{"id":265,"date":"2019-04-09T02:00:22","date_gmt":"2019-04-09T06:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=265"},"modified":"2019-04-09T20:58:12","modified_gmt":"2019-04-10T00:58:12","slug":"appendix-f-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/chapter\/appendix-f-chemistry\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix F: Chemistry","rendered":"Appendix F: Chemistry"},"content":{"raw":"<img src=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/resources\/82d7a2c92ff3a5b0f35a4c21c804a11a28b3b15a\" alt=\"The Periodic Table of Elements is shown. The 18 columns are labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cGroup\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the 7 rows are labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cPeriod.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Below the table to the right is a box labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cColor Code\u00e2\u0080\u009d with different colors for metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, as well as solids, liquids, and gases. To the left of this box is an enlarged picture of the upper-left most box on the table. The number 1 is in its upper-left hand corner and is labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cAtomic number.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The letter \u00e2\u0080\u009cH\u00e2\u0080\u009d is in the middle in red indicating that it is a gas. It is labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cSymbol.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Below that is the number 1.008 which is labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cAtomic Mass.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Below that is the word hydrogen which is labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cname.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The color of the box indicates that it is a nonmetal. Each element will be described in this order: atomic number; name; symbol; whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal; whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas; and atomic mass. Beginning at the top left of the table, or period 1, group 1, is a box containing \u00e2\u0080\u009c1; hydrogen; H; nonmetal; gas; and 1.008.\u00e2\u0080\u009d There is only one other element box in period 1, group 18, which contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c2; helium; H e; nonmetal; gas; and 4.003.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 2, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c3; lithium; L i; metal; solid; and 6.94\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c4; beryllium; B e; metal; solid; and 9.012.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Groups 3 through 12 are skipped and group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c5; boron; B; metalloid; solid; 10.81.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c6; carbon; C; nonmetal; solid; and 12.01.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c7; nitrogen; N; nonmetal; gas; and 14.01.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c8; oxygen; O; nonmetal; gas; and 16.00.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c9; fluorine; F; nonmetal; gas; and 19.00.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c10; neon; N e; nonmetal; gas; and 20.18.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 3, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c11; sodium; N a; metal; solid; and 22.99.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c12; magnesium; M g; metal; solid; and 24.31.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Groups 3 through 12 are skipped again in period 3 and group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c13; aluminum; A l; metal; solid; and 26.98.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c14; silicon; S i; metalloid; solid; and 28.09.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c15; phosphorous; P; nonmetal; solid; and 30.97.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c16; sulfur; S; nonmetal; solid; and 32.06.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c17; chlorine; C l; nonmetal; gas; and 35.45.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c18; argon; A r; nonmetal; gas; and 39.95.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 4, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c19; potassium; K; metal; solid; and 39.10.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c20; calcium; C a; metal; solid; and 40.08.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 3 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c21; scandium; S c; metal; solid; and 44.96.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 4 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c22; titanium; T i; metal; solid; and 47.87.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 5 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c23; vanadium; V; metal; solid; and 50.94.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 6 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c24; chromium; C r; metal; solid; and 52.00.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 7 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c25; manganese; M n; metal; solid; and 54.94.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 8 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c26; iron; F e; metal; solid; and 55.85.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 9 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c27; cobalt; C o; metal; solid; and 58.93.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 10 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c28; nickel; N i; metal; solid; and 58.69.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 11 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c29; copper; C u; metal; solid; and 63.55.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 12 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c30; zinc; Z n; metal; solid; and 65.38.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c31; gallium; G a; metal; solid; and 69.72.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c32; germanium; G e; metalloid; solid; and 72.63.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c33; arsenic; A s; metalloid; solid; and 74.92.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c34; selenium; S e; nonmetal; solid; and 78.97.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c35; bromine; B r; nonmetal; liquid; and 79.90.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c36; krypton; K r; nonmetal; gas; and 83.80.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 5, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c37; rubidium; R b; metal; solid; and 85.47.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c38; strontium; S r; metal; solid; and 87.62.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 3 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c39; yttrium; Y; metal; solid; and 88.91.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 4 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c40; zirconium; Z r; metal; solid; and 91.22.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 5 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c41; niobium; N b; metal; solid; and 92.91.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 6 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c42; molybdenum; M o; metal; solid; and 95.95.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 7 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c43; technetium; T c; metal; solid; and 97.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 8 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c44; ruthenium; R u; metal; solid; and 101.1.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 9 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c45; rhodium; R h; metal; solid; and 102.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 10 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c46; palladium; P d; metal; solid; and 106.4.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 11 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c47; silver; A g; metal; solid; and 107.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 12 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c48; cadmium; C d; metal; solid; and 112.4.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c49; indium; I n; metal; solid; and 114.8.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c50; tin; S n; metal; solid; and 118.7.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c51; antimony; S b; metalloid; solid; and 121.8.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c52; tellurium; T e; metalloid; solid; and 127.6.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c53; iodine; I; nonmetal; solid; and 126.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c54; xenon; X e; nonmetal; gas; and 131.3.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 6, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c55; cesium; C s; metal; solid; and 132.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c56; barium; B a; metal; solid; and 137.3.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 3 breaks the pattern. The box has a large arrow pointing to a row of elements below the table with atomic numbers ranging from 57-71. In sequential order by atomic number, the first box in this row contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c57; lanthanum; L a; metal; solid; and 138.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d To its right, the next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c58; cerium; C e; metal; solid; and 140.1.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c59; praseodymium; P r; metal; solid; and 140.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c60; neodymium; N d; metal; solid; and 144.2.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c61; promethium; P m; metal; solid; and 145.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c62; samarium; S m; metal; solid; and 150.4.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c63; europium; E u; metal; solid; and 152.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c64; gadolinium; G d; metal; solid; and 157.3.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c65; terbium; T b; metal; solid; and 158.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c66; dysprosium; D y; metal; solid; and 162.5.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c67; holmium; H o; metal; solid; and 164.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c68; erbium; E r; metal; solid; and 167.3.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c69; thulium; T m; metal; solid; and 168.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c70; ytterbium; Y b; metal; solid; and 173.1.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The last in this special row is \u00e2\u0080\u009c71; lutetium; L u; metal; solid; and 175.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Continuing in period 6, group 4 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c72; hafnium; H f; metal; solid; and 178.5.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 5 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c73; tantalum; T a; metal; solid; and 180.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 6 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c74; tungsten; W; metal; solid; and 183.8.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 7 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c75; rhenium; R e; metal; solid; and 186.2.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 8 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c76; osmium; O s; metal; solid; and 190.2.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 9 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c77; iridium; I r; metal; solid; and 192.2.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 10 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c78; platinum; P t; metal; solid; and 195.1.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 11 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c79; gold; A u; metal; solid; and 197.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 12 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c80; mercury; H g; metal; liquid; and 200.6.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c81; thallium; T l; metal; solid; and 204.4.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c82; lead; P b; metal; solid; and 207.2.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c83; bismuth; B i; metal; solid; and 209.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c84; polonium; P o; metal; solid; and 209.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c85; astatine; A t; metalloid; solid; and 210.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c86; radon; R n; nonmetal; gas; and 222.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 7, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c87; francium; F r; metal; solid; and 223.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c88; radium; R a; metal; solid; and 226.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 3 breaks the pattern much like what occurs in period 6. A large arrow points from the box in period 7, group 3 to a special row containing the elements with atomic numbers ranging from 89-103, just below the row which contains atomic numbers 57-71. In sequential order by atomic number, the first box in this row contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c89; actinium; A c; metal; solid; and 227.\u00e2\u0080\u009d To its right, the next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c90; thorium; T h; metal; solid; and 232.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c91; protactinium; P a; metal; solid; and 231.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c92; uranium; U; metal; solid; and 238.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c93; neptunium; N p; metal; solid; and N p.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c94; plutonium; P u; metal; solid; and 244.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c95; americium; A m; metal; solid; and 243.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c96; curium; C m; metal; solid; and 247.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c97; berkelium; B k; metal; solid; and 247.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c98; californium; C f; metal; solid; and 251.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c99; einsteinium; E s; metal; solid; and 252.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c100; fermium; F m; metal; solid; and 257.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c101; mendelevium; M d; metal; solid; and 258.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c102; nobelium; N o; metal; solid; and 259.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The last in this special row is \u00e2\u0080\u009c103; lawrencium; L r; metal; solid; and 262.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Continuing in period 7, group 4 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c104; rutherfordium; R f; metal; solid; and 267.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 5 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c105; dubnium; D b; metal; solid; and 270.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 6 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c106; seaborgium; S g; metal; solid; and 271.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 7 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c107; bohrium; B h; metal; solid; and 270.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 8 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c108; hassium; H s; metal; solid; and 277.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 9 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c109; meitnerium; M t; not indicated; solid; and 276.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 10 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c110; darmstadtium; D s; not indicated; solid; and 281.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 11 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c111; roentgenium; R g; not indicated; solid; and 282.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 12 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c112; copernicium; C n; metal; liquid; and 285.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c113; ununtrium; U u t; not indicated; solid; and 285.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c114; flerovium; F l; not indicated; solid; and 289.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c115; ununpentium; U u p; not indicated; solid; and 288.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c116; livermorium; L v; not indicated; solid; and 293.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c117; ununseptium; U u s; not indicated; solid; and 294.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c118; ununoctium; U u o; not indicated; solid; and 294.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox\"><em>Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/af275420-6050-4707-995c-57b9cc13c358@11.1<\/em><\/div>","rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/resources\/82d7a2c92ff3a5b0f35a4c21c804a11a28b3b15a\" alt=\"The Periodic Table of Elements is shown. The 18 columns are labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cGroup\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the 7 rows are labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cPeriod.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Below the table to the right is a box labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cColor Code\u00e2\u0080\u009d with different colors for metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, as well as solids, liquids, and gases. To the left of this box is an enlarged picture of the upper-left most box on the table. The number 1 is in its upper-left hand corner and is labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cAtomic number.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The letter \u00e2\u0080\u009cH\u00e2\u0080\u009d is in the middle in red indicating that it is a gas. It is labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cSymbol.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Below that is the number 1.008 which is labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cAtomic Mass.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Below that is the word hydrogen which is labeled \u00e2\u0080\u009cname.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The color of the box indicates that it is a nonmetal. Each element will be described in this order: atomic number; name; symbol; whether it is a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal; whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas; and atomic mass. Beginning at the top left of the table, or period 1, group 1, is a box containing \u00e2\u0080\u009c1; hydrogen; H; nonmetal; gas; and 1.008.\u00e2\u0080\u009d There is only one other element box in period 1, group 18, which contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c2; helium; H e; nonmetal; gas; and 4.003.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 2, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c3; lithium; L i; metal; solid; and 6.94\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c4; beryllium; B e; metal; solid; and 9.012.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Groups 3 through 12 are skipped and group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c5; boron; B; metalloid; solid; 10.81.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c6; carbon; C; nonmetal; solid; and 12.01.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c7; nitrogen; N; nonmetal; gas; and 14.01.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c8; oxygen; O; nonmetal; gas; and 16.00.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c9; fluorine; F; nonmetal; gas; and 19.00.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c10; neon; N e; nonmetal; gas; and 20.18.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 3, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c11; sodium; N a; metal; solid; and 22.99.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c12; magnesium; M g; metal; solid; and 24.31.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Groups 3 through 12 are skipped again in period 3 and group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c13; aluminum; A l; metal; solid; and 26.98.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c14; silicon; S i; metalloid; solid; and 28.09.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c15; phosphorous; P; nonmetal; solid; and 30.97.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c16; sulfur; S; nonmetal; solid; and 32.06.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c17; chlorine; C l; nonmetal; gas; and 35.45.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c18; argon; A r; nonmetal; gas; and 39.95.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 4, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c19; potassium; K; metal; solid; and 39.10.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c20; calcium; C a; metal; solid; and 40.08.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 3 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c21; scandium; S c; metal; solid; and 44.96.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 4 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c22; titanium; T i; metal; solid; and 47.87.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 5 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c23; vanadium; V; metal; solid; and 50.94.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 6 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c24; chromium; C r; metal; solid; and 52.00.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 7 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c25; manganese; M n; metal; solid; and 54.94.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 8 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c26; iron; F e; metal; solid; and 55.85.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 9 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c27; cobalt; C o; metal; solid; and 58.93.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 10 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c28; nickel; N i; metal; solid; and 58.69.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 11 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c29; copper; C u; metal; solid; and 63.55.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 12 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c30; zinc; Z n; metal; solid; and 65.38.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c31; gallium; G a; metal; solid; and 69.72.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c32; germanium; G e; metalloid; solid; and 72.63.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c33; arsenic; A s; metalloid; solid; and 74.92.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c34; selenium; S e; nonmetal; solid; and 78.97.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c35; bromine; B r; nonmetal; liquid; and 79.90.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c36; krypton; K r; nonmetal; gas; and 83.80.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 5, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c37; rubidium; R b; metal; solid; and 85.47.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c38; strontium; S r; metal; solid; and 87.62.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 3 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c39; yttrium; Y; metal; solid; and 88.91.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 4 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c40; zirconium; Z r; metal; solid; and 91.22.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 5 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c41; niobium; N b; metal; solid; and 92.91.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 6 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c42; molybdenum; M o; metal; solid; and 95.95.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 7 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c43; technetium; T c; metal; solid; and 97.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 8 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c44; ruthenium; R u; metal; solid; and 101.1.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 9 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c45; rhodium; R h; metal; solid; and 102.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 10 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c46; palladium; P d; metal; solid; and 106.4.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 11 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c47; silver; A g; metal; solid; and 107.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 12 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c48; cadmium; C d; metal; solid; and 112.4.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c49; indium; I n; metal; solid; and 114.8.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c50; tin; S n; metal; solid; and 118.7.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c51; antimony; S b; metalloid; solid; and 121.8.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c52; tellurium; T e; metalloid; solid; and 127.6.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c53; iodine; I; nonmetal; solid; and 126.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c54; xenon; X e; nonmetal; gas; and 131.3.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 6, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c55; cesium; C s; metal; solid; and 132.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c56; barium; B a; metal; solid; and 137.3.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 3 breaks the pattern. The box has a large arrow pointing to a row of elements below the table with atomic numbers ranging from 57-71. In sequential order by atomic number, the first box in this row contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c57; lanthanum; L a; metal; solid; and 138.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d To its right, the next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c58; cerium; C e; metal; solid; and 140.1.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c59; praseodymium; P r; metal; solid; and 140.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c60; neodymium; N d; metal; solid; and 144.2.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c61; promethium; P m; metal; solid; and 145.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c62; samarium; S m; metal; solid; and 150.4.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c63; europium; E u; metal; solid; and 152.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c64; gadolinium; G d; metal; solid; and 157.3.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c65; terbium; T b; metal; solid; and 158.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c66; dysprosium; D y; metal; solid; and 162.5.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c67; holmium; H o; metal; solid; and 164.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c68; erbium; E r; metal; solid; and 167.3.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c69; thulium; T m; metal; solid; and 168.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c70; ytterbium; Y b; metal; solid; and 173.1.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The last in this special row is \u00e2\u0080\u009c71; lutetium; L u; metal; solid; and 175.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Continuing in period 6, group 4 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c72; hafnium; H f; metal; solid; and 178.5.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 5 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c73; tantalum; T a; metal; solid; and 180.9.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 6 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c74; tungsten; W; metal; solid; and 183.8.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 7 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c75; rhenium; R e; metal; solid; and 186.2.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 8 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c76; osmium; O s; metal; solid; and 190.2.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 9 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c77; iridium; I r; metal; solid; and 192.2.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 10 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c78; platinum; P t; metal; solid; and 195.1.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 11 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c79; gold; A u; metal; solid; and 197.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 12 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c80; mercury; H g; metal; liquid; and 200.6.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c81; thallium; T l; metal; solid; and 204.4.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c82; lead; P b; metal; solid; and 207.2.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c83; bismuth; B i; metal; solid; and 209.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c84; polonium; P o; metal; solid; and 209.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c85; astatine; A t; metalloid; solid; and 210.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c86; radon; R n; nonmetal; gas; and 222.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Period 7, group 1 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c87; francium; F r; metal; solid; and 223.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 2 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c88; radium; R a; metal; solid; and 226.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 3 breaks the pattern much like what occurs in period 6. A large arrow points from the box in period 7, group 3 to a special row containing the elements with atomic numbers ranging from 89-103, just below the row which contains atomic numbers 57-71. In sequential order by atomic number, the first box in this row contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c89; actinium; A c; metal; solid; and 227.\u00e2\u0080\u009d To its right, the next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c90; thorium; T h; metal; solid; and 232.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c91; protactinium; P a; metal; solid; and 231.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c92; uranium; U; metal; solid; and 238.0.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c93; neptunium; N p; metal; solid; and N p.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c94; plutonium; P u; metal; solid; and 244.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c95; americium; A m; metal; solid; and 243.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c96; curium; C m; metal; solid; and 247.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c97; berkelium; B k; metal; solid; and 247.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c98; californium; C f; metal; solid; and 251.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c99; einsteinium; E s; metal; solid; and 252.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c100; fermium; F m; metal; solid; and 257.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c101; mendelevium; M d; metal; solid; and 258.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Next is \u00e2\u0080\u009c102; nobelium; N o; metal; solid; and 259.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The last in this special row is \u00e2\u0080\u009c103; lawrencium; L r; metal; solid; and 262.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Continuing in period 7, group 4 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c104; rutherfordium; R f; metal; solid; and 267.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 5 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c105; dubnium; D b; metal; solid; and 270.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 6 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c106; seaborgium; S g; metal; solid; and 271.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 7 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c107; bohrium; B h; metal; solid; and 270.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 8 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c108; hassium; H s; metal; solid; and 277.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 9 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c109; meitnerium; M t; not indicated; solid; and 276.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 10 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c110; darmstadtium; D s; not indicated; solid; and 281.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 11 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c111; roentgenium; R g; not indicated; solid; and 282.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 12 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c112; copernicium; C n; metal; liquid; and 285.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 13 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c113; ununtrium; U u t; not indicated; solid; and 285.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 14 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c114; flerovium; F l; not indicated; solid; and 289.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 15 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c115; ununpentium; U u p; not indicated; solid; and 288.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 16 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c116; livermorium; L v; not indicated; solid; and 293.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 17 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c117; ununseptium; U u s; not indicated; solid; and 294.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Group 18 contains \u00e2\u0080\u009c118; ununoctium; U u o; not indicated; solid; and 294.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\"><em>Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/af275420-6050-4707-995c-57b9cc13c358@11.1<\/em><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":615,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Appendices","pb_subtitle":"Appendix F: Chemistry","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-265","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":253,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/265","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/615"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/265\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":334,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/265\/revisions\/334"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/253"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/265\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=265"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=265"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=265"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/bcitphys8400\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=265"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}