{"id":1022,"date":"2017-08-08T13:14:07","date_gmt":"2017-08-08T17:14:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/back-matter\/a-5-some-useful-constants-for-astronomy\/"},"modified":"2017-08-08T13:14:07","modified_gmt":"2017-08-08T17:14:07","slug":"a-5-some-useful-constants-for-astronomy","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/back-matter\/a-5-some-useful-constants-for-astronomy\/","title":{"raw":"A.5 Some Useful Constants for Astronomy","rendered":"A.5 Some Useful Constants for Astronomy"},"content":{"raw":"\n<table id=\"fs-id1172466793559\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table titled \u201cPhysical constants\u201d with two columns and ten rows. The first row reads \u201cspeed of light (c)\u201d and \u201c2.9979 times 10 to the 8 m\/s\u201d. The second row reads \u201cgravitational constant (G)\u201d and \u20186.674 times 10 to the negative 11 m3\/(kg s squared)\u201d. The third row reads \u201cPlanck\u2019s constant (h)\u201d and \u201c6.626 times 10 to the negative 34 J-s\u201d. The fourth row reads \u201cmass of a hydrogen atom (M sub H)\u201d and \u201c1.673 times 10 to the negative 27 kg\u201d. The fifth row reads \u201cmass of an electron (M sub e)\u201d and \u201c9.109 times 10 to the negative 31 kg\u201d. The sixth row reads \u201cRydberg constant (R sub infinity)\u201d and \u201c1.0974 times 10 to the seven 7 m to the negative 1\u201d. The seventh row reads \u201cStefan-Boltzmann constant (sigma)\u201d and \u201c5.670 times 10 to the negative 8 J\/(s\u00b7m squared deg to the fourth)\u201d. The eighth row reads \u201cWien\u2019s law constant (lambda max T)\u201d and \u201c2.898 times 10 to the negative 3 m deg\u201d. The ninth row reads \u201celectron volt (energy) (eV)\u201d and \u201c1.602 times 10 to the negative 19 J\u201d. The tenth row reads \u201cenergy equivalent of 1 ton TNT\u201d and \u201c4.2 times 10 to the 9 J\u201d.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Physical Constants<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Name<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>speed of light (<em>c<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>2.9979 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m\/s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>gravitational constant (<em>G<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>6.674 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221211<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup>\/(kg s<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Planck\u2019s constant (<em>h<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>6.626 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221234<\/sup> J-s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>mass of a hydrogen atom (<em>M<\/em><sub>H<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>1.673 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>mass of an electron (<em>M<\/em><sub>e<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>9.109 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221231<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Rydberg constant (R\u221eR\u221e)<\/td>\n<td>1.0974 \u00d7 10<sup>7<\/sup> m<sup>\u22121<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Stefan-Boltzmann constant (\u03c3)<\/td>\n<td>5.670 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup> J\/(s\u00b7m<sup>2<\/sup> deg<sup>4<\/sup>)<a name=\"footnote-ref1\" href=\"#footnote1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Wien\u2019s law constant (\u03bb<sub>max<\/sub>T)<\/td>\n<td>2.898 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> m K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>electron volt (energy) (eV)<\/td>\n<td>1.602 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221219<\/sup> J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>energy equivalent of 1 ton TNT<\/td>\n<td>4.2 \u00d7 10<sup>9<\/sup> J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"fs-id1172467034377\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table titled \u201cPhysical constants\u201d with two columns and fourteen rows. The first row reads \u201castronomical unit (AU)\u201d and \u201c1.496 times 10 to the 11 m\u201d. The second row reads \u201cLight-year (ly)\u201d and \u201c9.461 times 10 to the 15 m\u201d. The third row reads \u201cparsec (pc)\u201d and \u201c3.086 times 10 to the 16 m = 3.262 light-years\u201d. The fourth row reads \u201csidereal year (y)\u201d and \u201c3.156 times 10 to the 7 s\u201d. The fifth row reads \u201cmass of Earth (M sub Earth)\u201d and \u201c5.974 times 10 to the 24 kg\u201d. The sixth row reads \u201cequatorial radius of Earth (R sub Earth)\u201d and \u201c6.378 times 10 to the 6 m\u201d. The seventh row reads \u201cobliquity of ecliptic\u201d and \u201c23.4 degrees 26 minutes\u201d. The eighth row reads \u201csurface gravity of Earth (g)\u201d and \u201c9.807 m\/s squared\u201d. The ninth row reads \u201cescape velocity of Earth (v sub Earth)\u201d and \u201c1.119 times 10 to the 4 m\/s\u201d. The tenth row reads \u201cmass of Sun (M sub Sun)\u201d and \u201c1.989 times 10 to the 30 kg\u201d. The eleventh row reads \u201cequatorial radius of Sun (R sub Sun)\u201d and \u201c6.960 times 10 to the 8 m\u201d. The twelfth row reads \u201cluminosity of Sun (L sub Sun)\u201d and \u201c3.85 times 10 to the 26 W\u201d. The thirteenth row reads \u201csolar constant (flux of energy received at Earth) (S)\u201d and \u201c1.368 times 10 to the 3 W\/m squared\u201d. The fourteenth row reads \u201cHubble constant (H sub 0)\u201d and \u201capproximately 20 km\/s per million light-years, or approximately 70 km\/s per megaparsec\u201d.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Astronomical Constants<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Name<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>astronomical unit (AU)<\/td>\n<td>1.496 \u00d7 10<sup>11<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Light-year (ly)<\/td>\n<td>9.461 \u00d7 10<sup>15<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>parsec (pc)<\/td>\n<td>3.086 \u00d7 10<sup>16<\/sup> m = 3.262 light-years<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>sidereal year (y)<\/td>\n<td>3.156 \u00d7 10<sup>7<\/sup> s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>mass of Earth (<em>M<\/em><sub>Earth<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>5.974 \u00d7 10<sup>24<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>equatorial radius of Earth (<em>R<\/em><sub>Earth<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>6.378 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>obliquity of ecliptic<\/td>\n<td>23.4\u00b0 26\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>surface gravity of Earth (<em>g<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>9.807 m\/s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>escape velocity of Earth (<em>v<\/em><sub>Earth<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>1.119 \u00d7 10<sup>4<\/sup> m\/s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>mass of Sun (<em>M<\/em><sub>Sun<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>1.989 \u00d7 10<sup>30<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>equatorial radius of Sun (<em>R<\/em><sub>Sun<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>6.960 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>luminosity of Sun (<em>L<\/em><sub>Sun<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>3.85 \u00d7 10<sup>26<\/sup> W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>solar constant (flux of energy received at Earth) (S)<\/td>\n<td>1.368 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> W\/m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Hubble constant (H<sub>0<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>approximately 20 km\/s per million light-years, or approximately 70 km\/s per megaparsec<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<h2>Footnotes<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a name=\"footnote1\" href=\"#footnote-ref1\">1<\/a> deg stands for degrees Celsius or kelvins<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<table id=\"fs-id1172466793559\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table titled \u201cPhysical constants\u201d with two columns and ten rows. The first row reads \u201cspeed of light (c)\u201d and \u201c2.9979 times 10 to the 8 m\/s\u201d. The second row reads \u201cgravitational constant (G)\u201d and \u20186.674 times 10 to the negative 11 m3\/(kg s squared)\u201d. The third row reads \u201cPlanck\u2019s constant (h)\u201d and \u201c6.626 times 10 to the negative 34 J-s\u201d. The fourth row reads \u201cmass of a hydrogen atom (M sub H)\u201d and \u201c1.673 times 10 to the negative 27 kg\u201d. The fifth row reads \u201cmass of an electron (M sub e)\u201d and \u201c9.109 times 10 to the negative 31 kg\u201d. The sixth row reads \u201cRydberg constant (R sub infinity)\u201d and \u201c1.0974 times 10 to the seven 7 m to the negative 1\u201d. The seventh row reads \u201cStefan-Boltzmann constant (sigma)\u201d and \u201c5.670 times 10 to the negative 8 J\/(s\u00b7m squared deg to the fourth)\u201d. The eighth row reads \u201cWien\u2019s law constant (lambda max T)\u201d and \u201c2.898 times 10 to the negative 3 m deg\u201d. The ninth row reads \u201celectron volt (energy) (eV)\u201d and \u201c1.602 times 10 to the negative 19 J\u201d. The tenth row reads \u201cenergy equivalent of 1 ton TNT\u201d and \u201c4.2 times 10 to the 9 J\u201d.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Physical Constants<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Name<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>speed of light (<em>c<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>2.9979 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m\/s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>gravitational constant (<em>G<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>6.674 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221211<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup>\/(kg s<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Planck\u2019s constant (<em>h<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>6.626 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221234<\/sup> J-s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>mass of a hydrogen atom (<em>M<\/em><sub>H<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>1.673 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>mass of an electron (<em>M<\/em><sub>e<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>9.109 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221231<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Rydberg constant (R\u221eR\u221e)<\/td>\n<td>1.0974 \u00d7 10<sup>7<\/sup> m<sup>\u22121<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Stefan-Boltzmann constant (\u03c3)<\/td>\n<td>5.670 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup> J\/(s\u00b7m<sup>2<\/sup> deg<sup>4<\/sup>)<a name=\"footnote-ref1\" href=\"#footnote1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Wien\u2019s law constant (\u03bb<sub>max<\/sub>T)<\/td>\n<td>2.898 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> m K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>electron volt (energy) (eV)<\/td>\n<td>1.602 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221219<\/sup> J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>energy equivalent of 1 ton TNT<\/td>\n<td>4.2 \u00d7 10<sup>9<\/sup> J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"fs-id1172467034377\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table titled \u201cPhysical constants\u201d with two columns and fourteen rows. The first row reads \u201castronomical unit (AU)\u201d and \u201c1.496 times 10 to the 11 m\u201d. The second row reads \u201cLight-year (ly)\u201d and \u201c9.461 times 10 to the 15 m\u201d. The third row reads \u201cparsec (pc)\u201d and \u201c3.086 times 10 to the 16 m = 3.262 light-years\u201d. The fourth row reads \u201csidereal year (y)\u201d and \u201c3.156 times 10 to the 7 s\u201d. The fifth row reads \u201cmass of Earth (M sub Earth)\u201d and \u201c5.974 times 10 to the 24 kg\u201d. The sixth row reads \u201cequatorial radius of Earth (R sub Earth)\u201d and \u201c6.378 times 10 to the 6 m\u201d. The seventh row reads \u201cobliquity of ecliptic\u201d and \u201c23.4 degrees 26 minutes\u201d. The eighth row reads \u201csurface gravity of Earth (g)\u201d and \u201c9.807 m\/s squared\u201d. The ninth row reads \u201cescape velocity of Earth (v sub Earth)\u201d and \u201c1.119 times 10 to the 4 m\/s\u201d. The tenth row reads \u201cmass of Sun (M sub Sun)\u201d and \u201c1.989 times 10 to the 30 kg\u201d. The eleventh row reads \u201cequatorial radius of Sun (R sub Sun)\u201d and \u201c6.960 times 10 to the 8 m\u201d. The twelfth row reads \u201cluminosity of Sun (L sub Sun)\u201d and \u201c3.85 times 10 to the 26 W\u201d. The thirteenth row reads \u201csolar constant (flux of energy received at Earth) (S)\u201d and \u201c1.368 times 10 to the 3 W\/m squared\u201d. The fourteenth row reads \u201cHubble constant (H sub 0)\u201d and \u201capproximately 20 km\/s per million light-years, or approximately 70 km\/s per megaparsec\u201d.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Astronomical Constants<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Name<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>astronomical unit (AU)<\/td>\n<td>1.496 \u00d7 10<sup>11<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Light-year (ly)<\/td>\n<td>9.461 \u00d7 10<sup>15<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>parsec (pc)<\/td>\n<td>3.086 \u00d7 10<sup>16<\/sup> m = 3.262 light-years<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>sidereal year (y)<\/td>\n<td>3.156 \u00d7 10<sup>7<\/sup> s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>mass of Earth (<em>M<\/em><sub>Earth<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>5.974 \u00d7 10<sup>24<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>equatorial radius of Earth (<em>R<\/em><sub>Earth<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>6.378 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>obliquity of ecliptic<\/td>\n<td>23.4\u00b0 26\u2019<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>surface gravity of Earth (<em>g<\/em>)<\/td>\n<td>9.807 m\/s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>escape velocity of Earth (<em>v<\/em><sub>Earth<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>1.119 \u00d7 10<sup>4<\/sup> m\/s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>mass of Sun (<em>M<\/em><sub>Sun<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>1.989 \u00d7 10<sup>30<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>equatorial radius of Sun (<em>R<\/em><sub>Sun<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>6.960 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>luminosity of Sun (<em>L<\/em><sub>Sun<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>3.85 \u00d7 10<sup>26<\/sup> W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>solar constant (flux of energy received at Earth) (S)<\/td>\n<td>1.368 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> W\/m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Hubble constant (H<sub>0<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td>approximately 20 km\/s per million light-years, or approximately 70 km\/s per megaparsec<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<h2>Footnotes<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a name=\"footnote1\" href=\"#footnote-ref1\" id=\"footnote1\">1<\/a> deg stands for degrees Celsius or kelvins<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1022","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1022","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1022\/revisions"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1022\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1022"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=1022"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1022"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1022"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}