{"id":258,"date":"2022-04-26T16:20:54","date_gmt":"2022-04-26T20:20:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=258"},"modified":"2022-08-22T12:16:07","modified_gmt":"2022-08-22T16:16:07","slug":"6-4-writing-memos","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/chapter\/6-4-writing-memos\/","title":{"raw":"6.4 Memos","rendered":"6.4 Memos"},"content":{"raw":"A memo (or memorandum, meaning \u201creminder\u201d) is normally used for communicating policies, procedures, or related official business <strong>within<\/strong> an organization. It is often written from a one-to-all perspective (like mass communication), broadcasting a message to an audience, rather than a one-on-one, interpersonal communication. It may also be used to update a team on activities for a given project or to inform a specific group within a company of an event, action, or observance.\r\n\r\nMemos can be tricky because they often communicate to multiple audiences who have different levels of knowledge about the context. For example, if you are communicating a new company policy, different types of employees will want to know exactly how the policy impacts them.\r\n<h3>Common Memo Writing Situations<\/h3>\r\nMemos are used in a variety of workplace communication situations, from documentation of procedures and policies to simple announcements. Below are some common types of memos:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Policies (changes and new)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Instructions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Procedures<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Announcements<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Trip reports<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Format<\/h3>\r\nMemos are distinguished by a header that includes DATE, TO, FROM, and SUBJECT lines. Other lines, such as CC or BCC, may be added as needed. An RE (\u201cReference\u201d) line may be used instead of SUBJECT, but this use is becoming rarer as \u201cRE\u201d is often mistaken as \u201cReply\u201d because of its use in email.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>DATE<\/strong>: List the date on which the memo is distributed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>TO<\/strong>: List the names of the recipients of the memo. If there are several recipients, it\u2019s acceptable to use a group name, such as \u201cAll Employees\u201d or \u201cPersonnel Committee Members.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>FROM<\/strong>: List the name and job title of the writer(s).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>SUBJECT<\/strong>: Think of the SUBJECT line as the title for the memo. Make it specific so that readers can immediately identify the topic.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese headings may be double- or single-spaced, and the SUBJECT line is sometimes written in all capital letters. Furthermore, the order of the items can vary. Many organizations have their own style preferences on these issues. If not, the order listed above, double-spaced, is the most common. The text of memos typically uses block format, with single-spaced lines, an extra space between paragraphs, and no indentions for new paragraphs.\r\n<h3>Organization<\/h3>\r\nProfessional memos are organized according to one of two strategies: Direct and indirect.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0<em>direct<\/em>\u00a0organization strategy presents the purpose of the document in the first paragraph (sometimes the first sentence) and provides supporting details in the body.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The<em>\u00a0indirect<\/em>\u00a0organization strategy opens with relevant, attention-getting details that do not directly state the purpose of the document. The purpose is revealed in the body of the message, usually sandwiched between supporting details.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe direct approach is used for good news or routine communication; the indirect approach is used for persuasive, sales, or bad news messages. A directly stated purpose is welcome in good news or routine messages but could be viewed as abrupt or insensitive in a bad news or persuasive message. When the audience is not receptive to the message, it is best to lead up to the purpose gradually. Activity 6.4 compares both strategies.\r\n<h3>[h5p id=\"17\"]<\/h3>\r\n<sup>Activity 6.4 | Direct vs Indirect Strategy<\/sup>\r\n\r\nIn both types of organization, action information (such as deadlines or contact information) or a courteous closing statement is placed in the last paragraph.\r\n\r\nActivity 6.5 provides an example of a direct memo.\r\n<h3>[h5p id=\"18\"]<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>Activity 6.5 | Sample Direct Memo<\/sup><\/p>\r\nAs you can see, this memo has a direct and concise opening that states the purpose of the memo. The body paragraph provides the award criteria, which will help managers follow through on the request. The conclusion provides action information, a deadline and a courteous closing message. We can contrast this organization to the indirect memo in Activity 6.6 below.\r\n<h3>[h5p id=\"19\"]<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>Activity 6.6 | Sample Indirect Memo<\/sup><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">As you can see, the introduction is relevant to the subject but doesn\u2019t directly state the bad news, which is that the popular early weekend schedule is ending. Instead, the writer uses a buffer that lists the reasons for the change to prepare the reader mentally for it. The bad news is then clearly stated, but it\u2019s sandwiched between two positive statements. Note that the bad news is at the end of the paragraph since the writer doesn\u2019t want readers to skim the memo and miss this important information. The memo then ends with action information and a forward-looking statement.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Style and Tone<\/h3>\r\nWhile memo reports and policy memos have a more formal tone, most memos will have a conversational style\u2014slightly informal but still professional. The audience of memos are coworkers, so the writing style usually assumes a relationship with them (and therefore a certain lack of formality). Just keep in mind that the relationship is a professional one, so the writing should reflect that. Furthermore, as with all workplace documents, the audience may contain a variety of readers, and the style and tone should be appropriate for all of their technical and authority levels. Activity 6.7 below compares various levels of formality.\r\n<h3>[h5p id=\"66\"]<\/h3>\r\n<sup>Activity 6.7 | Levels of Formality<\/sup>\r\n<h3>Possible Memo Structure<\/h3>\r\nActivity 6.8 is a guide you can use to write a standard memo.\r\n<h3>[h5p id=\"21\"]<\/h3>\r\n<sup>Activity 6.8 | Sample Memo Structure<\/sup>\r\n<h3>Tips for Writing Effective Memos<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Audience Orientation:<\/strong> Always consider the audience and their needs when preparing a memo. An acronym or abbreviation that is known to management may not be known by all the employees of the organization, and if the memo is to be posted and distributed within the organization, the goal is clear and concise communication at all levels with no ambiguity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Professional Tone:<\/strong> Memos are often announcements, and the person sending the memo speaks for a part or all of the organization. While it may contain a request for feedback, the announcement itself is linear, from the organization to the employees. The memo may have legal standing as it often reflects policies or procedures, and may reference an existing or new policy in the employee manual, for example.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Subject Emphasis:<\/strong> The subject is normally declared in the subject line and should be clear and concise. If the memo is announcing the observance of a holiday, for example, the specific holiday should be named in the subject line\u2014for example, use \u201cThanksgiving weekend schedule\u201d rather than \u201choliday observance.\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<p>A memo (or memorandum, meaning \u201creminder\u201d) is normally used for communicating policies, procedures, or related official business <strong>within<\/strong> an organization. It is often written from a one-to-all perspective (like mass communication), broadcasting a message to an audience, rather than a one-on-one, interpersonal communication. It may also be used to update a team on activities for a given project or to inform a specific group within a company of an event, action, or observance.<\/p>\n<p>Memos can be tricky because they often communicate to multiple audiences who have different levels of knowledge about the context. For example, if you are communicating a new company policy, different types of employees will want to know exactly how the policy impacts them.<\/p>\n<h3>Common Memo Writing Situations<\/h3>\n<p>Memos are used in a variety of workplace communication situations, from documentation of procedures and policies to simple announcements. Below are some common types of memos:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Policies (changes and new)<\/li>\n<li>Instructions<\/li>\n<li>Procedures<\/li>\n<li>Announcements<\/li>\n<li>Trip reports<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Format<\/h3>\n<p>Memos are distinguished by a header that includes DATE, TO, FROM, and SUBJECT lines. Other lines, such as CC or BCC, may be added as needed. An RE (\u201cReference\u201d) line may be used instead of SUBJECT, but this use is becoming rarer as \u201cRE\u201d is often mistaken as \u201cReply\u201d because of its use in email.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>DATE<\/strong>: List the date on which the memo is distributed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TO<\/strong>: List the names of the recipients of the memo. If there are several recipients, it\u2019s acceptable to use a group name, such as \u201cAll Employees\u201d or \u201cPersonnel Committee Members.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>FROM<\/strong>: List the name and job title of the writer(s).<\/li>\n<li><strong>SUBJECT<\/strong>: Think of the SUBJECT line as the title for the memo. Make it specific so that readers can immediately identify the topic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These headings may be double- or single-spaced, and the SUBJECT line is sometimes written in all capital letters. Furthermore, the order of the items can vary. Many organizations have their own style preferences on these issues. If not, the order listed above, double-spaced, is the most common. The text of memos typically uses block format, with single-spaced lines, an extra space between paragraphs, and no indentions for new paragraphs.<\/p>\n<h3>Organization<\/h3>\n<p>Professional memos are organized according to one of two strategies: Direct and indirect.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The\u00a0<em>direct<\/em>\u00a0organization strategy presents the purpose of the document in the first paragraph (sometimes the first sentence) and provides supporting details in the body.<\/li>\n<li>The<em>\u00a0indirect<\/em>\u00a0organization strategy opens with relevant, attention-getting details that do not directly state the purpose of the document. The purpose is revealed in the body of the message, usually sandwiched between supporting details.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The direct approach is used for good news or routine communication; the indirect approach is used for persuasive, sales, or bad news messages. A directly stated purpose is welcome in good news or routine messages but could be viewed as abrupt or insensitive in a bad news or persuasive message. When the audience is not receptive to the message, it is best to lead up to the purpose gradually. Activity 6.4 compares both strategies.<\/p>\n<h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-17\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-17\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"17\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"CH 6 Direct vs Indirect Strategy\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/h3>\n<p><sup>Activity 6.4 | Direct vs Indirect Strategy<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In both types of organization, action information (such as deadlines or contact information) or a courteous closing statement is placed in the last paragraph.<\/p>\n<p>Activity 6.5 provides an example of a direct memo.<\/p>\n<h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-18\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-18\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"18\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"CH 6 Direct Memo\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>Activity 6.5 | Sample Direct Memo<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>As you can see, this memo has a direct and concise opening that states the purpose of the memo. The body paragraph provides the award criteria, which will help managers follow through on the request. The conclusion provides action information, a deadline and a courteous closing message. We can contrast this organization to the indirect memo in Activity 6.6 below.<\/p>\n<h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-19\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-19\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"19\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"CH 6 Indirect Memo\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: left\"><sup>Activity 6.6 | Sample Indirect Memo<\/sup><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">As you can see, the introduction is relevant to the subject but doesn\u2019t directly state the bad news, which is that the popular early weekend schedule is ending. Instead, the writer uses a buffer that lists the reasons for the change to prepare the reader mentally for it. The bad news is then clearly stated, but it\u2019s sandwiched between two positive statements. Note that the bad news is at the end of the paragraph since the writer doesn\u2019t want readers to skim the memo and miss this important information. The memo then ends with action information and a forward-looking statement.<\/p>\n<h3>Style and Tone<\/h3>\n<p>While memo reports and policy memos have a more formal tone, most memos will have a conversational style\u2014slightly informal but still professional. The audience of memos are coworkers, so the writing style usually assumes a relationship with them (and therefore a certain lack of formality). Just keep in mind that the relationship is a professional one, so the writing should reflect that. Furthermore, as with all workplace documents, the audience may contain a variety of readers, and the style and tone should be appropriate for all of their technical and authority levels. Activity 6.7 below compares various levels of formality.<\/p>\n<h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-66\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-66\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"66\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Finding the Right Level of Formality\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/h3>\n<p><sup>Activity 6.7 | Levels of Formality<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3>Possible Memo Structure<\/h3>\n<p>Activity 6.8 is a guide you can use to write a standard memo.<\/p>\n<h3>\n<div id=\"h5p-21\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-21\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"21\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Ch 6 Possible Memo Structure\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/h3>\n<p><sup>Activity 6.8 | Sample Memo Structure<\/sup><\/p>\n<h3>Tips for Writing Effective Memos<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Audience Orientation:<\/strong> Always consider the audience and their needs when preparing a memo. An acronym or abbreviation that is known to management may not be known by all the employees of the organization, and if the memo is to be posted and distributed within the organization, the goal is clear and concise communication at all levels with no ambiguity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Professional Tone:<\/strong> Memos are often announcements, and the person sending the memo speaks for a part or all of the organization. While it may contain a request for feedback, the announcement itself is linear, from the organization to the employees. The memo may have legal standing as it often reflects policies or procedures, and may reference an existing or new policy in the employee manual, for example.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Subject Emphasis:<\/strong> The subject is normally declared in the subject line and should be clear and concise. If the memo is announcing the observance of a holiday, for example, the specific holiday should be named in the subject line\u2014for example, use \u201cThanksgiving weekend schedule\u201d rather than \u201choliday observance.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":847,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-258","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":249,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/258","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/847"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/258\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1203,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/258\/revisions\/1203"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/249"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/258\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=258"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=258"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=258"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/businesswritingessentials2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=258"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}