{"id":64,"date":"2017-08-08T13:11:55","date_gmt":"2017-08-08T17:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/chapter\/2-3-astronomy-of-the-first-nations-of-canada\/"},"modified":"2024-01-08T14:59:28","modified_gmt":"2024-01-08T19:59:28","slug":"2-3-astronomy-of-the-first-nations-of-canada","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/chapter\/2-3-astronomy-of-the-first-nations-of-canada\/","title":{"raw":"2.3 Astronomy of the First Nations of Canada","rendered":"2.3 Astronomy of the First Nations of Canada"},"content":{"raw":"Here is a very small start to share some of the wealth of knowledge about astronomy and the seasons of the First Nations of Canada. \u00a0As I type this in August 2107 I wish to acknowledge that is is a token of the rich culture, and encourage sharing of information on this important topic.\r\n\r\n \r\n

Truth and Reconciliation<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nCanada is beginning a journey of Truth and Reconciliation. As it says on the official website (link here for more information)\u00a0http:\/\/reconciliationcanada.ca\/?gclid=COCQ0fjrxtUCFQ5Efgodox4GFw\u00a0\u00a0<\/a>(http:\/\/tiny.cc\/h4fxqy<\/a>)\u00a0 \"Born from the vision of Chief Dr. Robert Joseph, Gwawaenuk Elder, Reconciliation Canada is leading the way in engaging Canadians in dialogue and transformative experiences that revitalize the relationships among Indigenous\u00a0peoples and all Canadians. Our model for reconciliation engages people in open and honest conversation to understand our diverse histories and experiences. We actively engage multi-faith and multi-cultural communities to explore the meaning of reconciliation. Together, we are charting a New Way Forward.\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

National Indigenous Person's Day Occurs at or close to the Summer Solstice in Canada<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca\/eng\/1100100013718\/1100100013719#sct1<\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2894\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"843\"]\"\" [NIPD image not in media library] THIS IMAGE IS TEMPORARY[\/caption]\"\"\r\n\r\nJune 21 is National Indigenous Peoples Day. This is a day for all Canadians to recognize and celebrate the unique heritage, diverse cultures and outstanding contributions of\u00a0First Nations<\/a>,\u00a0Inuit<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0M\u00e9tis<\/a>\u00a0peoples. The Canadian Constitution recognizes these three groups as Aboriginal peoples, also known as Indigenous peoples.\r\n\r\nAlthough these groups share many similarities, they each have their own distinct heritage, language, cultural practices and spiritual beliefs. In cooperation with Indigenous organizations, the Government of Canada chose June\u00a021, the summer solstice, for National Aboriginal Day, now known as National Indigenous Peoples Day. For generations, many\u00a0Indigenous peoples and communities<\/a>\u00a0have celebrated their culture and heritage on or near this day due to the significance of the summer solstice as the longest day of the year.\r\n\r\n \r\n

Dene Suline Artist Janvier's abstract\u00a0 \"Morning Star\" Mural at the Museum of History in Ottawa<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nJanvier\u2019s mural illustrates the history of this land from the artist\u2019s Dene Suline perspective. The white circle in the centre is the morning star, a guiding light and the source of all creation. Shards of colour radiating from the star \u2014 suggestive of traditional Dene quillwork \u2014 represent Aboriginal cultures, while more organic, curvilinear shapes represent the introduction of European ideas and beliefs.\u00a0Morning Star<\/em>\u00a0depicts five centuries of conflict and coexistence, while at the same time expressing hope for mutual respect and conciliation between Aboriginal and European traditions.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/blog\/alex-janviers-morning-star-shines-brighter-than-ever\/<\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2895\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"785\"]\"\" Morning Star Mural at the Museum of History, Ottawa, Ontario. Alex Janvier is the artist. <\/a>[Morning Star Mural])[\/caption][caption id=\"attachment_3469\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]\"https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/blog\/alex-janviers-morning-star-shines-brighter-than-ever\/\" Morning Star Mural at the Museum of History, Ottawa, Ontario. Alex Janvier is the artist. <\/a>[Morning Star Mural])[\/caption]Alex Janvier\u2019s dome mural,\u00a0Morning Star<\/em>, appears to float above the staircase rising from the River Salon at the end of the Grand Hall. Spectacular views of the Ottawa River and beyond, to the Canadian Parliament buildings, are visible from ground level and as you climb the stairs toward the mural. The integration of these external natural and built environments with Janvier\u2019s artwork was fundamental to the design intentions of the museum\u2019s architect, Douglas Cardinal.\u00a0 \u00a0This information is from the Museum's web site\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/morningstar<\/a>\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/cmc\/exhibitions\/tresors\/treasure\/283eng.shtml<\/a>\r\n\r\nAs stated in the video on that site,\u00a0 the artist explains the significance of the mural's name \"Morning Star\", \"...my people had used the Morning Star as a guide light in the early mornings of the winter hours .... according to the stars in the sky and especially that one, they pretty well have an idea of the direction they're going\u00a0 ....\"\r\n\r\nAlex Janvier was born\u00a0in 1935 on Le Goff Reserve near Cold Lake, Alberta, Alex Janvier was raised in the Chipewyan tradition, speaking the Dene language until attending the Blue Quill Residential Indian School when he was eight years old. Following high school, Janvier attended the Alberta College of Art in Calgary, where he first experimented with modernist abstractions. Although he achieved some personal and critical success in the early 1960s, it was not until 1971 that he devoted himself to his art on a full-time basis.\r\n\r\n \r\n

British Columbia: \u00a0Nisga\u2019a Hobiyee (Crescent Moon in February)<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nThis information is gathered from the Nisga'a Nation's web site. \u00a0http:\/\/nnkn.ca\/files\/Hoobiyee-2012.pdf \u00a0<\/a>(or ) http:\/\/tiny.cc\/v5fxqy)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Halayt is often referred to as a spiritual leader, medicine man or doctor\u2014the Swa\u00eeiskw, or Swa\u00eeisgwit; some were also described as \u201chaving the ability to forecast the weather\u201d hence astronomers and astrologists, the Guxw-Hloksit. \u00a0The Halayt-Simgigat studied the Buxw-laks moon, the moon of February, and they made note of the different shapes leading up to the full moon. Over time, 3 they observed that whenever the first crescent moon (thin-shaped) is in the shape of the Hoobix \u2013 the bowl of the Nisga\u2019a wooden spoon with the ends pointing upward, this meant abundant resources in the harvesting seasons to follow in K\u2019alii-Aksim Lisims (the Nass Valley). The oolichans would be plentiful, the salmon \u2026 berries \u2026 and various other resources important to the Nisga\u2019a; all in all, a bountiful year predicted.\r\n\r\nAs it states at the start of the document from which the above information is quoted, \"the oral tradition, the information as contained in this document is by no means conclusive. Nonetheless, this documented information is about a very significant aspect of our Nisga\u2019a way of life which by our Ayuuk \u2013 customs and laws \u2013 is to be treated with RESPECT. To the young ones, be careful in how you use or interpret information when you hear it. Ensure that you fully understand what is being transmitted to you.\" \u00a0Know that this particular information belongs to the Nisga\u2019a nation. Aamhl Sayt-K\u2019yoolims Gatgu\u00eb gans dip \u00eeisi\u00eb. May we be one \/ united as a people. Transcribed and edited by: Ksim Sook\u2019\/Nita Morven, Researcher-Ayuukhl Nisga\u2019a Dept. Nisga\u2019a Lisims Government\r\n\r\n \r\n

Alberta and Saskatchewan:\u00a0 Stone Circles<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nThere are many stone circles, often called Medicine Wheels, in Alberta and Saskatchewan.\u00a0\u00a0Iniskim Umaapi<\/i>\u00a0is an archaeological site of the Blackfeet Nation \u00a0located south of Bassano, Alberta.\u00a0 Also called the Majorville Cairn and Medicine Wheel. It has been reliably dated to be more than 5000 years old.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0http:\/\/blackfootcrossing.ca\/circles.html<\/a>\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.travelalberta.com\/ca\/listings\/majorville-cairn-and-medicine-wheel-6197\/<\/a>\r\n\r\nThere is controversy about whether or not there is a link to astronomy with these ancient artifacts but they are of culturally important.\r\n\r\nhttp:\/\/www.virtualsk.com\/current_issue\/endangered_stones.html<\/a>\r\n\r\nhttp:\/\/saskhistoryonline.ca\/islandora\/object\/paton%3A489<\/a>\r\n\r\nFrom the University of Saskatchewan's SaskHistoryOnLine project.\r\n\r\nhttp:\/\/saskhistoryonline.ca\/islandora\/object\/paton%3A825<\/a>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n \r\n

Nova Scotia: \u00a0Mi'kmaq Sky Story: \u00a0Muin and the Seven Bird Hunters<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nAs part of the 2009 International Year of Astronomy, Muin and the Seven Bird Hunters, a traditional sky story which has been handed down from generation to generation as part of the rich oral history of the Mi\u2019kmaq First Nation was shared with the rest of Canada. The story links the annual cycle of the seasons as observed by the Mi\u2019kmaq with the movement of stars about the North Celestial pole.\u00a0 This is the first time this story has been transferred from the realm of oral tradition into video and made accessible to such a large audience.\r\n\r\nOn January 8th 2009, an animated version of the story was premiered at the Canadian Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa. Versions are now available in English, French and Mi\u2019kmaq to people around the world!\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe story of Muin has been brought to life thanks to the loving work of Mi'kmaq Elder Lillian Marshall (bio<\/a> http:\/\/tiny.cc\/l8fxqy) of Potlotek First Nation (in Cape Breton, NS)\u00a0 and Mi'kmaq Elder Murdena Marshall (bio<\/a> http:\/\/tiny.cc\/k9fxqy<\/a>) of Eskasoni First Nation (in Cape Breton, NS), in conjunction with (artist Sana Kavanagh of Cape Breton University in Sydney, NS. The two Elders narrated the English and Mi\u2019kmaq versions of the film, while the French version was narrated by Annabelle Welsh, a Grade 12 student from Membertou First Nation (in Cape Breton, NS) who attends \u00c9toile de l\u2019Acadie in Sydney. The production was made possible through the support of CBU's Canada Research Chair in Integrative Science, Dr. Cheryl Bartlett (full credits<\/a> http:\/\/tiny.cc\/y6fxqy<\/a>).\r\n\r\n\"It is hoped that this rich and vibrant story will help encourage other efforts to revitalize Aboriginal night sky stories across Canada. In this way, the richness of knowledge within the Indigenous sciences in Canada can be celebrated and, as deemed appropriate, shared... becoming legacies for children and youth of all ages as well as adults, long after the International Year of Astronomy 2009 is over.\"\r\n\r\n \r\n

Inuit<\/strong><\/h1>\r\nThe Canadian Museum of History is located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.\u00a0 It has a large selection of prints by contemporary Inuit artists.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/capedorsetprints\/introduction\/\u00a0 \u00a0<\/a>\r\n\r\nInuit Prints from Cape Dorset<\/em>\u00a0makes Canada\u2019s national collection of Inuit prints from\u00a0Cape Dorset<\/a>, in\u00a0Nunavut<\/a>\u00a0publicly available for research, scholarship and appreciation. The website was made possible through a grant from Canadian Heritage, the assistance of Dorset Fine Arts, and the assistance of the West Baffin Eskimo Cooperative in Cape Dorset.\r\n\r\nThe Museum allows the artwork shown here to be displayed for non-commercial reproduction and this open source textbook qualifies.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/about\/copyright-and-permissions\/#tabs<\/a>\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2891\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]\"Woman Woman Who Lives in the Sun Artist:\u00a0Ashevak, Kenojuak From the Canadian Museum of History, Ottawa Ontario Canada. Date made:\u00a01960 Print number:\u00a0CD 1960-023 ii Copyright:\u00a0Photo \u00a9 CMC Artwork:\u00a0Dorset Fine Arts Technique:\u00a0Stonecut Image number:\u00a02770-0522-2489-IMG2008-0935-0201-Dm[\/caption]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3455\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]\"Woman Woman Who Lives in the Sun Artist:\u00a0Ashevak, Kenojuak From the Canadian Museum of History, Ottawa Ontario Canada. Date made:\u00a01960 Print number:\u00a0CD 1960-023 ii Copyright:\u00a0Photo \u00a9 CMC Artwork:\u00a0Dorset Fine Arts Technique:\u00a0Stonecut Image number:\u00a02770-0522-2489-IMG2008-0935-0201-Dm[\/caption]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nYou can follow the link to find the story behind this print, which is an origin story of the Sun and the Moon.\u00a0 A sister and brother became the Sun and the Moon.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2896\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"264\"]\"Woman Woman who went to the Moon Artist: Qinnuayuak, Tikituk Date made: 1990 Print number: CD 1990-028 Copyright: Photo \u00a9 CMC Artwork: Dorset Fine Arts Technique: Stonecut Image number: 5270-0522-0761-IMG2008-0651-0131-Dm[\/caption]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3458\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"264\"]\"Woman Woman who went to the Moon Artist: Qinnuayuak, Tikituk Date made: 1990 Print number: CD 1990-028 Copyright: Photo \u00a9 CMC Artwork: Dorset Fine Arts Technique: Stonecut Image number: 5270-0522-0761-IMG2008-0651-0131-Dm[\/caption]\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nYou can read about the artwork shown below, \"Welcome to the Sun\" by Kenojuak Ashevak and Kavavaow Mannomee.\u00a0\u00a0This photo is of the two artist in the process of creating the print \"The Sun's Return\", created by the stonecut and stencil technique.\u00a0 \u00a0 Here is more information about the artist and her Sun art.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/canada\/inuit-art-quarterly\/20180315\/281547996414433\u00a0<\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3465\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"376\"]\""The \"The Sun's Return\", created by the stonecut and stencil technique Photo by Jimmy Manning, 1992-1993, IMG2008-0938-0015-S, Photo \u00a9 CMC[\/caption]\r\n\r\nOne of the prints is displayed at McMaster University in Ontario.\u00a0 Here is a link to the article about the collection.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0https:\/\/dailynews.mcmaster.ca\/article\/museum-receives-major-collection-of-inuit-art\/<\/a>\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2901\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]\"\" The Sun's Return by Kenojuak Ashevak (Inuit; b. Ikirasaq, Northwest Territories, 1927 \u2013 d. Cape Dorset, 2013), stonecut and stencil on paper, 1993, Dorset Fine Arts.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3467\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"624\"]\"https:\/\/dailynews.mcmaster.ca\/article\/museum-receives-major-collection-of-inuit-art\/\" The Sun's Return by Kenojuak Ashevak (Inuit; b. Ikirasaq, Northwest Territories, 1927 \u2013 d. Cape Dorset, 2013), stonecut and stencil on paper, 1993, Dorset Fine Arts.[\/caption]","rendered":"

Here is a very small start to share some of the wealth of knowledge about astronomy and the seasons of the First Nations of Canada. \u00a0As I type this in August 2107 I wish to acknowledge that is is a token of the rich culture, and encourage sharing of information on this important topic.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Truth and Reconciliation<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Canada is beginning a journey of Truth and Reconciliation. As it says on the official website (link here for more information)\u00a0http:\/\/reconciliationcanada.ca\/?gclid=COCQ0fjrxtUCFQ5Efgodox4GFw\u00a0\u00a0<\/a>(http:\/\/tiny.cc\/h4fxqy<\/a>)\u00a0 “Born from the vision of Chief Dr. Robert Joseph, Gwawaenuk Elder, Reconciliation Canada is leading the way in engaging Canadians in dialogue and transformative experiences that revitalize the relationships among Indigenous\u00a0peoples and all Canadians. Our model for reconciliation engages people in open and honest conversation to understand our diverse histories and experiences. We actively engage multi-faith and multi-cultural communities to explore the meaning of reconciliation. Together, we are charting a New Way Forward.”<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

National Indigenous Person’s Day Occurs at or close to the Summer Solstice in Canada<\/strong><\/h1>\n

https:\/\/www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca\/eng\/1100100013718\/1100100013719#sct1<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"
[NIPD image not in media library] THIS IMAGE IS TEMPORARY<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

June 21 is National Indigenous Peoples Day. This is a day for all Canadians to recognize and celebrate the unique heritage, diverse cultures and outstanding contributions of\u00a0First Nations<\/a>,\u00a0Inuit<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0M\u00e9tis<\/a>\u00a0peoples. The Canadian Constitution recognizes these three groups as Aboriginal peoples, also known as Indigenous peoples.<\/p>\n

Although these groups share many similarities, they each have their own distinct heritage, language, cultural practices and spiritual beliefs. In cooperation with Indigenous organizations, the Government of Canada chose June\u00a021, the summer solstice, for National Aboriginal Day, now known as National Indigenous Peoples Day. For generations, many\u00a0Indigenous peoples and communities<\/a>\u00a0have celebrated their culture and heritage on or near this day due to the significance of the summer solstice as the longest day of the year.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dene Suline Artist Janvier’s abstract\u00a0 “Morning Star” Mural at the Museum of History in Ottawa<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Janvier\u2019s mural illustrates the history of this land from the artist\u2019s Dene Suline perspective. The white circle in the centre is the morning star, a guiding light and the source of all creation. Shards of colour radiating from the star \u2014 suggestive of traditional Dene quillwork \u2014 represent Aboriginal cultures, while more organic, curvilinear shapes represent the introduction of European ideas and beliefs.\u00a0Morning Star<\/em>\u00a0depicts five centuries of conflict and coexistence, while at the same time expressing hope for mutual respect and conciliation between Aboriginal and European traditions.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/blog\/alex-janviers-morning-star-shines-brighter-than-ever\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"
Morning Star Mural at the Museum of History, Ottawa, Ontario. Alex Janvier is the artist. <\/a>[Morning Star Mural])<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/blog\/alex-janviers-morning-star-shines-brighter-than-ever\/\"
Morning Star Mural at the Museum of History, Ottawa, Ontario. Alex Janvier is the artist. <\/a>[Morning Star Mural])<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Alex Janvier\u2019s dome mural,\u00a0Morning Star<\/em>, appears to float above the staircase rising from the River Salon at the end of the Grand Hall. Spectacular views of the Ottawa River and beyond, to the Canadian Parliament buildings, are visible from ground level and as you climb the stairs toward the mural. The integration of these external natural and built environments with Janvier\u2019s artwork was fundamental to the design intentions of the museum\u2019s architect, Douglas Cardinal.\u00a0 \u00a0This information is from the Museum’s web site\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/morningstar<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/cmc\/exhibitions\/tresors\/treasure\/283eng.shtml<\/a><\/p>\n

As stated in the video on that site,\u00a0 the artist explains the significance of the mural’s name “Morning Star”, “…my people had used the Morning Star as a guide light in the early mornings of the winter hours …. according to the stars in the sky and especially that one, they pretty well have an idea of the direction they’re going\u00a0 ….”<\/p>\n

Alex Janvier was born\u00a0in 1935 on Le Goff Reserve near Cold Lake, Alberta, Alex Janvier was raised in the Chipewyan tradition, speaking the Dene language until attending the Blue Quill Residential Indian School when he was eight years old. Following high school, Janvier attended the Alberta College of Art in Calgary, where he first experimented with modernist abstractions. Although he achieved some personal and critical success in the early 1960s, it was not until 1971 that he devoted himself to his art on a full-time basis.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

British Columbia: \u00a0Nisga\u2019a Hobiyee (Crescent Moon in February)<\/strong><\/h1>\n

This information is gathered from the Nisga’a Nation’s web site. \u00a0http:\/\/nnkn.ca\/files\/Hoobiyee-2012.pdf \u00a0<\/a>(or ) http:\/\/tiny.cc\/v5fxqy)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Halayt is often referred to as a spiritual leader, medicine man or doctor\u2014the Swa\u00eeiskw, or Swa\u00eeisgwit; some were also described as \u201chaving the ability to forecast the weather\u201d hence astronomers and astrologists, the Guxw-Hloksit. \u00a0The Halayt-Simgigat studied the Buxw-laks moon, the moon of February, and they made note of the different shapes leading up to the full moon. Over time, 3 they observed that whenever the first crescent moon (thin-shaped) is in the shape of the Hoobix \u2013 the bowl of the Nisga\u2019a wooden spoon with the ends pointing upward, this meant abundant resources in the harvesting seasons to follow in K\u2019alii-Aksim Lisims (the Nass Valley). The oolichans would be plentiful, the salmon \u2026 berries \u2026 and various other resources important to the Nisga\u2019a; all in all, a bountiful year predicted.<\/p>\n

As it states at the start of the document from which the above information is quoted, “the oral tradition, the information as contained in this document is by no means conclusive. Nonetheless, this documented information is about a very significant aspect of our Nisga\u2019a way of life which by our Ayuuk \u2013 customs and laws \u2013 is to be treated with RESPECT. To the young ones, be careful in how you use or interpret information when you hear it. Ensure that you fully understand what is being transmitted to you.” \u00a0Know that this particular information belongs to the Nisga\u2019a nation. Aamhl Sayt-K\u2019yoolims Gatgu\u00eb gans dip \u00eeisi\u00eb. May we be one \/ united as a people. Transcribed and edited by: Ksim Sook\u2019\/Nita Morven, Researcher-Ayuukhl Nisga\u2019a Dept. Nisga\u2019a Lisims Government<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Alberta and Saskatchewan:\u00a0 Stone Circles<\/strong><\/h1>\n

There are many stone circles, often called Medicine Wheels, in Alberta and Saskatchewan.\u00a0\u00a0Iniskim Umaapi<\/i>\u00a0is an archaeological site of the Blackfeet Nation \u00a0located south of Bassano, Alberta.\u00a0 Also called the Majorville Cairn and Medicine Wheel. It has been reliably dated to be more than 5000 years old.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0http:\/\/blackfootcrossing.ca\/circles.html<\/a><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.travelalberta.com\/ca\/listings\/majorville-cairn-and-medicine-wheel-6197\/<\/a><\/p>\n

There is controversy about whether or not there is a link to astronomy with these ancient artifacts but they are of culturally important.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.virtualsk.com\/current_issue\/endangered_stones.html<\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/saskhistoryonline.ca\/islandora\/object\/paton%3A489<\/a><\/p>\n

From the University of Saskatchewan’s SaskHistoryOnLine project.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/saskhistoryonline.ca\/islandora\/object\/paton%3A825<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nova Scotia: \u00a0Mi’kmaq Sky Story: \u00a0Muin and the Seven Bird Hunters<\/strong><\/h1>\n

As part of the 2009 International Year of Astronomy, Muin and the Seven Bird Hunters, a traditional sky story which has been handed down from generation to generation as part of the rich oral history of the Mi\u2019kmaq First Nation was shared with the rest of Canada. The story links the annual cycle of the seasons as observed by the Mi\u2019kmaq with the movement of stars about the North Celestial pole.\u00a0 This is the first time this story has been transferred from the realm of oral tradition into video and made accessible to such a large audience.<\/p>\n

On January 8th 2009, an animated version of the story was premiered at the Canadian Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa. Versions are now available in English, French and Mi\u2019kmaq to people around the world!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The story of Muin has been brought to life thanks to the loving work of Mi’kmaq Elder Lillian Marshall (bio<\/a> http:\/\/tiny.cc\/l8fxqy) of Potlotek First Nation (in Cape Breton, NS)\u00a0 and Mi’kmaq Elder Murdena Marshall (bio<\/a> http:\/\/tiny.cc\/k9fxqy<\/a>) of Eskasoni First Nation (in Cape Breton, NS), in conjunction with (artist Sana Kavanagh of Cape Breton University in Sydney, NS. The two Elders narrated the English and Mi\u2019kmaq versions of the film, while the French version was narrated by Annabelle Welsh, a Grade 12 student from Membertou First Nation (in Cape Breton, NS) who attends \u00c9toile de l\u2019Acadie in Sydney. The production was made possible through the support of CBU’s Canada Research Chair in Integrative Science, Dr. Cheryl Bartlett (full credits<\/a> http:\/\/tiny.cc\/y6fxqy<\/a>).<\/p>\n

“It is hoped that this rich and vibrant story will help encourage other efforts to revitalize Aboriginal night sky stories across Canada. In this way, the richness of knowledge within the Indigenous sciences in Canada can be celebrated and, as deemed appropriate, shared… becoming legacies for children and youth of all ages as well as adults, long after the International Year of Astronomy 2009 is over.”<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Inuit<\/strong><\/h1>\n

The Canadian Museum of History is located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.\u00a0 It has a large selection of prints by contemporary Inuit artists.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/capedorsetprints\/introduction\/\u00a0 \u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

Inuit Prints from Cape Dorset<\/em>\u00a0makes Canada\u2019s national collection of Inuit prints from\u00a0Cape Dorset<\/a>, in\u00a0Nunavut<\/a>\u00a0publicly available for research, scholarship and appreciation. The website was made possible through a grant from Canadian Heritage, the assistance of Dorset Fine Arts, and the assistance of the West Baffin Eskimo Cooperative in Cape Dorset.<\/p>\n

The Museum allows the artwork shown here to be displayed for non-commercial reproduction and this open source textbook qualifies.<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/about\/copyright-and-permissions\/#tabs<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Woman
Woman Who Lives in the Sun Artist:\u00a0Ashevak, Kenojuak From the Canadian Museum of History, Ottawa Ontario Canada. Date made:\u00a01960 Print number:\u00a0CD 1960-023 ii Copyright:\u00a0Photo \u00a9 CMC Artwork:\u00a0Dorset Fine Arts Technique:\u00a0Stonecut Image number:\u00a02770-0522-2489-IMG2008-0935-0201-Dm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Woman
Woman Who Lives in the Sun Artist:\u00a0Ashevak, Kenojuak From the Canadian Museum of History, Ottawa Ontario Canada. Date made:\u00a01960 Print number:\u00a0CD 1960-023 ii Copyright:\u00a0Photo \u00a9 CMC Artwork:\u00a0Dorset Fine Arts Technique:\u00a0Stonecut Image number:\u00a02770-0522-2489-IMG2008-0935-0201-Dm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

You can follow the link to find the story behind this print, which is an origin story of the Sun and the Moon.\u00a0 A sister and brother became the Sun and the Moon.<\/p>\n

\"Woman
Woman who went to the Moon Artist: Qinnuayuak, Tikituk Date made: 1990 Print number: CD 1990-028 Copyright: Photo \u00a9 CMC Artwork: Dorset Fine Arts Technique: Stonecut Image number: 5270-0522-0761-IMG2008-0651-0131-Dm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Woman
Woman who went to the Moon Artist: Qinnuayuak, Tikituk Date made: 1990 Print number: CD 1990-028 Copyright: Photo \u00a9 CMC Artwork: Dorset Fine Arts Technique: Stonecut Image number: 5270-0522-0761-IMG2008-0651-0131-Dm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

You can read about the artwork shown below, “Welcome to the Sun” by Kenojuak Ashevak and Kavavaow Mannomee.\u00a0\u00a0This photo is of the two artist in the process of creating the print “The Sun’s Return”, created by the stonecut and stencil technique.\u00a0 \u00a0 Here is more information about the artist and her Sun art.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/canada\/inuit-art-quarterly\/20180315\/281547996414433\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

\""The
“The Sun’s Return”, created by the stonecut and stencil technique Photo by Jimmy Manning, 1992-1993, IMG2008-0938-0015-S, Photo \u00a9 CMC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

One of the prints is displayed at McMaster University in Ontario.\u00a0 Here is a link to the article about the collection.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0https:\/\/dailynews.mcmaster.ca\/article\/museum-receives-major-collection-of-inuit-art\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"
The Sun’s Return by Kenojuak Ashevak (Inuit; b. Ikirasaq, Northwest Territories, 1927 \u2013 d. Cape Dorset, 2013), stonecut and stencil on paper, 1993, Dorset Fine Arts.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"https:\/\/dailynews.mcmaster.ca\/article\/museum-receives-major-collection-of-inuit-art\/\"
The Sun’s Return by Kenojuak Ashevak (Inuit; b. Ikirasaq, Northwest Territories, 1927 \u2013 d. Cape Dorset, 2013), stonecut and stencil on paper, 1993, Dorset Fine Arts.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-64","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":52,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/64","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/64\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2903,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/64\/revisions\/2903"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/52"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/64\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=64"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=64"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=64"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=64"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}