A certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews (from Yad Vashem).

An anticipation guide is a comprehension strategy that is used before reading to activate students' prior knowledge and to build their curiosity about a new topic. Before reading, students listen to or read several statements about key concepts presented in the text.

Jews from Germany, Poland, and Eastern Europe (Shira Schoenberg “Judaism: Ashkenazim” Jewish Virtual Library. Access Date: May 18th 2022).

The process by which Jews in Europe became more socially and culturally European (Todd M. Endelman “Assimilation” The Yivo Encyclopaedia of Jews in Eastern Europe Access Date: June 1st 2022).

The Bergen-Belsen camp complex was composed of numerous camps, established at various times during its existence. There were three main components of the camp complex: the Prisoner of war camp, the "residence camp" (Aufenthaltslager), and the "prisoners' camp" (Häftlingslager). For more information on Bergen-Belsen, head over the to US Holocaust Memorial Museum website - https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/bergen-belsen

A historical region comprising modern-day Moldova and Odessa, a province in southwestern Ukraine (“Bessarabia” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Access Date: May 18th 2022).

Bias refers to the unconscious assumptions, beliefs, attitudes and stereotypes that human brains have about different groups. These learned mental short-cuts affect how we perceive and respond to people.

Some key features about unconscious biases:

Everyone has them
They can be activated within a fraction of a second
We can hold biases against our own group
We can hold biases that go against our stated beliefs
Biases are generally shared within social groups, though people also have biases favouring people who share their identities
Biases are persistent, but can be changed with attention and work

Unconscious biases prevent us from seeing fairly and accurately the information or the people in front of us. Much research shows that unconscious biases systematically disadvantage already disadvantaged people, and provide un-earned advantages to those already advantaged.

A historical region in Eastern Europe that has included parts of Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, the Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary. Today, it is split in half between Ukraine and Romania (“Bukovina” Encyclopaedia Britannica.  Access date: May 17th 2022).

A carousel is a pedagogical technique that can be used to explore content or to synthesize learning.

Small groups of students will rotate between stations. Each station consists of a piece of chart paper with a question written on the top or a packet of materials. The idea is to get students thinking about the subject matter that they are about to learn.

Each group begins at a different station. The teacher sets a timer, and students stay at each station for that set period of time.

During the time that students are at each station, they read the question, skim over any previous answers by other groups, and then add their own ideas to the paper, then move to the next station.

When the groups have visited each station, there is a short discussion to debrief..

Known as Konzentrationslager in German, concentration camps were locations where perceived enemies of the Nazis were detained. These enemies included homosexuals, prisoners of war, Jews, Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Romani and Sinti people, and communists. Prisoners were forced to do labour, and as World War 2 progressed, many concentration camps became death camps (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Concentration Camps, 1933-39”. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Access Date: May 18th 202.).

Transmissible, the quality and ability of a disease or infection to spread. (“Contagious” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Access Date May 18th 2022).

Originally the dispersion of Jewish people from the ancient-day land of Israel, later the exile of Jews from Spain in the 15th century resulting in their movement into North Africa and Eastern and Central Europe. (“Diaspora” Encyclopaedia Brittanica Access Date: June 1st 2022).

A River in Eastern Europe that runs through Russia, Ukraine, and Moldova before exiting into the Black Sea. The Dniester is a major trade route, and also provides irrigation for farming. (“Dniester River” Encyclopaedia Britannica” Access Date: May 18th 2022).

Mobile killing units that committed massacres in Eastern Europe during the Holocaust.[ (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum “Einsatzgruppen” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Access Date: June 1st 2022).

A term that originates in the 16th century to refer to enclosed areas where European governments forced Jewish citizens to live. The Nazis established over a thousand ghettos in occupied Europe to separate and isolate Jewish people. Appointed Jewish governments known as Judenrats governed life in the ghettos. Eventually, most of the people who lived in ghettos were deported to concentration camps (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Ghetto” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Access Date: May 17th 2022).

An 18th-century Jewish revivalist movement, originating in Ukraine, that rejected ideas of cultural and social assimilation (“Hasidic Movement: A History” My Jewish Learning. Access Date: June 1st 2022).

This is a pedagogical strategy to model thinking or activities. The teacher first models the process (I Do), then involves the students in solving equations together (We Do), and finally lets the students solve equations independently (You Do). This approach not only builds confidence but also ensures that the skill is deeply embedded in the learner's cognitive structure.

Jigsaw is a cooperative learning technique that enables each student of a “home” group to specialize in one aspect of a topic. Students meet with members from other groups who are assigned the same aspect, and after mastering the material, return to the “home” group and teach the material to their group members. With this strategy, each student in the “home” group serves as a piece of the topic’s puzzle and when they work together as a whole, they create the complete jigsaw puzzle.

A mod meter is a technique to reflect and assess emotions. There are printable mood meters available to help guide reflection.

An irregular soldier, not associated with an official army. In World War 2, partisans generally referred to communist troops in Eastern Europe fighting against the Germans (“Partisan” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Access Date May 18th 2022).

A Russian word meaning “to wreak havoc,” pogrom refers to organized mob violence against Jews (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum “Pogroms” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Access Date: June 1st 2022).

A flat-bottomed boat, similar to a barge (“Pontoon” Merriam-Webster Dictionary Access Date: May 18th 2022).

The Ravensbrück concentration camp was the largest concentration camp for women within Germany's prewar borders. Ravensbrück was also the only main concentration camp, as opposed to subcamp, designated almost exclusively for women. For more information on Ravensbrück head over to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum website - https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/ravensbrueck

An act of opposition (“Resistance” Merriam-Webster Dictionary Access Date: June 1st 2022).

A small two-wheeled vehicle, usually accommodating one passenger, pulled by a person. Originated in Japan (“Rickshaw” Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Access Date May 18th 2022).

A Hebrew word that translates to “day of rest,” the Sabbath is a weekly ritual observed by Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam). In Judaism, the Sabbath, or Shabbat/Shabbos, lasts from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday. The Sabbath is celebrated with rituals, prayers, and special foods. Jews are expected to abstain from all forms of work (“Sabbath” British Broadcasting Corporation. Access Date: May 17th 2022).

Jews who were expelled from Spain in 1492 and settled in Western Europe, the Americas, and North African (Rabbi Rachel M. Solomin “Who are Sephardic Jews” My Jewish Learning Access Date: June 1st 2022).

The Yiddish word for a small Jewish village in Eastern Europe (Joellyn Zollman. “What Were Shtetls?” My Jewish Learning. Access Date: May 18th 2022).

This is a pedagogical technique that asks students to look at what an individual or character Says; Thinks; Effects on others; Actions; and “Looks” or body language and gestures.

Think-Pair-Share is a teaching technique where learners are asked to brainstorm individually, collaborate with a partner or small group, and then share more broadly.

To violate a command or law ( “Transgress” Merriam-Webster Dictionary Access Date: May 18th 2022).

Occasionally referred to as Transdniestria, Transnistria is the strip of land between the Dniester bordering Ukraine. In the present day, it is a break-away state from Moldova (“Transdniestria” Encyclopaedia Britannica. Access Date May 18th 2022).

A bacterial disease spread either by louse bites or poor sanitation. Typhus was common in ghettos and concentration camps due to their poor living conditions and their lack of medical treatment options or medications (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Typhus” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum).

A language that originated in communities of Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jews to replace Hebrew because Hebrew was the language of prayer and Torah. Yiddish combines elements of German and Hebrew, as well as various Slavic and Romance languages (Mordecai Walfish. “The History of Yiddish” My Jewish Learning Access Dates: May 17th 2022).