\"para\">She <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">threw<\/strong> the football with perfect form.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"para\"><strong class=\"emphasis bold\">Through (preposition).<\/strong> A word that indicates movement.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p24\" class=\"para\">She walked <strong class=\"emphasis bold\">through<\/strong> the door and out of his life.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_p25\" class=\"para\">Complete the following sentences by selecting the correct homonym.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s01_s01_l11\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Do you agree with the underlying ________(principle, principal) that ensures copyrights are protected in the digital age?<\/li>\n<li>I like to ________(where, wear, ware) unique clothing from thrift stores that do not have company logos on them.<\/li>\n<li>Marjorie felt like she was being ________(led, lead) on a wild goose chase, and she did not like it one bit.<\/li>\n<li>Serina described ________(witch, which) house was hers, but now that I am here, they all look the same.<\/li>\n<li>Seeing his friend without a lunch, Miguel gave her a ________(peace, piece) of his apple.<\/li>\n<li>Do you think that it is healthy for mother to talk about the ________(passed, past) all the time?<\/li>\n<li>Eating healthier foods will ________(lessen, lesson) the risk of heart disease.<\/li>\n<li>I know it sounds clich\u00e9, but my father had the ________(patients, patience) of a saint.<\/li>\n<li>Daniela ________(sees, seas, seize) possibilities in the bleakest situations, and that it is why she is successful.<\/li>\n<li>Everyone goes ________(through, threw) hardships in life regardless of who they are.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02\" class=\"section\">\n<h1>Commonly Misspelled Words<\/h1>\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_p01\" class=\"para editable block\">Below is a list of commonly misspelled words. You probably use these words every day in either speaking or writing. Each word has a segment in bold type, which indicates the problem area of the word that is often spelled incorrectly. If you can, use this list as a guide before, during, and after you write.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_n01\" class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<p><strong>Tip:<\/strong> Use the following two tricks to help you master these troublesome words:<\/p>\n<ol id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_l01\" class=\"orderedlist\">\n<li>Copy each word a few times and underline the problem area.<\/li>\n<li>Copy the words onto flash cards and have a friend test you.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"title-prefix\">Commonly misspelled words:<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"threecolumn\">\n<li>across<\/li>\n<li>disappoint<\/li>\n<li>integration<\/li>\n<li>particular<\/li>\n<li>separate<\/li>\n<li>address<\/li>\n<li>disapprove<\/li>\n<li>intelligent<\/li>\n<li>perform<\/li>\n<li>similar<\/li>\n<li>answer<\/li>\n<li>doesn\u2019t<\/li>\n<li>interest<\/li>\n<li>perhaps<\/li>\n<li>since<\/li>\n<li>argument<\/li>\n<li>eighth<\/li>\n<li>interfere<\/li>\n<li>personnel<\/li>\n<li>speech<\/li>\n<li>athlete<\/li>\n<li>embarrass<\/li>\n<li>jewelry<\/li>\n<li>possess<\/li>\n<li>strength<\/li>\n<li>beginning<\/li>\n<li>environment<\/li>\n<li>judgment<\/li>\n<li>possible<\/li>\n<li>success<\/li>\n<li>behaviour<\/li>\n<li>exaggerate<\/li>\n<li>knowledge<\/li>\n<li>prefer<\/li>\n<li>surprise<\/li>\n<li>calendar<\/li>\n<li>familiar<\/li>\n<li>maintain<\/li>\n<li>prejudice<\/li>\n<li>taught<\/li>\n<li>career<\/li>\n<li>finally<\/li>\n<li>mathematics<\/li>\n<li>privilege<\/li>\n<li>temperature<\/li>\n<li>conscience<\/li>\n<li>government<\/li>\n<li>meant<\/li>\n<li>probably<\/li>\n<li>thorough<\/li>\n<li>crowded<\/li>\n<li>grammar<\/li>\n<li>necessary<\/li>\n<li>psychology<\/li>\n<li>thought<\/li>\n<li>definite<\/li>\n<li>height<\/li>\n<li>nervous<\/li>\n<li>pursue<\/li>\n<li>tired<\/li>\n<li>describe<\/li>\n<li>illegal<\/li>\n<li>occasion<\/li>\n<li>reference<\/li>\n<li>until<\/li>\n<li>desperate<\/li>\n<li>immediately<\/li>\n<li>opinion<\/li>\n<li>rhythm<\/li>\n<li>weight<\/li>\n<li>different<\/li>\n<li>important<\/li>\n<li>optimist<\/li>\n<li>ridiculous<\/li>\n<li>written<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_t01\" class=\"table block caption\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_p03\" class=\"para\">Identify and correct the ten commonly misspelled words in the following paragraph. Once complete, please share with a classmate and compare your answers.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fresh-ch04_s02_s02_bl01\" class=\"blockquote\">Brooklyn is one of the five boroughs that make up New York City. It is located on the eastern shore of Long Island directly accross the East River from the island of Manhattan. Its beginings stretch back to the sixteenth century when it was founded by the Dutch who originally called it \u201cBreuckelen.\u201d Immedietely after the Dutch settled Brooklyn, it came under British rule. However, neither the Dutch nor the British were Brooklyn\u2019s first inhabitants. When European settlers first arrived, Brooklyn was largely inhabited by the Lenapi, a collective name for several organized bands of Indigenous people who settled a large area of land that extended from upstate New York through the entire state of New Jersey. They are sometimes referred to as the Delaware Indians. Over time, the Lenapi succumbed to European diseases or conflicts between European settlers or other Native American enemies. Finalley they were pushed out of Brooklyn completely by the British.<\/p>\n<p>In 1776, Brooklyn was the site of the first importent battle of the American Revolution known as the Battle of Brooklyn. The colonists lost this battle, which was led by George Washington, but over the next two years they would win the war, kicking the British out of the colonies once and for all.<\/p>\n<p>By the end of the nineteenth century, Brooklyn grew to be a city in its own right. The completion of the Brooklyn Bridge was an ocasion for celebration; transportation and commerce between Brooklyn and Manhattan now became much easier. Eventually, in 1898, Brooklyn lost its seperate identity as an independent city and became one of five boroughs of New York City. However, in some people\u2019s opinien, the intagration into New York City should have never happened; they though Brooklyn should have remained an independent city.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Text Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>This chapter was adapted from \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/english-for-business-success\/s07-02-spelling.html\">Spelling<\/a>\u201d in <em>English for Business Success<\/em> by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution is under a <a class=\"internal\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Licence<\/a>. Adapted by Allison Kilgannon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":701,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[60],"license":[],"class_list":["post-236","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-author-removed-at-request-of-original-publisher"],"part":183,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/236","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/701"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/236\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":959,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/236\/revisions\/959"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/183"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/236\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=236"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=236"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=236"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/advancedenglish\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=236"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}