{"id":1029,"date":"2017-08-08T13:14:08","date_gmt":"2017-08-08T17:14:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/back-matter\/a-11-the-chemical-elements\/"},"modified":"2017-08-08T13:14:08","modified_gmt":"2017-08-08T17:14:08","slug":"a-11-the-chemical-elements","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/back-matter\/a-11-the-chemical-elements\/","title":{"raw":"A.11 The Chemical Elements","rendered":"A.11 The Chemical Elements"},"content":{"raw":"\n<table id=\"fs-id1172467931053\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table titled \u201cThe Chemical Elements\u201d with five columns and 119 rows. The first row is a header row and labels the columns \u201cElement\u201d, \u201cSymbol\u201d, \u201cAtomic Number\u201d, \u201cAtomic Weight footnote: Where mean atomic weights have not been well determined, the atomic mass numbers of the most stable isotopes are given in parentheses.\u201d, \u201cPercentage of Naturally Occurring Elements in the Universe\u201d. From left to right, top to bottom, the rows start with the element name and read \u201cHydrogen\u201d, \u201cH\u201d, \u201c1\u201d, \u201c1.008\u201d, \u201c75\u201d. Helium\u201d, \u201cHe\u201d, \u201c2\u201d, \u201c4.003\u201d, \u201c23\u201d, Lithium\u201d, \u201cLi\u201d, \u201c3\u201d, \u201c6.94\u201d, \u201c6 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d. Beryllium\u201d, \u201cBe\u201d, \u201c4\u201d, \u201c9.012\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Boron\u201d, \u201cB\u201d, \u201c5\u201d, \u201c10.821\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Carbon\u201d, \u201cC\u201d, \u201c6\u201d, \u201c12.011\u201d, \u201c0.5\u201d, Nitrogen\u201d, \u201cN\u201d, \u201c7\u201d, \u201c14.007\u201d, \u201c0.1\u201d, Oxygen\u201d, \u201cO\u201d, \u201c8\u201d, \u201c15.999\u201d, \u201c1\u201d, Fluorine\u201d, \u201cF\u201d, \u201c9\u201d, \u201c18.998\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 5\u201d, Neon\u201d, \u201cNe\u201d, \u201c10\u201d, \u201c20.180\u201d, \u201c0.13\u201d, Sodium\u201d, \u201cNa\u201d, \u201c11\u201d, \u201c22.990\u201d, \u201c0.002\u201d, Magnesium\u201d, \u201cMg\u201d, \u201c12\u201d, \u201c24.305\u201d, \u201c0.06\u201d, Aluminum\u201d, \u201cAl\u201d, \u201c13\u201d, \u201c26.982\u201d, \u201c0.005\u201d, Silicon\u201d, \u201cSi\u201d, \u201c14\u201d, \u201c28.085\u201d, \u201c0.07\u201d, Phosphorus\u201d, \u201cP\u201d, \u201c15\u201d, \u201c30.974\u201d, \u201c7 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Sulfur\u201d, \u201cS\u201d, \u201c16\u201d, \u201c32.06\u201d, \u201c0.05\u201d, Chlorine\u201d, \u201cCl\u201d, \u201c17\u201d, \u201c35.45\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Argon\u201d, \u201cAr\u201d, \u201c18\u201d, \u201c39.948\u201d, \u201c0.02\u201d, Potassium\u201d, \u201cK\u201d, \u201c19\u201d, \u201c39.098\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Calcium\u201d, \u201cCa\u201d, \u201c20\u201d, \u201c40.078\u201d, \u201c0.007\u201d, Scandium\u201d, \u201cSc\u201d, \u201c21\u201d, \u201c44.956\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Titanium\u201d, \u201cTi\u201d, \u201c22\u201d, \u201c47.867\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Vanadium\u201d, \u201cV\u201d, \u201c23\u201d, \u201c50.942\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Chromium\u201d, \u201cCr\u201d, \u201c24\u201d, \u201c51.996\u201d, \u201c0.0015\u201d, Manganese\u201d, \u201cMn\u201d, \u201c25\u201d, \u201c54.938\u201d, \u201c8 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Iron\u201d, \u201cFe\u201d, \u201c26\u201d, \u201c55.845\u201d, \u201c0.11\u201d, Cobalt\u201d, \u201cCo\u201d, \u201c27\u201d, \u201c58.933\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Nickel\u201d, \u201cNi\u201d, \u201c28\u201d, \u201c58.693\u201d, \u201c0.006\u201d, Copper\u201d, \u201cCu\u201d, \u201c29\u201d, \u201c63.546\u201d, \u201c6 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Zinc\u201d, \u201cZn\u201d, \u201c30\u201d, \u201c65.38\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 5\u201d, Gallium\u201d, \u201cGa\u201d, \u201c31\u201d, \u201c69.723\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Germanium\u201d, \u201cGe\u201d, \u201c32\u201d, \u201c72.630\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 5\u201d, Arsenic\u201d, \u201cAs\u201d, \u201c33\u201d, \u201c74.922\u201d, \u201c8 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Selenium\u201d, \u201cSe\u201d, \u201c34\u201d, \u201c78.971\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Bromine\u201d, \u201cBr\u201d, \u201c35\u201d, \u201c79.904\u201d, \u201c7 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Krypton\u201d, \u201cKr\u201d, \u201c36\u201d, \u201c83.798\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Rubidium\u201d, \u201cRb\u201d, \u201c37\u201d, \u201c85.468\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, \u2019Strontium\u201d, \u201cSr\u201d, \u201c38\u201d, \u201c87.62\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Yttrium\u201d, \u201cY\u201d, \u201c39\u201d, \u201c88.906\u201d, \u201c7 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Zirconium\u201d, \u201cZr\u201d, \u201c40\u201d, \u201c91.224\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Niobium\u201d, \u201cNb\u201d, \u201c41\u201d, \u201c92.906\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Molybdenum\u201d, \u201cMo\u201d, \u201c42\u201d, \u201c95.95\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Technetium\u201d, \u201cTc\u201d, \u201c43\u201d, \u201c(98)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Ruthenium\u201d, \u201cRu\u201d, \u201c44\u201d, \u201c101.07\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Rhodium\u201d, \u201cRh\u201d, \u201c45\u201d, \u201c102.906\u201d, \u201c6 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Palladium\u201d, \u201cPd\u201d, \u201c46\u201d, \u201c106.42\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Silver\u201d, \u201cAg\u201d, \u201c47\u201d, \u201c107.868\u201d, \u201c6 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Cadmium\u201d, \u201cCd\u201d, \u201c48\u201d, \u201c112.414\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Indium\u201d, \u201cIn\u201d, \u201c49\u201d, \u201c114.818\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Tin\u201d, \u201cSn\u201d, \u201c50\u201d, \u201c118.710\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Antimony\u201d, \u201cSb\u201d, \u201c51\u201d, \u201c121.760\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Tellurium\u201d, \u201cTe\u201d, \u201c52\u201d, \u201c127.60\u201d, \u201c9 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Iodine\u201d, \u201cI\u201d, \u201c53\u201d, \u201c126.904\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Xenon\u201d, \u201cXe\u201d, \u201c54\u201d, \u201c131.293\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Cesium\u201d, \u201cCs\u201d, \u201c55\u201d, \u201c132.905\u201d, \u201c8 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Barium\u201d, \u201cBa\u201d, \u201c56\u201d, \u201c137.327\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Lanthanum\u201d, \u201cLa\u201d, \u201c57\u201d, \u201c138.905\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Cerium\u201d, \u201cCe\u201d, \u201c58\u201d, \u201c140.116\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Praseodymium\u201d, \u201cPr\u201d, \u201c59\u201d, \u201c140.907\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Neodymium\u201d, \u201cNd\u201d, \u201c60\u201d, \u201c144.242\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Promethium\u201d, \u201cPm\u201d, \u201c61\u201d, \u201c(145)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Samarium\u201d, \u201cSm\u201d, \u201c62\u201d, \u201c150.36\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Europium\u201d, \u201cEu\u201d, \u201c63\u201d, \u201c151.964\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Gadolinium\u201d, \u201cGd\u201d, \u201c64\u201d, \u201c157.25\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Terbium\u201d, \u201cTb\u201d, \u201c65\u201d, \u201c158.925\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Dysprosium\u201d, \u201cDy\u201d, \u201c66\u201d, \u201c162.500\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Holmium\u201d, \u201cHo\u201d, \u201c67\u201d, \u201c164.930\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Erbium\u201d, \u201cEr\u201d, \u201c68\u201d, \u201c167.259\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Thulium\u201d, \u201cTm\u201d, \u201c69\u201d, \u201c168.934\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Ytterbium\u201d, \u201cYb\u201d, \u201c70\u201d, \u201c173.054\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative \u201d, \u201d, Lutetium\u201d, \u201cLu\u201d, \u201c71\u201d, \u201c174.967\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Hafnium\u201d, \u201cHf\u201d, \u201c72\u201d, \u201c178.49\u201d, \u201c7 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Tantalum\u201d, \u201cTa\u201d, \u201c73\u201d, \u201c180.948\u201d, \u201c8 times 10 to the negative 9\u201d, Tungsten\u201d, \u201cW\u201d, \u201c74\u201d, \u201c183.84\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Rhenium\u201d, \u201cRe\u201d, \u201c75\u201d, \u201c186.207\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Osmium\u201d, \u201cOs\u201d, \u201c76\u201d, \u201c190.23\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Iridium\u201d, \u201cIr\u201d, \u201c77\u201d, \u201c192.217\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Platinum\u201d, \u201cPt\u201d, \u201c78\u201d, \u201c195.084\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Gold\u201d, \u201cAu\u201d, \u201c79\u201d, \u201c196.967\u201d, \u201c6 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Mercury\u201d, \u201cHg\u201d, \u201c80\u201d, \u201c200.592\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Thallium\u201d, \u201cTI\u201d, \u201c81\u201d, \u201c204.38\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Lead\u201d, \u201cPb\u201d, \u201c82\u201d, \u201c207.2\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Bismuth\u201d, \u201cBi\u201d, \u201c83\u201d, \u201c208.980\u201d, \u201c7 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Polonium\u201d, \u201cPo\u201d, \u201c84\u201d, \u201c(209)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Astatine\u201d, \u201cAt\u201d, \u201c85\u201d, \u201c(210)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Radon\u201d, \u201cRn\u201d, \u201c86\u201d, \u201c(222)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Francium\u201d, \u201cFr\u201d, \u201c87\u201d, \u201c(223)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Radium\u201d, \u201cRa\u201d, \u201c88\u201d, \u201c(226)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Actinium\u201d, \u201cAc\u201d, \u201c89\u201d, \u201c(227)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Thorium\u201d, \u201cTh\u201d, \u201c90\u201d, \u201c232.038\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Protactinium\u201d, \u201cPa\u201d, \u201c91\u201d, \u201c231.036\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Uranium\u201d, \u201cU\u201d, \u201c92\u201d, \u201c238.029\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Neptunium\u201d, \u201cNp\u201d, \u201c93\u201d, \u201c(237)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Plutonium\u201d, \u201cPu\u201d, \u201c94\u201d, \u201c(244)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Americium\u201d, \u201cAm\u201d, \u201c95\u201d, \u201c(243)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Curium\u201d, \u201cCm\u201d, \u201c96\u201d, \u201c(247)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Berkelium\u201d, \u201cBk\u201d, \u201c97\u201d, \u201c(247)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Californium\u201d, \u201cCf\u201d, \u201c98\u201d, \u201c(251)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Einsteinium\u201d, \u201cEs\u201d, \u201c99\u201d, \u201c(252)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Fermium\u201d, \u201cFm\u201d, \u201c100\u201d, \u201c(257)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Mendelevium\u201d, \u201cMd\u201d, \u201c101\u201d, \u201c(258)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Nobelium\u201d, \u201cNo\u201d, \u201c102\u201d, \u201c(259)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Lawrencium\u201d, \u201cLr\u201d, \u201c103\u201d, \u201c(262)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Rutherfordium\u201d, \u201cRf\u201d, \u201c104\u201d, \u201c(267)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Dubnium\u201d, \u201cDb\u201d, \u201c105\u201d, \u201c(268)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Seaborgium\u201d, \u201cSg\u201d, \u201c106\u201d, \u201c(271)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Bohrium\u201d, \u201cBh\u201d, \u201c107\u201d, \u201c(272)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Hassium\u201d, \u201cHs\u201d, \u201c108\u201d, \u201c(270)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Meitnerium\u201d, \u201cMt\u201d, \u201c109\u201d, \u201c(276)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Darmstadtium\u201d, \u201cDs\u201d, \u201c110\u201d, \u201c(281)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Roentgenium\u201d, \u201cRg\u201d, \u201c111\u201d, \u201c(280)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Copernicium\u201d, \u201cCn\u201d, \u201c112\u201d, \u201c(285)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Ununtrium\u201d, \u201cUut\u201d, \u201c113\u201d, \u201c(284)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Flerovium\u201d, \u201cFl\u201d, \u201c114\u201d, \u201c(289)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Ununpentium\u201d, \u201cUup\u201d, \u201c115\u201d, \u201c(288)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Livermorium\u201d, \u201cLv\u201d, \u201c116\u201d, \u201c(293)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Ununseptium\u201d, \u201cUus\u201d, \u201c117\u201d, \u201c(294)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Ununoctium\u201d, \u201cUuo\u201d, \u201c118\u201d, \u201c(294)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d.\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th colspan=\"5\">The Chemical Elements<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Element<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Atomic Number<\/th>\n<th>Atomic Weight<a name=\"footnote-ref1\" href=\"#footnote1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/th>\n<th>Percentage of Naturally Occurring Elements in the Universe<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Hydrogen<\/td>\n<td>H<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1.008<\/td>\n<td>75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Helium<\/td>\n<td>He<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>4.003<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Lithium<\/td>\n<td>Li<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>6.94<\/td>\n<td>6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Beryllium<\/td>\n<td>Be<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>9.012<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Boron<\/td>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>10.821<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Carbon<\/td>\n<td>C<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>12.011<\/td>\n<td>0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Nitrogen<\/td>\n<td>N<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>14.007<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Oxygen<\/td>\n<td>O<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>15.999<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Fluorine<\/td>\n<td>F<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>18.998<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Neon<\/td>\n<td>Ne<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>20.180<\/td>\n<td>0.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Sodium<\/td>\n<td>Na<\/td>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td>22.990<\/td>\n<td>0.002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Magnesium<\/td>\n<td>Mg<\/td>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>24.305<\/td>\n<td>0.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Aluminum<\/td>\n<td>Al<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>26.982<\/td>\n<td>0.005<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Silicon<\/td>\n<td>Si<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>28.085<\/td>\n<td>0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Phosphorus<\/td>\n<td>P<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>30.974<\/td>\n<td>7 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Sulfur<\/td>\n<td>S<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>32.06<\/td>\n<td>0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Chlorine<\/td>\n<td>Cl<\/td>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>35.45<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Argon<\/td>\n<td>Ar<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>39.948<\/td>\n<td>0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Potassium<\/td>\n<td>K<\/td>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<td>39.098<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Calcium<\/td>\n<td>Ca<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>40.078<\/td>\n<td>0.007<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Scandium<\/td>\n<td>Sc<\/td>\n<td>21<\/td>\n<td>44.956<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Titanium<\/td>\n<td>Ti<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>47.867<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Vanadium<\/td>\n<td>V<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<td>50.942<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Chromium<\/td>\n<td>Cr<\/td>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>51.996<\/td>\n<td>0.0015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Manganese<\/td>\n<td>Mn<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>54.938<\/td>\n<td>8 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Iron<\/td>\n<td>Fe<\/td>\n<td>26<\/td>\n<td>55.845<\/td>\n<td>0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Cobalt<\/td>\n<td>Co<\/td>\n<td>27<\/td>\n<td>58.933<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Nickel<\/td>\n<td>Ni<\/td>\n<td>28<\/td>\n<td>58.693<\/td>\n<td>0.006<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Copper<\/td>\n<td>Cu<\/td>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<td>63.546<\/td>\n<td>6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Zinc<\/td>\n<td>Zn<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>65.38<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Gallium<\/td>\n<td>Ga<\/td>\n<td>31<\/td>\n<td>69.723<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Germanium<\/td>\n<td>Ge<\/td>\n<td>32<\/td>\n<td>72.630<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Arsenic<\/td>\n<td>As<\/td>\n<td>33<\/td>\n<td>74.922<\/td>\n<td>8 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Selenium<\/td>\n<td>Se<\/td>\n<td>34<\/td>\n<td>78.971<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Bromine<\/td>\n<td>Br<\/td>\n<td>35<\/td>\n<td>79.904<\/td>\n<td>7 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Krypton<\/td>\n<td>Kr<\/td>\n<td>36<\/td>\n<td>83.798<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Rubidium<\/td>\n<td>Rb<\/td>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<td>85.468<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>\u2019Strontium<\/td>\n<td>Sr<\/td>\n<td>38<\/td>\n<td>87.62<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Yttrium<\/td>\n<td>Y<\/td>\n<td>39<\/td>\n<td>88.906<\/td>\n<td>7 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Zirconium<\/td>\n<td>Zr<\/td>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>91.224<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Niobium<\/td>\n<td>Nb<\/td>\n<td>41<\/td>\n<td>92.906<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Molybdenum<\/td>\n<td>Mo<\/td>\n<td>42<\/td>\n<td>95.95<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Technetium<\/td>\n<td>Tc<\/td>\n<td>43<\/td>\n<td>(98)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ruthenium<\/td>\n<td>Ru<\/td>\n<td>44<\/td>\n<td>101.07<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Rhodium<\/td>\n<td>Rh<\/td>\n<td>45<\/td>\n<td>102.906<\/td>\n<td>6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Palladium<\/td>\n<td>Pd<\/td>\n<td>46<\/td>\n<td>106.42<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Silver<\/td>\n<td>Ag<\/td>\n<td>47<\/td>\n<td>107.868<\/td>\n<td>6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Cadmium<\/td>\n<td>Cd<\/td>\n<td>48<\/td>\n<td>112.414<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Indium<\/td>\n<td>In<\/td>\n<td>49<\/td>\n<td>114.818<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Tin<\/td>\n<td>Sn<\/td>\n<td>50<\/td>\n<td>118.710<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Antimony<\/td>\n<td>Sb<\/td>\n<td>51<\/td>\n<td>121.760<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Tellurium<\/td>\n<td>Te<\/td>\n<td>52<\/td>\n<td>127.60<\/td>\n<td>9 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Iodine<\/td>\n<td>I<\/td>\n<td>53<\/td>\n<td>126.904<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Xenon<\/td>\n<td>Xe<\/td>\n<td>54<\/td>\n<td>131.293<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Cesium<\/td>\n<td>Cs<\/td>\n<td>55<\/td>\n<td>132.905<\/td>\n<td>8 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Barium<\/td>\n<td>Ba<\/td>\n<td>56<\/td>\n<td>137.327<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Lanthanum<\/td>\n<td>La<\/td>\n<td>57<\/td>\n<td>138.905<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Cerium<\/td>\n<td>Ce<\/td>\n<td>58<\/td>\n<td>140.116<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Praseodymium<\/td>\n<td>Pr<\/td>\n<td>59<\/td>\n<td>140.907<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Neodymium<\/td>\n<td>Nd<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>144.242<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Promethium<\/td>\n<td>Pm<\/td>\n<td>61<\/td>\n<td>(145)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Samarium<\/td>\n<td>Sm<\/td>\n<td>62<\/td>\n<td>150.36<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Europium<\/td>\n<td>Eu<\/td>\n<td>63<\/td>\n<td>151.964<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Gadolinium<\/td>\n<td>Gd<\/td>\n<td>64<\/td>\n<td>157.25<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Terbium<\/td>\n<td>Tb<\/td>\n<td>65<\/td>\n<td>158.925<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Dysprosium<\/td>\n<td>Dy<\/td>\n<td>66<\/td>\n<td>162.500<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Holmium<\/td>\n<td>Ho<\/td>\n<td>67<\/td>\n<td>164.930<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Erbium<\/td>\n<td>Er<\/td>\n<td>68<\/td>\n<td>167.259<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Thulium<\/td>\n<td>Tm<\/td>\n<td>69<\/td>\n<td>168.934<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ytterbium<\/td>\n<td>Yb<\/td>\n<td>70<\/td>\n<td>173.054<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Lutetium<\/td>\n<td>Lu<\/td>\n<td>71<\/td>\n<td>174.967<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Hafnium<\/td>\n<td>Hf<\/td>\n<td>72<\/td>\n<td>178.49<\/td>\n<td>7 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Tantalum<\/td>\n<td>Ta<\/td>\n<td>73<\/td>\n<td>180.948<\/td>\n<td>8 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22129<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Tungsten<\/td>\n<td>W<\/td>\n<td>74<\/td>\n<td>183.84<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Rhenium<\/td>\n<td>Re<\/td>\n<td>75<\/td>\n<td>186.207<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Osmium<\/td>\n<td>Os<\/td>\n<td>76<\/td>\n<td>190.23<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Iridium<\/td>\n<td>Ir<\/td>\n<td>77<\/td>\n<td>192.217<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Platinum<\/td>\n<td>Pt<\/td>\n<td>78<\/td>\n<td>195.084<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Gold<\/td>\n<td>Au<\/td>\n<td>79<\/td>\n<td>196.967<\/td>\n<td>6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Mercury<\/td>\n<td>Hg<\/td>\n<td>80<\/td>\n<td>200.592<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Thallium<\/td>\n<td>TI<\/td>\n<td>81<\/td>\n<td>204.38<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Lead<\/td>\n<td>Pb<\/td>\n<td>82<\/td>\n<td>207.2<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Bismuth<\/td>\n<td>Bi<\/td>\n<td>83<\/td>\n<td>208.980<\/td>\n<td>7 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Polonium<\/td>\n<td>Po<\/td>\n<td>84<\/td>\n<td>(209)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Astatine<\/td>\n<td>At<\/td>\n<td>85<\/td>\n<td>(210)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Radon<\/td>\n<td>Rn<\/td>\n<td>86<\/td>\n<td>(222)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Francium<\/td>\n<td>Fr<\/td>\n<td>87<\/td>\n<td>(223)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Radium<\/td>\n<td>Ra<\/td>\n<td>88<\/td>\n<td>(226)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Actinium<\/td>\n<td>Ac<\/td>\n<td>89<\/td>\n<td>(227)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Thorium<\/td>\n<td>Th<\/td>\n<td>90<\/td>\n<td>232.038<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Protactinium<\/td>\n<td>Pa<\/td>\n<td>91<\/td>\n<td>231.036<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Uranium<\/td>\n<td>U<\/td>\n<td>92<\/td>\n<td>238.029<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Neptunium<\/td>\n<td>Np<\/td>\n<td>93<\/td>\n<td>(237)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Plutonium<\/td>\n<td>Pu<\/td>\n<td>94<\/td>\n<td>(244)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Americium<\/td>\n<td>Am<\/td>\n<td>95<\/td>\n<td>(243)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Curium<\/td>\n<td>Cm<\/td>\n<td>96<\/td>\n<td>(247)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Berkelium<\/td>\n<td>Bk<\/td>\n<td>97<\/td>\n<td>(247)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Californium<\/td>\n<td>Cf<\/td>\n<td>98<\/td>\n<td>(251)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Einsteinium<\/td>\n<td>Es<\/td>\n<td>99<\/td>\n<td>(252)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Fermium<\/td>\n<td>Fm<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>(257)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Mendelevium<\/td>\n<td>Md<\/td>\n<td>101<\/td>\n<td>(258)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Nobelium<\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<td>102<\/td>\n<td>(259)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Lawrencium<\/td>\n<td>Lr<\/td>\n<td>103<\/td>\n<td>(262)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Rutherfordium<\/td>\n<td>Rf<\/td>\n<td>104<\/td>\n<td>(267)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Dubnium<\/td>\n<td>Db<\/td>\n<td>105<\/td>\n<td>(268)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Seaborgium<\/td>\n<td>Sg<\/td>\n<td>106<\/td>\n<td>(271)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Bohrium<\/td>\n<td>Bh<\/td>\n<td>107<\/td>\n<td>(272)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Hassium<\/td>\n<td>Hs<\/td>\n<td>108<\/td>\n<td>(270)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Meitnerium<\/td>\n<td>Mt<\/td>\n<td>109<\/td>\n<td>(276)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Darmstadtium<\/td>\n<td>Ds<\/td>\n<td>110<\/td>\n<td>(281)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Roentgenium<\/td>\n<td>Rg<\/td>\n<td>111<\/td>\n<td>(280)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Copernicium<\/td>\n<td>Cn<\/td>\n<td>112<\/td>\n<td>(285)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ununtrium<\/td>\n<td>Uut<\/td>\n<td>113<\/td>\n<td>(284)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Flerovium<\/td>\n<td>Fl<\/td>\n<td>114<\/td>\n<td>(289)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ununpentium<\/td>\n<td>Uup<\/td>\n<td>115<\/td>\n<td>(288)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Livermorium<\/td>\n<td>Lv<\/td>\n<td>116<\/td>\n<td>(293)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ununseptium<\/td>\n<td>Uus<\/td>\n<td>117<\/td>\n<td>(294)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ununoctium<\/td>\n<td>Uuo<\/td>\n<td>118<\/td>\n<td>(294)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"fs-id1172468144176\">Note: Some of the newest elements near the bottom of the table have suggested names that are still under review, and those names are not yet listed here. For example, Tennessine is suggested for element 117, after the state where the Oak Ridge National Laboratory is located.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h2>Footnotes<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a name=\"footnote1\" href=\"#footnote-ref1\">1<\/a> Where mean atomic weights have not been well determined, the atomic mass numbers of the most stable isotopes are given in parentheses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n","rendered":"<table id=\"fs-id1172467931053\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table titled \u201cThe Chemical Elements\u201d with five columns and 119 rows. The first row is a header row and labels the columns \u201cElement\u201d, \u201cSymbol\u201d, \u201cAtomic Number\u201d, \u201cAtomic Weight footnote: Where mean atomic weights have not been well determined, the atomic mass numbers of the most stable isotopes are given in parentheses.\u201d, \u201cPercentage of Naturally Occurring Elements in the Universe\u201d. From left to right, top to bottom, the rows start with the element name and read \u201cHydrogen\u201d, \u201cH\u201d, \u201c1\u201d, \u201c1.008\u201d, \u201c75\u201d. Helium\u201d, \u201cHe\u201d, \u201c2\u201d, \u201c4.003\u201d, \u201c23\u201d, Lithium\u201d, \u201cLi\u201d, \u201c3\u201d, \u201c6.94\u201d, \u201c6 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d. Beryllium\u201d, \u201cBe\u201d, \u201c4\u201d, \u201c9.012\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Boron\u201d, \u201cB\u201d, \u201c5\u201d, \u201c10.821\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Carbon\u201d, \u201cC\u201d, \u201c6\u201d, \u201c12.011\u201d, \u201c0.5\u201d, Nitrogen\u201d, \u201cN\u201d, \u201c7\u201d, \u201c14.007\u201d, \u201c0.1\u201d, Oxygen\u201d, \u201cO\u201d, \u201c8\u201d, \u201c15.999\u201d, \u201c1\u201d, Fluorine\u201d, \u201cF\u201d, \u201c9\u201d, \u201c18.998\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 5\u201d, Neon\u201d, \u201cNe\u201d, \u201c10\u201d, \u201c20.180\u201d, \u201c0.13\u201d, Sodium\u201d, \u201cNa\u201d, \u201c11\u201d, \u201c22.990\u201d, \u201c0.002\u201d, Magnesium\u201d, \u201cMg\u201d, \u201c12\u201d, \u201c24.305\u201d, \u201c0.06\u201d, Aluminum\u201d, \u201cAl\u201d, \u201c13\u201d, \u201c26.982\u201d, \u201c0.005\u201d, Silicon\u201d, \u201cSi\u201d, \u201c14\u201d, \u201c28.085\u201d, \u201c0.07\u201d, Phosphorus\u201d, \u201cP\u201d, \u201c15\u201d, \u201c30.974\u201d, \u201c7 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Sulfur\u201d, \u201cS\u201d, \u201c16\u201d, \u201c32.06\u201d, \u201c0.05\u201d, Chlorine\u201d, \u201cCl\u201d, \u201c17\u201d, \u201c35.45\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Argon\u201d, \u201cAr\u201d, \u201c18\u201d, \u201c39.948\u201d, \u201c0.02\u201d, Potassium\u201d, \u201cK\u201d, \u201c19\u201d, \u201c39.098\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Calcium\u201d, \u201cCa\u201d, \u201c20\u201d, \u201c40.078\u201d, \u201c0.007\u201d, Scandium\u201d, \u201cSc\u201d, \u201c21\u201d, \u201c44.956\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Titanium\u201d, \u201cTi\u201d, \u201c22\u201d, \u201c47.867\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Vanadium\u201d, \u201cV\u201d, \u201c23\u201d, \u201c50.942\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Chromium\u201d, \u201cCr\u201d, \u201c24\u201d, \u201c51.996\u201d, \u201c0.0015\u201d, Manganese\u201d, \u201cMn\u201d, \u201c25\u201d, \u201c54.938\u201d, \u201c8 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Iron\u201d, \u201cFe\u201d, \u201c26\u201d, \u201c55.845\u201d, \u201c0.11\u201d, Cobalt\u201d, \u201cCo\u201d, \u201c27\u201d, \u201c58.933\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 4\u201d, Nickel\u201d, \u201cNi\u201d, \u201c28\u201d, \u201c58.693\u201d, \u201c0.006\u201d, Copper\u201d, \u201cCu\u201d, \u201c29\u201d, \u201c63.546\u201d, \u201c6 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Zinc\u201d, \u201cZn\u201d, \u201c30\u201d, \u201c65.38\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 5\u201d, Gallium\u201d, \u201cGa\u201d, \u201c31\u201d, \u201c69.723\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Germanium\u201d, \u201cGe\u201d, \u201c32\u201d, \u201c72.630\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 5\u201d, Arsenic\u201d, \u201cAs\u201d, \u201c33\u201d, \u201c74.922\u201d, \u201c8 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Selenium\u201d, \u201cSe\u201d, \u201c34\u201d, \u201c78.971\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Bromine\u201d, \u201cBr\u201d, \u201c35\u201d, \u201c79.904\u201d, \u201c7 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Krypton\u201d, \u201cKr\u201d, \u201c36\u201d, \u201c83.798\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Rubidium\u201d, \u201cRb\u201d, \u201c37\u201d, \u201c85.468\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, \u2019Strontium\u201d, \u201cSr\u201d, \u201c38\u201d, \u201c87.62\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Yttrium\u201d, \u201cY\u201d, \u201c39\u201d, \u201c88.906\u201d, \u201c7 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Zirconium\u201d, \u201cZr\u201d, \u201c40\u201d, \u201c91.224\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Niobium\u201d, \u201cNb\u201d, \u201c41\u201d, \u201c92.906\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Molybdenum\u201d, \u201cMo\u201d, \u201c42\u201d, \u201c95.95\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Technetium\u201d, \u201cTc\u201d, \u201c43\u201d, \u201c(98)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Ruthenium\u201d, \u201cRu\u201d, \u201c44\u201d, \u201c101.07\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Rhodium\u201d, \u201cRh\u201d, \u201c45\u201d, \u201c102.906\u201d, \u201c6 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Palladium\u201d, \u201cPd\u201d, \u201c46\u201d, \u201c106.42\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Silver\u201d, \u201cAg\u201d, \u201c47\u201d, \u201c107.868\u201d, \u201c6 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Cadmium\u201d, \u201cCd\u201d, \u201c48\u201d, \u201c112.414\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Indium\u201d, \u201cIn\u201d, \u201c49\u201d, \u201c114.818\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Tin\u201d, \u201cSn\u201d, \u201c50\u201d, \u201c118.710\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Antimony\u201d, \u201cSb\u201d, \u201c51\u201d, \u201c121.760\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Tellurium\u201d, \u201cTe\u201d, \u201c52\u201d, \u201c127.60\u201d, \u201c9 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Iodine\u201d, \u201cI\u201d, \u201c53\u201d, \u201c126.904\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Xenon\u201d, \u201cXe\u201d, \u201c54\u201d, \u201c131.293\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Cesium\u201d, \u201cCs\u201d, \u201c55\u201d, \u201c132.905\u201d, \u201c8 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Barium\u201d, \u201cBa\u201d, \u201c56\u201d, \u201c137.327\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Lanthanum\u201d, \u201cLa\u201d, \u201c57\u201d, \u201c138.905\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Cerium\u201d, \u201cCe\u201d, \u201c58\u201d, \u201c140.116\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Praseodymium\u201d, \u201cPr\u201d, \u201c59\u201d, \u201c140.907\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Neodymium\u201d, \u201cNd\u201d, \u201c60\u201d, \u201c144.242\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Promethium\u201d, \u201cPm\u201d, \u201c61\u201d, \u201c(145)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Samarium\u201d, \u201cSm\u201d, \u201c62\u201d, \u201c150.36\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Europium\u201d, \u201cEu\u201d, \u201c63\u201d, \u201c151.964\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Gadolinium\u201d, \u201cGd\u201d, \u201c64\u201d, \u201c157.25\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Terbium\u201d, \u201cTb\u201d, \u201c65\u201d, \u201c158.925\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Dysprosium\u201d, \u201cDy\u201d, \u201c66\u201d, \u201c162.500\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Holmium\u201d, \u201cHo\u201d, \u201c67\u201d, \u201c164.930\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Erbium\u201d, \u201cEr\u201d, \u201c68\u201d, \u201c167.259\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Thulium\u201d, \u201cTm\u201d, \u201c69\u201d, \u201c168.934\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Ytterbium\u201d, \u201cYb\u201d, \u201c70\u201d, \u201c173.054\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative \u201d, \u201d, Lutetium\u201d, \u201cLu\u201d, \u201c71\u201d, \u201c174.967\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Hafnium\u201d, \u201cHf\u201d, \u201c72\u201d, \u201c178.49\u201d, \u201c7 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Tantalum\u201d, \u201cTa\u201d, \u201c73\u201d, \u201c180.948\u201d, \u201c8 times 10 to the negative 9\u201d, Tungsten\u201d, \u201cW\u201d, \u201c74\u201d, \u201c183.84\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Rhenium\u201d, \u201cRe\u201d, \u201c75\u201d, \u201c186.207\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Osmium\u201d, \u201cOs\u201d, \u201c76\u201d, \u201c190.23\u201d, \u201c3 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Iridium\u201d, \u201cIr\u201d, \u201c77\u201d, \u201c192.217\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Platinum\u201d, \u201cPt\u201d, \u201c78\u201d, \u201c195.084\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Gold\u201d, \u201cAu\u201d, \u201c79\u201d, \u201c196.967\u201d, \u201c6 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Mercury\u201d, \u201cHg\u201d, \u201c80\u201d, \u201c200.592\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 7\u201d, Thallium\u201d, \u201cTI\u201d, \u201c81\u201d, \u201c204.38\u201d, \u201c5 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Lead\u201d, \u201cPb\u201d, \u201c82\u201d, \u201c207.2\u201d, \u201c1 times 10 to the negative 6\u201d, Bismuth\u201d, \u201cBi\u201d, \u201c83\u201d, \u201c208.980\u201d, \u201c7 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Polonium\u201d, \u201cPo\u201d, \u201c84\u201d, \u201c(209)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Astatine\u201d, \u201cAt\u201d, \u201c85\u201d, \u201c(210)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Radon\u201d, \u201cRn\u201d, \u201c86\u201d, \u201c(222)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Francium\u201d, \u201cFr\u201d, \u201c87\u201d, \u201c(223)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Radium\u201d, \u201cRa\u201d, \u201c88\u201d, \u201c(226)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Actinium\u201d, \u201cAc\u201d, \u201c89\u201d, \u201c(227)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Thorium\u201d, \u201cTh\u201d, \u201c90\u201d, \u201c232.038\u201d, \u201c4 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Protactinium\u201d, \u201cPa\u201d, \u201c91\u201d, \u201c231.036\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Uranium\u201d, \u201cU\u201d, \u201c92\u201d, \u201c238.029\u201d, \u201c2 times 10 to the negative 8\u201d, Neptunium\u201d, \u201cNp\u201d, \u201c93\u201d, \u201c(237)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Plutonium\u201d, \u201cPu\u201d, \u201c94\u201d, \u201c(244)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Americium\u201d, \u201cAm\u201d, \u201c95\u201d, \u201c(243)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Curium\u201d, \u201cCm\u201d, \u201c96\u201d, \u201c(247)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Berkelium\u201d, \u201cBk\u201d, \u201c97\u201d, \u201c(247)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Californium\u201d, \u201cCf\u201d, \u201c98\u201d, \u201c(251)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Einsteinium\u201d, \u201cEs\u201d, \u201c99\u201d, \u201c(252)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Fermium\u201d, \u201cFm\u201d, \u201c100\u201d, \u201c(257)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Mendelevium\u201d, \u201cMd\u201d, \u201c101\u201d, \u201c(258)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Nobelium\u201d, \u201cNo\u201d, \u201c102\u201d, \u201c(259)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Lawrencium\u201d, \u201cLr\u201d, \u201c103\u201d, \u201c(262)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Rutherfordium\u201d, \u201cRf\u201d, \u201c104\u201d, \u201c(267)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Dubnium\u201d, \u201cDb\u201d, \u201c105\u201d, \u201c(268)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Seaborgium\u201d, \u201cSg\u201d, \u201c106\u201d, \u201c(271)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Bohrium\u201d, \u201cBh\u201d, \u201c107\u201d, \u201c(272)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Hassium\u201d, \u201cHs\u201d, \u201c108\u201d, \u201c(270)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Meitnerium\u201d, \u201cMt\u201d, \u201c109\u201d, \u201c(276)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Darmstadtium\u201d, \u201cDs\u201d, \u201c110\u201d, \u201c(281)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Roentgenium\u201d, \u201cRg\u201d, \u201c111\u201d, \u201c(280)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Copernicium\u201d, \u201cCn\u201d, \u201c112\u201d, \u201c(285)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Ununtrium\u201d, \u201cUut\u201d, \u201c113\u201d, \u201c(284)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Flerovium\u201d, \u201cFl\u201d, \u201c114\u201d, \u201c(289)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Ununpentium\u201d, \u201cUup\u201d, \u201c115\u201d, \u201c(288)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Livermorium\u201d, \u201cLv\u201d, \u201c116\u201d, \u201c(293)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Ununseptium\u201d, \u201cUus\u201d, \u201c117\u201d, \u201c(294)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d, Ununoctium\u201d, \u201cUuo\u201d, \u201c118\u201d, \u201c(294)\u201d, \u201cblank\u201d.\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th colspan=\"5\">The Chemical Elements<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Element<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Atomic Number<\/th>\n<th>Atomic Weight<a name=\"footnote-ref1\" href=\"#footnote1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/th>\n<th>Percentage of Naturally Occurring Elements in the Universe<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Hydrogen<\/td>\n<td>H<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1.008<\/td>\n<td>75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Helium<\/td>\n<td>He<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>4.003<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Lithium<\/td>\n<td>Li<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>6.94<\/td>\n<td>6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Beryllium<\/td>\n<td>Be<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>9.012<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Boron<\/td>\n<td>B<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>10.821<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Carbon<\/td>\n<td>C<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>12.011<\/td>\n<td>0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Nitrogen<\/td>\n<td>N<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>14.007<\/td>\n<td>0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Oxygen<\/td>\n<td>O<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>15.999<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Fluorine<\/td>\n<td>F<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>18.998<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Neon<\/td>\n<td>Ne<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>20.180<\/td>\n<td>0.13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Sodium<\/td>\n<td>Na<\/td>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td>22.990<\/td>\n<td>0.002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Magnesium<\/td>\n<td>Mg<\/td>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>24.305<\/td>\n<td>0.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Aluminum<\/td>\n<td>Al<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>26.982<\/td>\n<td>0.005<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Silicon<\/td>\n<td>Si<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>28.085<\/td>\n<td>0.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Phosphorus<\/td>\n<td>P<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>30.974<\/td>\n<td>7 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Sulfur<\/td>\n<td>S<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>32.06<\/td>\n<td>0.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Chlorine<\/td>\n<td>Cl<\/td>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>35.45<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Argon<\/td>\n<td>Ar<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>39.948<\/td>\n<td>0.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Potassium<\/td>\n<td>K<\/td>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<td>39.098<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Calcium<\/td>\n<td>Ca<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>40.078<\/td>\n<td>0.007<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Scandium<\/td>\n<td>Sc<\/td>\n<td>21<\/td>\n<td>44.956<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Titanium<\/td>\n<td>Ti<\/td>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>47.867<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Vanadium<\/td>\n<td>V<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<td>50.942<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Chromium<\/td>\n<td>Cr<\/td>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>51.996<\/td>\n<td>0.0015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Manganese<\/td>\n<td>Mn<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>54.938<\/td>\n<td>8 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Iron<\/td>\n<td>Fe<\/td>\n<td>26<\/td>\n<td>55.845<\/td>\n<td>0.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Cobalt<\/td>\n<td>Co<\/td>\n<td>27<\/td>\n<td>58.933<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Nickel<\/td>\n<td>Ni<\/td>\n<td>28<\/td>\n<td>58.693<\/td>\n<td>0.006<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Copper<\/td>\n<td>Cu<\/td>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<td>63.546<\/td>\n<td>6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Zinc<\/td>\n<td>Zn<\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>65.38<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Gallium<\/td>\n<td>Ga<\/td>\n<td>31<\/td>\n<td>69.723<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Germanium<\/td>\n<td>Ge<\/td>\n<td>32<\/td>\n<td>72.630<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22125<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Arsenic<\/td>\n<td>As<\/td>\n<td>33<\/td>\n<td>74.922<\/td>\n<td>8 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Selenium<\/td>\n<td>Se<\/td>\n<td>34<\/td>\n<td>78.971<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Bromine<\/td>\n<td>Br<\/td>\n<td>35<\/td>\n<td>79.904<\/td>\n<td>7 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Krypton<\/td>\n<td>Kr<\/td>\n<td>36<\/td>\n<td>83.798<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Rubidium<\/td>\n<td>Rb<\/td>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<td>85.468<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>\u2019Strontium<\/td>\n<td>Sr<\/td>\n<td>38<\/td>\n<td>87.62<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Yttrium<\/td>\n<td>Y<\/td>\n<td>39<\/td>\n<td>88.906<\/td>\n<td>7 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Zirconium<\/td>\n<td>Zr<\/td>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>91.224<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Niobium<\/td>\n<td>Nb<\/td>\n<td>41<\/td>\n<td>92.906<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Molybdenum<\/td>\n<td>Mo<\/td>\n<td>42<\/td>\n<td>95.95<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Technetium<\/td>\n<td>Tc<\/td>\n<td>43<\/td>\n<td>(98)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ruthenium<\/td>\n<td>Ru<\/td>\n<td>44<\/td>\n<td>101.07<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Rhodium<\/td>\n<td>Rh<\/td>\n<td>45<\/td>\n<td>102.906<\/td>\n<td>6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Palladium<\/td>\n<td>Pd<\/td>\n<td>46<\/td>\n<td>106.42<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Silver<\/td>\n<td>Ag<\/td>\n<td>47<\/td>\n<td>107.868<\/td>\n<td>6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Cadmium<\/td>\n<td>Cd<\/td>\n<td>48<\/td>\n<td>112.414<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Indium<\/td>\n<td>In<\/td>\n<td>49<\/td>\n<td>114.818<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Tin<\/td>\n<td>Sn<\/td>\n<td>50<\/td>\n<td>118.710<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Antimony<\/td>\n<td>Sb<\/td>\n<td>51<\/td>\n<td>121.760<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Tellurium<\/td>\n<td>Te<\/td>\n<td>52<\/td>\n<td>127.60<\/td>\n<td>9 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Iodine<\/td>\n<td>I<\/td>\n<td>53<\/td>\n<td>126.904<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Xenon<\/td>\n<td>Xe<\/td>\n<td>54<\/td>\n<td>131.293<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Cesium<\/td>\n<td>Cs<\/td>\n<td>55<\/td>\n<td>132.905<\/td>\n<td>8 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Barium<\/td>\n<td>Ba<\/td>\n<td>56<\/td>\n<td>137.327<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Lanthanum<\/td>\n<td>La<\/td>\n<td>57<\/td>\n<td>138.905<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Cerium<\/td>\n<td>Ce<\/td>\n<td>58<\/td>\n<td>140.116<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Praseodymium<\/td>\n<td>Pr<\/td>\n<td>59<\/td>\n<td>140.907<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Neodymium<\/td>\n<td>Nd<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<td>144.242<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Promethium<\/td>\n<td>Pm<\/td>\n<td>61<\/td>\n<td>(145)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Samarium<\/td>\n<td>Sm<\/td>\n<td>62<\/td>\n<td>150.36<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Europium<\/td>\n<td>Eu<\/td>\n<td>63<\/td>\n<td>151.964<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Gadolinium<\/td>\n<td>Gd<\/td>\n<td>64<\/td>\n<td>157.25<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Terbium<\/td>\n<td>Tb<\/td>\n<td>65<\/td>\n<td>158.925<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Dysprosium<\/td>\n<td>Dy<\/td>\n<td>66<\/td>\n<td>162.500<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Holmium<\/td>\n<td>Ho<\/td>\n<td>67<\/td>\n<td>164.930<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Erbium<\/td>\n<td>Er<\/td>\n<td>68<\/td>\n<td>167.259<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Thulium<\/td>\n<td>Tm<\/td>\n<td>69<\/td>\n<td>168.934<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ytterbium<\/td>\n<td>Yb<\/td>\n<td>70<\/td>\n<td>173.054<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Lutetium<\/td>\n<td>Lu<\/td>\n<td>71<\/td>\n<td>174.967<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Hafnium<\/td>\n<td>Hf<\/td>\n<td>72<\/td>\n<td>178.49<\/td>\n<td>7 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Tantalum<\/td>\n<td>Ta<\/td>\n<td>73<\/td>\n<td>180.948<\/td>\n<td>8 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22129<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Tungsten<\/td>\n<td>W<\/td>\n<td>74<\/td>\n<td>183.84<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Rhenium<\/td>\n<td>Re<\/td>\n<td>75<\/td>\n<td>186.207<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Osmium<\/td>\n<td>Os<\/td>\n<td>76<\/td>\n<td>190.23<\/td>\n<td>3 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Iridium<\/td>\n<td>Ir<\/td>\n<td>77<\/td>\n<td>192.217<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Platinum<\/td>\n<td>Pt<\/td>\n<td>78<\/td>\n<td>195.084<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Gold<\/td>\n<td>Au<\/td>\n<td>79<\/td>\n<td>196.967<\/td>\n<td>6 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Mercury<\/td>\n<td>Hg<\/td>\n<td>80<\/td>\n<td>200.592<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Thallium<\/td>\n<td>TI<\/td>\n<td>81<\/td>\n<td>204.38<\/td>\n<td>5 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Lead<\/td>\n<td>Pb<\/td>\n<td>82<\/td>\n<td>207.2<\/td>\n<td>1 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Bismuth<\/td>\n<td>Bi<\/td>\n<td>83<\/td>\n<td>208.980<\/td>\n<td>7 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Polonium<\/td>\n<td>Po<\/td>\n<td>84<\/td>\n<td>(209)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Astatine<\/td>\n<td>At<\/td>\n<td>85<\/td>\n<td>(210)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Radon<\/td>\n<td>Rn<\/td>\n<td>86<\/td>\n<td>(222)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Francium<\/td>\n<td>Fr<\/td>\n<td>87<\/td>\n<td>(223)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Radium<\/td>\n<td>Ra<\/td>\n<td>88<\/td>\n<td>(226)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Actinium<\/td>\n<td>Ac<\/td>\n<td>89<\/td>\n<td>(227)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Thorium<\/td>\n<td>Th<\/td>\n<td>90<\/td>\n<td>232.038<\/td>\n<td>4 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Protactinium<\/td>\n<td>Pa<\/td>\n<td>91<\/td>\n<td>231.036<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Uranium<\/td>\n<td>U<\/td>\n<td>92<\/td>\n<td>238.029<\/td>\n<td>2 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Neptunium<\/td>\n<td>Np<\/td>\n<td>93<\/td>\n<td>(237)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Plutonium<\/td>\n<td>Pu<\/td>\n<td>94<\/td>\n<td>(244)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Americium<\/td>\n<td>Am<\/td>\n<td>95<\/td>\n<td>(243)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Curium<\/td>\n<td>Cm<\/td>\n<td>96<\/td>\n<td>(247)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Berkelium<\/td>\n<td>Bk<\/td>\n<td>97<\/td>\n<td>(247)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Californium<\/td>\n<td>Cf<\/td>\n<td>98<\/td>\n<td>(251)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Einsteinium<\/td>\n<td>Es<\/td>\n<td>99<\/td>\n<td>(252)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Fermium<\/td>\n<td>Fm<\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td>(257)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Mendelevium<\/td>\n<td>Md<\/td>\n<td>101<\/td>\n<td>(258)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Nobelium<\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<td>102<\/td>\n<td>(259)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Lawrencium<\/td>\n<td>Lr<\/td>\n<td>103<\/td>\n<td>(262)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Rutherfordium<\/td>\n<td>Rf<\/td>\n<td>104<\/td>\n<td>(267)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Dubnium<\/td>\n<td>Db<\/td>\n<td>105<\/td>\n<td>(268)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Seaborgium<\/td>\n<td>Sg<\/td>\n<td>106<\/td>\n<td>(271)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Bohrium<\/td>\n<td>Bh<\/td>\n<td>107<\/td>\n<td>(272)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Hassium<\/td>\n<td>Hs<\/td>\n<td>108<\/td>\n<td>(270)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Meitnerium<\/td>\n<td>Mt<\/td>\n<td>109<\/td>\n<td>(276)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Darmstadtium<\/td>\n<td>Ds<\/td>\n<td>110<\/td>\n<td>(281)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Roentgenium<\/td>\n<td>Rg<\/td>\n<td>111<\/td>\n<td>(280)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Copernicium<\/td>\n<td>Cn<\/td>\n<td>112<\/td>\n<td>(285)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ununtrium<\/td>\n<td>Uut<\/td>\n<td>113<\/td>\n<td>(284)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Flerovium<\/td>\n<td>Fl<\/td>\n<td>114<\/td>\n<td>(289)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ununpentium<\/td>\n<td>Uup<\/td>\n<td>115<\/td>\n<td>(288)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Livermorium<\/td>\n<td>Lv<\/td>\n<td>116<\/td>\n<td>(293)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ununseptium<\/td>\n<td>Uus<\/td>\n<td>117<\/td>\n<td>(294)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>Ununoctium<\/td>\n<td>Uuo<\/td>\n<td>118<\/td>\n<td>(294)<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"fs-id1172468144176\">Note: Some of the newest elements near the bottom of the table have suggested names that are still under review, and those names are not yet listed here. For example, Tennessine is suggested for element 117, after the state where the Oak Ridge National Laboratory is located.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h2>Footnotes<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a name=\"footnote1\" href=\"#footnote-ref1\" id=\"footnote1\">1<\/a> Where mean atomic weights have not been well determined, the atomic mass numbers of the most stable isotopes are given in parentheses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":61,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1029","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1029","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/61"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1029\/revisions"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1029\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1029"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=1029"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1029"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/astronomy1105dl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1029"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}