{"id":929,"date":"2017-08-08T13:14:08","date_gmt":"2017-08-08T17:14:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/back-matter\/a-11-the-chemical-elements\/"},"modified":"2017-08-08T13:14:08","modified_gmt":"2017-08-08T17:14:08","slug":"a-11-the-chemical-elements","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/back-matter\/a-11-the-chemical-elements\/","title":{"raw":"A.11 The Chemical Elements","rendered":"A.11 The Chemical Elements"},"content":{"raw":"
The Chemical Elements<\/th>\n<\/tr>
Element<\/th>\nSymbol<\/th>\nAtomic Number<\/th>\nAtomic Weight1<\/sup><\/a><\/th>\nPercentage of Naturally Occurring Elements in the Universe<\/th>\n<\/tr><\/thead>
Hydrogen<\/td>\nH<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1.008<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Helium<\/td>\nHe<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n4.003<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Lithium<\/td>\nLi<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n6.94<\/td>\n6 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Beryllium<\/td>\nBe<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n9.012<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Boron<\/td>\nB<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n10.821<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Carbon<\/td>\nC<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n12.011<\/td>\n0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Nitrogen<\/td>\nN<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n14.007<\/td>\n0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Oxygen<\/td>\nO<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n15.999<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Fluorine<\/td>\nF<\/td>\n9<\/td>\n18.998<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Neon<\/td>\nNe<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n20.180<\/td>\n0.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Sodium<\/td>\nNa<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n22.990<\/td>\n0.002<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Magnesium<\/td>\nMg<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n24.305<\/td>\n0.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Aluminum<\/td>\nAl<\/td>\n13<\/td>\n26.982<\/td>\n0.005<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Silicon<\/td>\nSi<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n28.085<\/td>\n0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Phosphorus<\/td>\nP<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n30.974<\/td>\n7 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Sulfur<\/td>\nS<\/td>\n16<\/td>\n32.06<\/td>\n0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Chlorine<\/td>\nCl<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n35.45<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Argon<\/td>\nAr<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n39.948<\/td>\n0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Potassium<\/td>\nK<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n39.098<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Calcium<\/td>\nCa<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n40.078<\/td>\n0.007<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Scandium<\/td>\nSc<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n44.956<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Titanium<\/td>\nTi<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n47.867<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Vanadium<\/td>\nV<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n50.942<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Chromium<\/td>\nCr<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n51.996<\/td>\n0.0015<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Manganese<\/td>\nMn<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n54.938<\/td>\n8 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Iron<\/td>\nFe<\/td>\n26<\/td>\n55.845<\/td>\n0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Cobalt<\/td>\nCo<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n58.933<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Nickel<\/td>\nNi<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n58.693<\/td>\n0.006<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Copper<\/td>\nCu<\/td>\n29<\/td>\n63.546<\/td>\n6 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Zinc<\/td>\nZn<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n65.38<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Gallium<\/td>\nGa<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n69.723<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Germanium<\/td>\nGe<\/td>\n32<\/td>\n72.630<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Arsenic<\/td>\nAs<\/td>\n33<\/td>\n74.922<\/td>\n8 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Selenium<\/td>\nSe<\/td>\n34<\/td>\n78.971<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Bromine<\/td>\nBr<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n79.904<\/td>\n7 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Krypton<\/td>\nKr<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n83.798<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Rubidium<\/td>\nRb<\/td>\n37<\/td>\n85.468<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
\u2019Strontium<\/td>\nSr<\/td>\n38<\/td>\n87.62<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Yttrium<\/td>\nY<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n88.906<\/td>\n7 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Zirconium<\/td>\nZr<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n91.224<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Niobium<\/td>\nNb<\/td>\n41<\/td>\n92.906<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Molybdenum<\/td>\nMo<\/td>\n42<\/td>\n95.95<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Technetium<\/td>\nTc<\/td>\n43<\/td>\n(98)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Ruthenium<\/td>\nRu<\/td>\n44<\/td>\n101.07<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Rhodium<\/td>\nRh<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n102.906<\/td>\n6 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Palladium<\/td>\nPd<\/td>\n46<\/td>\n106.42<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Silver<\/td>\nAg<\/td>\n47<\/td>\n107.868<\/td>\n6 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Cadmium<\/td>\nCd<\/td>\n48<\/td>\n112.414<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Indium<\/td>\nIn<\/td>\n49<\/td>\n114.818<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Tin<\/td>\nSn<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n118.710<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Antimony<\/td>\nSb<\/td>\n51<\/td>\n121.760<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Tellurium<\/td>\nTe<\/td>\n52<\/td>\n127.60<\/td>\n9 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Iodine<\/td>\nI<\/td>\n53<\/td>\n126.904<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Xenon<\/td>\nXe<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n131.293<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Cesium<\/td>\nCs<\/td>\n55<\/td>\n132.905<\/td>\n8 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Barium<\/td>\nBa<\/td>\n56<\/td>\n137.327<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Lanthanum<\/td>\nLa<\/td>\n57<\/td>\n138.905<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Cerium<\/td>\nCe<\/td>\n58<\/td>\n140.116<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Praseodymium<\/td>\nPr<\/td>\n59<\/td>\n140.907<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Neodymium<\/td>\nNd<\/td>\n60<\/td>\n144.242<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Promethium<\/td>\nPm<\/td>\n61<\/td>\n(145)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Samarium<\/td>\nSm<\/td>\n62<\/td>\n150.36<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Europium<\/td>\nEu<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n151.964<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Gadolinium<\/td>\nGd<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n157.25<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Terbium<\/td>\nTb<\/td>\n65<\/td>\n158.925<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Dysprosium<\/td>\nDy<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n162.500<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Holmium<\/td>\nHo<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n164.930<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Erbium<\/td>\nEr<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n167.259<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Thulium<\/td>\nTm<\/td>\n69<\/td>\n168.934<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Ytterbium<\/td>\nYb<\/td>\n70<\/td>\n173.054<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Lutetium<\/td>\nLu<\/td>\n71<\/td>\n174.967<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Hafnium<\/td>\nHf<\/td>\n72<\/td>\n178.49<\/td>\n7 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Tantalum<\/td>\nTa<\/td>\n73<\/td>\n180.948<\/td>\n8 \u00d7 10\u22129<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Tungsten<\/td>\nW<\/td>\n74<\/td>\n183.84<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Rhenium<\/td>\nRe<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n186.207<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Osmium<\/td>\nOs<\/td>\n76<\/td>\n190.23<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Iridium<\/td>\nIr<\/td>\n77<\/td>\n192.217<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Platinum<\/td>\nPt<\/td>\n78<\/td>\n195.084<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Gold<\/td>\nAu<\/td>\n79<\/td>\n196.967<\/td>\n6 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Mercury<\/td>\nHg<\/td>\n80<\/td>\n200.592<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Thallium<\/td>\nTI<\/td>\n81<\/td>\n204.38<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Lead<\/td>\nPb<\/td>\n82<\/td>\n207.2<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Bismuth<\/td>\nBi<\/td>\n83<\/td>\n208.980<\/td>\n7 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Polonium<\/td>\nPo<\/td>\n84<\/td>\n(209)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Astatine<\/td>\nAt<\/td>\n85<\/td>\n(210)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Radon<\/td>\nRn<\/td>\n86<\/td>\n(222)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Francium<\/td>\nFr<\/td>\n87<\/td>\n(223)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Radium<\/td>\nRa<\/td>\n88<\/td>\n(226)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Actinium<\/td>\nAc<\/td>\n89<\/td>\n(227)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Thorium<\/td>\nTh<\/td>\n90<\/td>\n232.038<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Protactinium<\/td>\nPa<\/td>\n91<\/td>\n231.036<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Uranium<\/td>\nU<\/td>\n92<\/td>\n238.029<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>
Neptunium<\/td>\nNp<\/td>\n93<\/td>\n(237)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Plutonium<\/td>\nPu<\/td>\n94<\/td>\n(244)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Americium<\/td>\nAm<\/td>\n95<\/td>\n(243)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Curium<\/td>\nCm<\/td>\n96<\/td>\n(247)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Berkelium<\/td>\nBk<\/td>\n97<\/td>\n(247)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Californium<\/td>\nCf<\/td>\n98<\/td>\n(251)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Einsteinium<\/td>\nEs<\/td>\n99<\/td>\n(252)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Fermium<\/td>\nFm<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n(257)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Mendelevium<\/td>\nMd<\/td>\n101<\/td>\n(258)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Nobelium<\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n102<\/td>\n(259)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Lawrencium<\/td>\nLr<\/td>\n103<\/td>\n(262)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Rutherfordium<\/td>\nRf<\/td>\n104<\/td>\n(267)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Dubnium<\/td>\nDb<\/td>\n105<\/td>\n(268)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Seaborgium<\/td>\nSg<\/td>\n106<\/td>\n(271)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Bohrium<\/td>\nBh<\/td>\n107<\/td>\n(272)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Hassium<\/td>\nHs<\/td>\n108<\/td>\n(270)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Meitnerium<\/td>\nMt<\/td>\n109<\/td>\n(276)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Darmstadtium<\/td>\nDs<\/td>\n110<\/td>\n(281)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Roentgenium<\/td>\nRg<\/td>\n111<\/td>\n(280)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Copernicium<\/td>\nCn<\/td>\n112<\/td>\n(285)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Ununtrium<\/td>\nUut<\/td>\n113<\/td>\n(284)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Flerovium<\/td>\nFl<\/td>\n114<\/td>\n(289)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Ununpentium<\/td>\nUup<\/td>\n115<\/td>\n(288)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Livermorium<\/td>\nLv<\/td>\n116<\/td>\n(293)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Ununseptium<\/td>\nUus<\/td>\n117<\/td>\n(294)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>
Ununoctium<\/td>\nUuo<\/td>\n118<\/td>\n(294)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Note: Some of the newest elements near the bottom of the table have suggested names that are still under review, and those names are not yet listed here. For example, Tennessine is suggested for element 117, after the state where the Oak Ridge National Laboratory is located.<\/p>\n\n

\n

Footnotes<\/h2>\n
  1. 1<\/a> Where mean atomic weights have not been well determined, the atomic mass numbers of the most stable isotopes are given in parentheses.<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>","rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    The Chemical Elements<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
    Element<\/th>\nSymbol<\/th>\nAtomic Number<\/th>\nAtomic Weight1<\/sup><\/a><\/th>\nPercentage of Naturally Occurring Elements in the Universe<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Hydrogen<\/td>\nH<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n1.008<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Helium<\/td>\nHe<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n4.003<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lithium<\/td>\nLi<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n6.94<\/td>\n6 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Beryllium<\/td>\nBe<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n9.012<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Boron<\/td>\nB<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n10.821<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Carbon<\/td>\nC<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n12.011<\/td>\n0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Nitrogen<\/td>\nN<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n14.007<\/td>\n0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Oxygen<\/td>\nO<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n15.999<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Fluorine<\/td>\nF<\/td>\n9<\/td>\n18.998<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Neon<\/td>\nNe<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n20.180<\/td>\n0.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Sodium<\/td>\nNa<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n22.990<\/td>\n0.002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Magnesium<\/td>\nMg<\/td>\n12<\/td>\n24.305<\/td>\n0.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Aluminum<\/td>\nAl<\/td>\n13<\/td>\n26.982<\/td>\n0.005<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Silicon<\/td>\nSi<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n28.085<\/td>\n0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Phosphorus<\/td>\nP<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n30.974<\/td>\n7 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Sulfur<\/td>\nS<\/td>\n16<\/td>\n32.06<\/td>\n0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Chlorine<\/td>\nCl<\/td>\n17<\/td>\n35.45<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Argon<\/td>\nAr<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n39.948<\/td>\n0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Potassium<\/td>\nK<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n39.098<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Calcium<\/td>\nCa<\/td>\n20<\/td>\n40.078<\/td>\n0.007<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Scandium<\/td>\nSc<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n44.956<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Titanium<\/td>\nTi<\/td>\n22<\/td>\n47.867<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Vanadium<\/td>\nV<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n50.942<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Chromium<\/td>\nCr<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n51.996<\/td>\n0.0015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Manganese<\/td>\nMn<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n54.938<\/td>\n8 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Iron<\/td>\nFe<\/td>\n26<\/td>\n55.845<\/td>\n0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Cobalt<\/td>\nCo<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n58.933<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Nickel<\/td>\nNi<\/td>\n28<\/td>\n58.693<\/td>\n0.006<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Copper<\/td>\nCu<\/td>\n29<\/td>\n63.546<\/td>\n6 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Zinc<\/td>\nZn<\/td>\n30<\/td>\n65.38<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Gallium<\/td>\nGa<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n69.723<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Germanium<\/td>\nGe<\/td>\n32<\/td>\n72.630<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Arsenic<\/td>\nAs<\/td>\n33<\/td>\n74.922<\/td>\n8 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Selenium<\/td>\nSe<\/td>\n34<\/td>\n78.971<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Bromine<\/td>\nBr<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n79.904<\/td>\n7 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Krypton<\/td>\nKr<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n83.798<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Rubidium<\/td>\nRb<\/td>\n37<\/td>\n85.468<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u2019Strontium<\/td>\nSr<\/td>\n38<\/td>\n87.62<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Yttrium<\/td>\nY<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n88.906<\/td>\n7 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Zirconium<\/td>\nZr<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n91.224<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Niobium<\/td>\nNb<\/td>\n41<\/td>\n92.906<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Molybdenum<\/td>\nMo<\/td>\n42<\/td>\n95.95<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Technetium<\/td>\nTc<\/td>\n43<\/td>\n(98)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ruthenium<\/td>\nRu<\/td>\n44<\/td>\n101.07<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Rhodium<\/td>\nRh<\/td>\n45<\/td>\n102.906<\/td>\n6 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Palladium<\/td>\nPd<\/td>\n46<\/td>\n106.42<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Silver<\/td>\nAg<\/td>\n47<\/td>\n107.868<\/td>\n6 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Cadmium<\/td>\nCd<\/td>\n48<\/td>\n112.414<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Indium<\/td>\nIn<\/td>\n49<\/td>\n114.818<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tin<\/td>\nSn<\/td>\n50<\/td>\n118.710<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Antimony<\/td>\nSb<\/td>\n51<\/td>\n121.760<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tellurium<\/td>\nTe<\/td>\n52<\/td>\n127.60<\/td>\n9 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Iodine<\/td>\nI<\/td>\n53<\/td>\n126.904<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Xenon<\/td>\nXe<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n131.293<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Cesium<\/td>\nCs<\/td>\n55<\/td>\n132.905<\/td>\n8 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Barium<\/td>\nBa<\/td>\n56<\/td>\n137.327<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lanthanum<\/td>\nLa<\/td>\n57<\/td>\n138.905<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Cerium<\/td>\nCe<\/td>\n58<\/td>\n140.116<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Praseodymium<\/td>\nPr<\/td>\n59<\/td>\n140.907<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Neodymium<\/td>\nNd<\/td>\n60<\/td>\n144.242<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Promethium<\/td>\nPm<\/td>\n61<\/td>\n(145)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Samarium<\/td>\nSm<\/td>\n62<\/td>\n150.36<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Europium<\/td>\nEu<\/td>\n63<\/td>\n151.964<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Gadolinium<\/td>\nGd<\/td>\n64<\/td>\n157.25<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Terbium<\/td>\nTb<\/td>\n65<\/td>\n158.925<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Dysprosium<\/td>\nDy<\/td>\n66<\/td>\n162.500<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Holmium<\/td>\nHo<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n164.930<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Erbium<\/td>\nEr<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n167.259<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Thulium<\/td>\nTm<\/td>\n69<\/td>\n168.934<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ytterbium<\/td>\nYb<\/td>\n70<\/td>\n173.054<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lutetium<\/td>\nLu<\/td>\n71<\/td>\n174.967<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Hafnium<\/td>\nHf<\/td>\n72<\/td>\n178.49<\/td>\n7 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tantalum<\/td>\nTa<\/td>\n73<\/td>\n180.948<\/td>\n8 \u00d7 10\u22129<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tungsten<\/td>\nW<\/td>\n74<\/td>\n183.84<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Rhenium<\/td>\nRe<\/td>\n75<\/td>\n186.207<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Osmium<\/td>\nOs<\/td>\n76<\/td>\n190.23<\/td>\n3 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Iridium<\/td>\nIr<\/td>\n77<\/td>\n192.217<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Platinum<\/td>\nPt<\/td>\n78<\/td>\n195.084<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Gold<\/td>\nAu<\/td>\n79<\/td>\n196.967<\/td>\n6 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Mercury<\/td>\nHg<\/td>\n80<\/td>\n200.592<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Thallium<\/td>\nTI<\/td>\n81<\/td>\n204.38<\/td>\n5 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lead<\/td>\nPb<\/td>\n82<\/td>\n207.2<\/td>\n1 \u00d7 10\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Bismuth<\/td>\nBi<\/td>\n83<\/td>\n208.980<\/td>\n7 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Polonium<\/td>\nPo<\/td>\n84<\/td>\n(209)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Astatine<\/td>\nAt<\/td>\n85<\/td>\n(210)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Radon<\/td>\nRn<\/td>\n86<\/td>\n(222)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Francium<\/td>\nFr<\/td>\n87<\/td>\n(223)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Radium<\/td>\nRa<\/td>\n88<\/td>\n(226)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Actinium<\/td>\nAc<\/td>\n89<\/td>\n(227)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Thorium<\/td>\nTh<\/td>\n90<\/td>\n232.038<\/td>\n4 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Protactinium<\/td>\nPa<\/td>\n91<\/td>\n231.036<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Uranium<\/td>\nU<\/td>\n92<\/td>\n238.029<\/td>\n2 \u00d7 10\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Neptunium<\/td>\nNp<\/td>\n93<\/td>\n(237)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Plutonium<\/td>\nPu<\/td>\n94<\/td>\n(244)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Americium<\/td>\nAm<\/td>\n95<\/td>\n(243)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Curium<\/td>\nCm<\/td>\n96<\/td>\n(247)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Berkelium<\/td>\nBk<\/td>\n97<\/td>\n(247)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Californium<\/td>\nCf<\/td>\n98<\/td>\n(251)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Einsteinium<\/td>\nEs<\/td>\n99<\/td>\n(252)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Fermium<\/td>\nFm<\/td>\n100<\/td>\n(257)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Mendelevium<\/td>\nMd<\/td>\n101<\/td>\n(258)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Nobelium<\/td>\nNo<\/td>\n102<\/td>\n(259)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lawrencium<\/td>\nLr<\/td>\n103<\/td>\n(262)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Rutherfordium<\/td>\nRf<\/td>\n104<\/td>\n(267)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Dubnium<\/td>\nDb<\/td>\n105<\/td>\n(268)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Seaborgium<\/td>\nSg<\/td>\n106<\/td>\n(271)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Bohrium<\/td>\nBh<\/td>\n107<\/td>\n(272)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Hassium<\/td>\nHs<\/td>\n108<\/td>\n(270)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Meitnerium<\/td>\nMt<\/td>\n109<\/td>\n(276)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Darmstadtium<\/td>\nDs<\/td>\n110<\/td>\n(281)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Roentgenium<\/td>\nRg<\/td>\n111<\/td>\n(280)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Copernicium<\/td>\nCn<\/td>\n112<\/td>\n(285)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ununtrium<\/td>\nUut<\/td>\n113<\/td>\n(284)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Flerovium<\/td>\nFl<\/td>\n114<\/td>\n(289)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ununpentium<\/td>\nUup<\/td>\n115<\/td>\n(288)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Livermorium<\/td>\nLv<\/td>\n116<\/td>\n(293)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ununseptium<\/td>\nUus<\/td>\n117<\/td>\n(294)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ununoctium<\/td>\nUuo<\/td>\n118<\/td>\n(294)<\/td>\n\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Note: Some of the newest elements near the bottom of the table have suggested names that are still under review, and those names are not yet listed here. For example, Tennessine is suggested for element 117, after the state where the Oak Ridge National Laboratory is located.<\/p>\n

    \n

    Footnotes<\/h2>\n
      \n
    1. 1<\/a> Where mean atomic weights have not been well determined, the atomic mass numbers of the most stable isotopes are given in parentheses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-929","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/929","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/929\/revisions"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/929\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=929"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=929"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=929"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=929"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}