{"id":30,"date":"2021-06-16T13:18:46","date_gmt":"2021-06-16T17:18:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/chapter\/chapter-1-2\/"},"modified":"2025-07-30T18:21:23","modified_gmt":"2025-07-30T22:21:23","slug":"chapter-1-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/chapter\/chapter-1-2\/","title":{"raw":"\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u6614\u306e\u6b74\u53f2   Early Ainu History","rendered":"\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u6614\u306e\u6b74\u53f2   Early Ainu History"},"content":{"raw":"The vocabulary and kanji exercises are based on words and characters that appear in the reading and that will be useful in expressing ideas about history, culture, trade and a fisher-hunter-gatherer society. The reading selection is appropriate for upper beginner level.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h5>\u00a0\u8aad\u3080\u524d\u306b\u3001[pb_glossary id=\"2012\"]\u5358\u8a9e[\/pb_glossary]\u3092[pb_glossary id=\"1139\"]\u899a\u3048\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046[\/pb_glossary]\u3002<\/h5>\r\n[h5p id=\"2\"]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h5><strong>[pb_glossary id=\"2013\"]\u6f22\u5b57[\/pb_glossary]\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"2014\"]\u7df4\u7fd2[\/pb_glossary]\u3092\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n[h5p id=\"3\"]\r\n\r\n<strong>Choose the option for the kanji that completes the word. ([pb_glossary id=\"862\"]\u554f\u984c[\/pb_glossary]\u306f\u516d\u3064\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002)<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[h5p id=\"4\"]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h5><strong>\u672c\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nClick on the words in red to see the reading and meaning.\r\n\r\n\u4eca\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"735\"]\u5317\u6d77\u9053[\/pb_glossary]\u306b\u306f\u3001\uff12\u4e07\uff15\u5343\u5e74\u524d\u304b\u3089\u4eba\u304c[pb_glossary id=\"1290\"]\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f[\/pb_glossary]\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3053\u308d\u306f\u3001\u6d77\u6c34\u306e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u304c\u4eca\u3088\u308a[pb_glossary id=\"902\"]\u4f4e\u304b\u3063\u305f[\/pb_glossary]\u304b\u3089[pb_glossary id=\"1801\"]\u9678[\/pb_glossary]\u304c\u3064\u306a\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4eca\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"389\"]\u4e2d\u56fd[\/pb_glossary]\u3084\u30ed\u30b7\u30a2\u306e\u30b5\u30cf\u30ea\u30f3\u3084[pb_glossary id=\"391\"]\u97d3\u56fd[\/pb_glossary]\u304b\u3089\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u4eba\u304c\u5165\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_27\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"178\"]<a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1431\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-27\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"light brown pottery vase with circular perforation design\" width=\"178\" height=\"228\" \/><\/a> Image: Early Ainu Pottery vase.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4eca\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc[pb_glossary id=\"323\"]\u6587\u5316[\/pb_glossary]\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u516b\u767e\u5e74\u3050\u3089\u3044\u524d\u306b[pb_glossary id=\"453\"]\u3042\u3089\u308f\u308c\u305f[\/pb_glossary]\u3002\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"321\"]\u6c11\u65cf[\/pb_glossary]\u306f\u3001[pb_glossary id=\"735\"]\u5317\u6d77\u9053[\/pb_glossary]\u3060\u3051\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3001[pb_glossary id=\"393\"]\u672c\u5dde[\/pb_glossary]\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"395\"]\u6771\u5317\u5730\u65b9[\/pb_glossary]\u3068\u30b5\u30cf\u30ea\u30f3\u3068[pb_glossary id=\"735\"]\u5317\u6d77\u9053[\/pb_glossary]\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"397\"]\u5317\u6771[\/pb_glossary]\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5c0f\u3055\u3044[pb_glossary id=\"3329\"]\u5cf6[\/pb_glossary]\u306b\u3082\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f[pb_glossary id=\"903\"]\u81ea\u5206[\/pb_glossary]\u305f\u3061\u304c\u4f4f\u3080[pb_glossary id=\"415\"]\u571f\u5730[\/pb_glossary]\u3092\u300c\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u30e2\u30b7\u30ea\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300c\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u300d\u306f\u300c[pb_glossary id=\"359\"]\u4eba\u9593[\/pb_glossary]\u300d\u3001\u300c\u30e2\u300d\u306f\u300c\u3057\u305a\u304b\u300d\u3001\u300c\u30b7\u30ea\u300d\u306f\u300c[pb_glossary id=\"1351\"]\u5927\u5730[\/pb_glossary]\u300d\u3092[pb_glossary id=\"916\"]\u610f\u5473[\/pb_glossary]\u3059\u308b\u3002[footnote]Kayano Shigeru, <em>Ainu to kamigami no monogatari: Robata de kiita uwepekere<\/em> (Tokyo: Yamakei Library, 2020), 21.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_449\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1431\/2021\/06\/Area-map-labeled.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-28 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/Area-map-labeled-1024x716.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Ainu Moshir including Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kuriles and Kamchatka Pennisula\" width=\"1024\" height=\"716\" \/><\/a> Map: <em>Ainu Moshir<\/em>, traditional territory of the Ainu[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n13[pb_glossary id=\"531\"]\u4e16\u7d00[\/pb_glossary]\u3054\u308d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5357\u306e\u65b9\u306b\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f[pb_glossary id=\"534\"]\u548c\u4eba[\/pb_glossary]\uff08\u4eca\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\uff09\u3068\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f[pb_glossary id=\"399\"]\u4ea4\u6d41[\/pb_glossary]\u3084[pb_glossary id=\"401\"]\u4ea4\u6613[\/pb_glossary]\uff08[pb_glossary id=\"892\"]\u98df\u3079\u7269[\/pb_glossary]\u3084\u4ed6\u306e\u7269\u3092[pb_glossary id=\"845\"]\u4ea4\u63db[\/pb_glossary]\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff09\u3092\u3057\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3053\u308d\u306e\u548c\u4eba\u306f\u3001[pb_glossary id=\"735\"]\u5317\u6d77\u9053[\/pb_glossary]\u3092\u300c\u3048\u305e\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002[pb_glossary id=\"842\"]\u6c5f\u6238\u6642\u4ee3[\/pb_glossary] (1603 \u2013 1868)\u306b\u5165\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u7269\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"845\"]\u4ea4\u63db[\/pb_glossary]\u3092\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u304c\u3082\u3063\u3068\u591a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u9b5a\u3084[pb_glossary id=\"738\"]\u6606\u5e03[\/pb_glossary]\u3084[pb_glossary id=\"403\"]\u6bdb\u76ae[\/pb_glossary]\u3001<span style=\"font-size: 18px\">[pb_glossary id=\"534\"]\u548c\u4eba[\/pb_glossary]\u306f[pb_glossary id=\"1348\"]\u304a\u7c73[\/pb_glossary]\u3084[pb_glossary id=\"904\"]\u304a\u9152[\/pb_glossary]\u3084[pb_glossary id=\"1349\"]\u304a\u76bf[\/pb_glossary]\u306a\u3069\u3092[pb_glossary id=\"845\"]\u4ea4\u63db[\/pb_glossary]\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4ea4\u63db\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"407\"]\u6761\u4ef6[\/pb_glossary]\u306f[pb_glossary id=\"405\"]\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73[\/pb_glossary]\u3067\u3001[pb_glossary id=\"534\"]\u548c\u4eba[\/pb_glossary]\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u304a\u91d1\u3092[pb_glossary id=\"457\"]\u3082\u3046\u3051\u308b[\/pb_glossary]\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3001\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f[pb_glossary id=\"409\"]\u4e0d\u6e80[\/pb_glossary]\u3092\u611f\u3058\u3066\u3001[pb_glossary id=\"965\"]\u6642\u3005[\/pb_glossary][pb_glossary id=\"1551\"]\u3042\u3089\u305d\u3044[\/pb_glossary]\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_808\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"271\"]<img class=\" wp-image-808\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/\u3053\u3093\u3075\u3099-300x146.png\" alt=\"konbu kelp\" width=\"271\" height=\"132\" \/> Image: <em>Konbu<\/em>, or kelp.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n1750\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001[pb_glossary id=\"534\"]\u548c\u4eba[\/pb_glossary]\u306f[pb_glossary id=\"1805\"]\u30cb\u30b7\u30f3[\/pb_glossary]\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9b5a\u3092[pb_glossary id=\"845\"]\u4ea4\u63db[\/pb_glossary]\u3057\u306b\u3001\u3048\u305e\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30cb\u30b7\u30f3\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"905\"]\u91e3\u308a[\/pb_glossary]\u306f\u305f\u3044\u3078\u3093\u306a[pb_glossary id=\"906\"]\u4ed5\u4e8b[\/pb_glossary]\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u548c\u4eba\u304c\u307b\u3057\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f[pb_glossary id=\"905\"]\u91e3\u308a[\/pb_glossary]\u3092\u3057\u306a\u304f\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"906\"]\u4ed5\u4e8b[\/pb_glossary]\u3067\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u304c[pb_glossary id=\"1207\"]\u82e6\u52b4[\/pb_glossary]\u3057\u305f\u3002[pb_glossary id=\"907\"]\u540c\u6642[\/pb_glossary]\u306b\u3001\u548c\u4eba\u304c\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u30e2\u30b7\u30ea\u306b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u65b0\u3057\u3044[pb_glossary id=\"411\"]\u75c5\u6c17[\/pb_glossary]\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"411\"]\u75c5\u6c17[\/pb_glossary]\u3067[pb_glossary id=\"908\"]\u6b7b\u3093\u3067[\/pb_glossary]\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u4eba\u3082\u591a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h5><strong>\u308f\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\uff08[pb_glossary id=\"2014\"]\u7df4\u7fd2[\/pb_glossary][pb_glossary id=\"862\"]\u554f\u984c[\/pb_glossary]\u306f\u516d\u3064\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\uff09<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n[h5p id=\"5\"]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h5>[pb_glossary id=\"2015\"]\u6587\u6cd5[\/pb_glossary]\u306e[pb_glossary id=\"888\"]\u8aac\u660e[\/pb_glossary]<\/h5>\r\n<strong>Sentences Modifying Nouns<\/strong> (in English, Relative Clauses)\r\n\r\nSentences can, like adjectives, modify nouns to give more information about that noun. For example, in the following sentence, 'where they live' modifies and gives more information about the noun 'land.' <em>The Ainu called the land where they live \"Ainu Moshir.\"<\/em>\u00a0 The equivalent sentence in Japanese is \u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306f[pb_glossary id=\"903\"]\u81ea\u5206[\/pb_glossary]\u304c[pb_glossary id=\"1290\"]\u4f4f\u3080[\/pb_glossary][pb_glossary id=\"415\"]\u571f\u5730[\/pb_glossary]\u3092\u300c\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u30e2\u30b7\u30ea\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002In English, we require a relative pronoun (in this sentence, 'where') to introduce the modifying sentence 'they lived.' In Japanese, however, it's much easier to create these modifiers because you just need to put the sentence in the plain form and place it in front of the noun - \u4f4f\u3080\u571f\u5730. There's no need for the relative pronouns like \"who\", \"which\", \"where\", etc. that are required in English. See if you can spot the modifying sentences in the following exercise.\r\n<h5><\/h5>\r\n<h5>\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u7df4\u7fd2<\/h5>\r\n[h5p id=\"6\"]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h5>\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u8aac\u660e<\/h5>\r\n\u301c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046 is a verb construction used to show that something regrettable, unintentional or unfortunate happens or happened. The main verb is conjugated into the \u301c\u3066 form and attached to a form of the verb \u3057\u307e\u3046 (which literally means to completely finish doing something).\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h5>\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u7df4\u7fd2<\/h5>\r\n[h5p id=\"7\"]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_29\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"512\"]<a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1431\/2022\/02\/512px-Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/512px-Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema.jpeg\" alt=\"Painting of large samurai figure and smaller Ainu people bowing and making offering. Painted around 1775.\" width=\"512\" height=\"319\" \/><\/a> Image: Samurai and Ainu Fuzoku Ema, approximately 1775.\u00a0 Edo-period painter.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>\u8003\u3048\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3000\u304b\u3093\u304c\u3048\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3000Reflection<\/h3>\r\nWhat do you think the painting above indicates about how the Wajin of the time viewed the Ainu people? Can you think of any similar paintings from your own cultural tradition that record encounters with Indigenous Peoples and early settlers?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h5><\/h5>\r\n<h5>Media Attributions<\/h5>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/A_As1909-0622-7\">Vase<\/a> by The Trustees of the British Museum is licensed under <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0<\/a>.\r\n\r\n\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/34829087@N06\/24011160172\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kiska Kelp<\/a>\" by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/34829087@N06\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buzz Hoffman<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-SA 2.0<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema.jpg\">Samurai and Ainu Fuzoku Ema<\/a> by painter unknown. Public domain.","rendered":"<p>The vocabulary and kanji exercises are based on words and characters that appear in the reading and that will be useful in expressing ideas about history, culture, trade and a fisher-hunter-gatherer society. The reading selection is appropriate for upper beginner level.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>\u00a0\u8aad\u3080\u524d\u306b\u3001<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_2012\">\u5358\u8a9e<\/a>\u3092<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_1139\">\u899a\u3048\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/a>\u3002<\/h5>\n<div id=\"h5p-2\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-2\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"2\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Early history wordsearch\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><strong><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_2013\">\u6f22\u5b57<\/a>\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_2014\">\u7df4\u7fd2<\/a>\u3092\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong><\/h5>\n<div id=\"h5p-3\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-3\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"3\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Early history kanji FIB\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Choose the option for the kanji that completes the word. (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_862\">\u554f\u984c<\/a>\u306f\u516d\u3064\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002)<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-4\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-4\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"4\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Early history kanji look-alike\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><strong>\u672c\u6587\u3092\u8aad\u307f\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>Click on the words in red to see the reading and meaning.<\/p>\n<p>\u4eca\u306e\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u306b\u306f\u3001\uff12\u4e07\uff15\u5343\u5e74\u524d\u304b\u3089\u4eba\u304c<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_1290\">\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f<\/a>\u3068\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3053\u308d\u306f\u3001\u6d77\u6c34\u306e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u304c\u4eca\u3088\u308a<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_902\">\u4f4e\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/a>\u304b\u3089<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_1801\">\u9678<\/a>\u304c\u3064\u306a\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4eca\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_389\">\u4e2d\u56fd<\/a>\u3084\u30ed\u30b7\u30a2\u306e\u30b5\u30cf\u30ea\u30f3\u3084<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_391\">\u97d3\u56fd<\/a>\u304b\u3089\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u4eba\u304c\u5165\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27\" style=\"width: 178px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1431\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase-800x1024.jpg\" alt=\"light brown pottery vase with circular perforation design\" width=\"178\" height=\"228\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase-800x1024.jpg 800w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase-768x983.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase-1200x1536.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase-1600x2048.jpg 1600w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase-65x83.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase-225x288.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase-350x448.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/Ainu-Pottery-vase.jpg 1924w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 178px) 100vw, 178px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image: Early Ainu Pottery vase.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4eca\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_323\">\u6587\u5316<\/a>\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u516b\u767e\u5e74\u3050\u3089\u3044\u524d\u306b<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_453\">\u3042\u3089\u308f\u308c\u305f<\/a>\u3002\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_321\">\u6c11\u65cf<\/a>\u306f\u3001\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u3060\u3051\u3058\u3083\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3001<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_393\">\u672c\u5dde<\/a>\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_395\">\u6771\u5317\u5730\u65b9<\/a>\u3068\u30b5\u30cf\u30ea\u30f3\u3068\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_397\">\u5317\u6771<\/a>\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5c0f\u3055\u3044<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_3329\">\u5cf6<\/a>\u306b\u3082\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_903\">\u81ea\u5206<\/a>\u305f\u3061\u304c\u4f4f\u3080<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_415\">\u571f\u5730<\/a>\u3092\u300c\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u30e2\u30b7\u30ea\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300c\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u300d\u306f\u300c<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_359\">\u4eba\u9593<\/a>\u300d\u3001\u300c\u30e2\u300d\u306f\u300c\u3057\u305a\u304b\u300d\u3001\u300c\u30b7\u30ea\u300d\u306f\u300c<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_1351\">\u5927\u5730<\/a>\u300d\u3092<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_916\">\u610f\u5473<\/a>\u3059\u308b\u3002<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Kayano Shigeru, Ainu to kamigami no monogatari: Robata de kiita uwepekere (Tokyo: Yamakei Library, 2020), 21.\" id=\"return-footnote-30-1\" href=\"#footnote-30-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_449\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-449\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1431\/2021\/06\/Area-map-labeled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/Area-map-labeled-1024x716.jpg\" alt=\"Map of Ainu Moshir including Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kuriles and Kamchatka Pennisula\" width=\"1024\" height=\"716\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/Area-map-labeled-1024x716.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/Area-map-labeled-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/Area-map-labeled-768x537.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/Area-map-labeled-65x45.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/Area-map-labeled-225x157.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/Area-map-labeled-350x245.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/Area-map-labeled.jpg 1129w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-449\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map: <em>Ainu Moshir<\/em>, traditional territory of the Ainu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>13<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_531\">\u4e16\u7d00<\/a>\u3054\u308d\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5357\u306e\u65b9\u306b\u4f4f\u3093\u3067\u3044\u305f<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_534\">\u548c\u4eba<\/a>\uff08\u4eca\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\uff09\u3068\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_399\">\u4ea4\u6d41<\/a>\u3084<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_401\">\u4ea4\u6613<\/a>\uff08<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_892\">\u98df\u3079\u7269<\/a>\u3084\u4ed6\u306e\u7269\u3092<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_845\">\u4ea4\u63db<\/a>\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff09\u3092\u3057\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3053\u308d\u306e\u548c\u4eba\u306f\u3001\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u3092\u300c\u3048\u305e\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6c5f\u6238\u6642\u4ee3 (1603 \u2013 1868)\u306b\u5165\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u7269\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_845\">\u4ea4\u63db<\/a>\u3092\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u304c\u3082\u3063\u3068\u591a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f\u9b5a\u3084<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_738\">\u6606\u5e03<\/a>\u3084<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_403\">\u6bdb\u76ae<\/a>\u3001<span style=\"font-size: 18px\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_534\">\u548c\u4eba<\/a>\u306f<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_1348\">\u304a\u7c73<\/a>\u3084<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_904\">\u304a\u9152<\/a>\u3084<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_1349\">\u304a\u76bf<\/a>\u306a\u3069\u3092<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_845\">\u4ea4\u63db<\/a>\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4ea4\u63db\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_407\">\u6761\u4ef6<\/a>\u306f<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_405\">\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73<\/a>\u3067\u3001<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_534\">\u548c\u4eba<\/a>\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u304a\u91d1\u3092<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_457\">\u3082\u3046\u3051\u308b<\/a>\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3001\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_409\">\u4e0d\u6e80<\/a>\u3092\u611f\u3058\u3066\u3001<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_965\">\u6642\u3005<\/a><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_1551\">\u3042\u3089\u305d\u3044<\/a>\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_808\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-808\" style=\"width: 271px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-808\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/\u3053\u3093\u3075\u3099-300x146.png\" alt=\"konbu kelp\" width=\"271\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/\u3053\u3093\u3075\u3099-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/\u3053\u3093\u3075\u3099-768x375.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/\u3053\u3093\u3075\u3099-65x32.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/\u3053\u3093\u3075\u3099-225x110.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/\u3053\u3093\u3075\u3099-350x171.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2021\/06\/\u3053\u3093\u3075\u3099.png 852w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-808\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image: <em>Konbu<\/em>, or kelp.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1750\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_534\">\u548c\u4eba<\/a>\u306f<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_1805\">\u30cb\u30b7\u30f3<\/a>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9b5a\u3092<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_845\">\u4ea4\u63db<\/a>\u3057\u306b\u3001\u3048\u305e\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30cb\u30b7\u30f3\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_905\">\u91e3\u308a<\/a>\u306f\u305f\u3044\u3078\u3093\u306a<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_906\">\u4ed5\u4e8b<\/a>\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u548c\u4eba\u304c\u307b\u3057\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306f<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_905\">\u91e3\u308a<\/a>\u3092\u3057\u306a\u304f\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_906\">\u4ed5\u4e8b<\/a>\u3067\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u306e\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306e\u4eba\u304c<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_1207\">\u82e6\u52b4<\/a>\u3057\u305f\u3002<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_907\">\u540c\u6642<\/a>\u306b\u3001\u548c\u4eba\u304c\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u30e2\u30b7\u30ea\u306b\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u65b0\u3057\u3044<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_411\">\u75c5\u6c17<\/a>\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_411\">\u75c5\u6c17<\/a>\u3067\u6b7b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u4eba\u3082\u591a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><strong>\u308f\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3002\u30c1\u30a7\u30c3\u30af\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\uff08<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_2014\">\u7df4\u7fd2<\/a><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_862\">\u554f\u984c<\/a>\u306f\u516d\u3064\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\uff09<\/strong><\/h5>\n<div id=\"h5p-5\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-5\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"5\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Early history reading comprehension\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_2015\">\u6587\u6cd5<\/a>\u306e<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_888\">\u8aac\u660e<\/a><\/h5>\n<p><strong>Sentences Modifying Nouns<\/strong> (in English, Relative Clauses)<\/p>\n<p>Sentences can, like adjectives, modify nouns to give more information about that noun. For example, in the following sentence, &#8216;where they live&#8217; modifies and gives more information about the noun &#8216;land.&#8217; <em>The Ainu called the land where they live &#8220;Ainu Moshir.&#8221;<\/em>\u00a0 The equivalent sentence in Japanese is \u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u306f<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_903\">\u81ea\u5206<\/a>\u304c<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_1290\">\u4f4f\u3080<\/a><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_30_415\">\u571f\u5730<\/a>\u3092\u300c\u30a2\u30a4\u30cc\u30e2\u30b7\u30ea\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3063\u305f\u3002In English, we require a relative pronoun (in this sentence, &#8216;where&#8217;) to introduce the modifying sentence &#8216;they lived.&#8217; In Japanese, however, it&#8217;s much easier to create these modifiers because you just need to put the sentence in the plain form and place it in front of the noun &#8211; \u4f4f\u3080\u571f\u5730. There&#8217;s no need for the relative pronouns like &#8220;who&#8221;, &#8220;which&#8221;, &#8220;where&#8221;, etc. that are required in English. See if you can spot the modifying sentences in the following exercise.<\/p>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<h5>\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u7df4\u7fd2<\/h5>\n<div id=\"h5p-6\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-6\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"6\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Early Ainu history modifying clause identification\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u8aac\u660e<\/h5>\n<p>\u301c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046 is a verb construction used to show that something regrettable, unintentional or unfortunate happens or happened. The main verb is conjugated into the \u301c\u3066 form and attached to a form of the verb \u3057\u307e\u3046 (which literally means to completely finish doing something).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>\u6587\u6cd5\u306e\u7df4\u7fd2<\/h5>\n<div id=\"h5p-7\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-7\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"7\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Early Ainu History  \u301c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046 exercise\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_29\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-29\" style=\"width: 512px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1431\/2022\/02\/512px-Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-29 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/512px-Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema.jpeg\" alt=\"Painting of large samurai figure and smaller Ainu people bowing and making offering. Painted around 1775.\" width=\"512\" height=\"319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/512px-Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema.jpeg 512w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/512px-Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema-300x187.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/512px-Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema-65x40.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/512px-Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema-225x140.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1705\/2022\/06\/512px-Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema-350x218.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-29\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image: Samurai and Ainu Fuzoku Ema, approximately 1775.\u00a0 Edo-period painter.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>\u8003\u3048\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3000\u304b\u3093\u304c\u3048\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3000Reflection<\/h3>\n<p>What do you think the painting above indicates about how the Wajin of the time viewed the Ainu people? Can you think of any similar paintings from your own cultural tradition that record encounters with Indigenous Peoples and early settlers?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<h5>Media Attributions<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/A_As1909-0622-7\">Vase<\/a> by The Trustees of the British Museum is licensed under <a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY-NC-SA 4.0<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/34829087@N06\/24011160172\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kiska Kelp<\/a>&#8221; by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/34829087@N06\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Buzz Hoffman<\/a>\u00a0is licensed under\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/2.0\/?ref=openverse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-NC-SA 2.0<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Samurai_and_Ainu_Fuzoku_Ema.jpg\">Samurai and Ainu Fuzoku Ema<\/a> by painter unknown. Public domain.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-30-1\">Kayano Shigeru, <em>Ainu to kamigami no monogatari: Robata de kiita uwepekere<\/em> (Tokyo: Yamakei Library, 2020), 21. <a href=\"#return-footnote-30-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_30_2012\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_2012\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u305f\u3093\u3054\u3000word, vocabulary<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_1139\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_1139\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u304a\u307c\u3048\u308b\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0to remember, commit to memory<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_2013\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_2013\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u304b\u3093\u3058\u3000Chinese (Japanese) characters<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_2014\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_2014\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u308c\u3093\u3057\u3085\u3046\u3000to practice, exercise<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_862\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_862\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3082\u3093\u3060\u3044\u00a0 \u00a0 problem<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_735\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_735\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_1290\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_1290\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3059\u3080\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0to live<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_902\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_902\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3072\u304f\u3044\u3000\uff08\u3072\u304f\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff09\u3000low<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_1801\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_1801\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u308a\u304f\u3000land<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_389\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_389\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3061\u3085\u3046\u3054\u304f\u3000China<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_391\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_391\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u304b\u3093\u3053\u304f\u3000South Korea<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_323\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_323\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3076\u3093\u304b\u3000culture<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_453\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_453\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>to appear, emerge<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_321\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_321\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u307f\u3093\u305e\u304f\u3000race, people<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_393\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_393\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u307b\u3093\u3057\u3085\u3046\u3000Honsh\u016b- the main island of Japan<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_395\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_395\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3068\u3046\u307b\u304f\u3061\u307b\u3046\u3000T\u014dhoku region<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_397\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_397\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u307b\u304f\u3068\u3046\u3000Northeast<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_3329\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_3329\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3057\u307e\u3000island<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_903\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_903\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3058\u3076\u3093\u3000self, oneself<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_415\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_415\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3068\u3061\u3000land, property<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_359\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_359\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u306b\u3093\u3052\u3093 \u3000human<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_1351\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_1351\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3060\u3044\u3061\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 vast land, earth<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_916\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_916\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3044\u307f\u00a0 \u00a0 meaning<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_531\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_531\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u305b\u3044\u304d\u00a0 \u00a0 century<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_534\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_534\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u308f\u3058\u3093\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0non-Ainu Japanese people<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_399\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_399\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3053\u3046\u308a\u3085\u3046\u3000exchange<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_401\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_401\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3053\u3046\u3048\u304d\u3000trade<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_892\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_892\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u305f\u3079\u3082\u306e\u00a0 \u00a0 food<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_845\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_845\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3053\u3046\u304b\u3093\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0exchange<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_842\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_842\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_738\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_738\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3053\u3093\u3076\u00a0 \u00a0 kelp<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_403\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_403\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3051\u304c\u308f\u3000fur<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_1348\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_1348\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u304a\u3053\u3081\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 rice<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_904\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_904\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u304a\u3055\u3051\u00a0 \u00a0 alcohol<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_1349\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_1349\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u304a\u3055\u3089\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0plates, dishes<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_407\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_407\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3058\u3087\u3046\u3051\u3093\u3000terms, conditions<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_405\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_405\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3075\u3053\u3046\u3078\u3044\u3000unfair<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_457\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_457\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>to make a profit<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_409\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_409\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3075\u307e\u3093\u3000dissatisfaction<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_965\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_965\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3068\u304d\u3069\u304d\u00a0 \u00a0 time to time<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_1551\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_1551\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3042\u3089\u305d\u3044\u3000dispute, fight (verb - \u3042\u3089\u305d\u3046\uff09<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_1805\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_1805\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>herring<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_905\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_905\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3064\u308a\u00a0 \u00a0 fishing<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_906\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_906\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3057\u3054\u3068\u00a0 \u00a0 work<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_1207\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_1207\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u304f\u308d\u3046\u3000trouble, hardship<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_907\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_907\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3069\u3046\u3058\u00a0 \u00a0 at the same time<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_411\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_411\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3073\u3087\u3046\u304d\u3000disease, sickness<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_908\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_908\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_2015\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_2015\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u3076\u3093\u307d\u3046\u3000grammar<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_30_888\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_30_888\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>\u305b\u3064\u3081\u3044\u3000\u00a0 explanation (verb - \u305b\u3064\u3081\u3044\u3059\u308b)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":103,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Ainu History","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[57],"class_list":["post-30","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":25,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3355,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30\/revisions\/3355"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/25"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/30\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=30"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=30"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ainuinjapaneselanguage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=30"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}