{"id":1342,"date":"2020-10-08T13:21:43","date_gmt":"2020-10-08T17:21:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1342"},"modified":"2021-01-02T17:19:41","modified_gmt":"2021-01-02T22:19:41","slug":"orientalizing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/chapter\/orientalizing\/","title":{"raw":"Orientalizing Period","rendered":"Orientalizing Period"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"nav-container\"><nav role=\"navigation\">\r\n<div class=\"book-title-wrapper\">\r\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">During the Orientalizing period, Greek art evolved to feature a blend of Near Eastern and Egyptian stylistic conventions.<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/nav><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">By the end of this module you will be able to:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identify and discuss the form, content, and context of key works of the Orientalizing Period<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define critical terms related to the Orientalizing Period<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe Greek vase painting and sculpture during this period<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify some of the outside influences on Greek temples<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\r\n<div id=\"wrap\">\r\n<div id=\"content\" role=\"main\">\r\n<div id=\"post-1618\" class=\"standard post-1618 chapter type-chapter status-publish hentry\">\r\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\r\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\r\n<h3>The Orientalizing Period<\/h3>\r\nThe Orientalizing Period followed the Geometric period and lasted for about a century, from 700 to 600 BCE. This period was distinguished by international influences\u2014from the Ancient Near East, Egypt, and Asia Minor\u2014each of which contributed a distinctive Eastern style to Greek art. The close contact between cultures developed from increasing trade and even colonization. Motifs, creatures, and styles were borrowed from other cultures by the Greeks, who transformed them into a unique Greek\u2013Eastern mix of style and motifs.\r\n<h3>Corinthian Pottery<\/h3>\r\nDuring the Orientalizing period in Corinth, human figures were rarely seen on vases. Animals such as lions, griffins, sphinxes, and sirens were depicted instead. Palmettes and lotus blossoms were used instead of geometric patterns to fill empty space, although on some vessels negative space became more prominent. This oriental [pb_glossary id=\"1148\"]black-figure style[\/pb_glossary] originated in the city of Corinth, spread to Athens, and was exported throughout Greece.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 444px\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/11858\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption \"><img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1849\/2017\/05\/31155531\/aatliche-antikensammlungen.jpeg\" alt=\"Color photograph of a jug with rows of black figures depicting animals, such as birds and horses.\" width=\"444\" height=\"722\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Corinthian black-figure jug<\/strong>: Corinthian black-figure jug with animal frieze, circa 580 BCE.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Black-Figure Painting<\/h3>\r\nThe Corinthians developed the technique of black-figure painting during this period. Black-figure pottery was carefully constructed and fired three different times to produce the unique red and black colours on each vase. The black colour came from a slip painted onto the vessel, after which incised lines were drawn on to outline and detail the figures. Additionally, red and white pigments could be added for more colour or to differentiate details. The unpainted portions of the vase would remain the original red-orange colour of the pot. The full effect of this style of painting would not have been seen until after the vase emerged from its firings in the kiln. As the style spread, the subject matter changed from strictly Near Eastern animals to scenes from Greek mythology and everyday life.\r\n<h3>Proto-Attic Pottery<\/h3>\r\nPottery produced during the Orientalizing period across the Isthmus of Corinth in Athens is known as Proto-Attic. In this region, floral and animal motifs are common, but the human figure appears in the work of the most prominent painters such as the Analatos Painter, the Mesogeia Painter, and the Polyphemos Painter. The Proto-Attic style marked the first depictions of discernibly Greek religious and mythological themes in vase painting. The bodies of men and animals were depicted in silhouette, though their heads were drawn in outline. Women were drawn completely in outline. Proto-Attic vases are usually distinguished by their orange clay, which is available in the Athens area.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33709\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption \">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"526\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/m9mfpc9tsiwkohpar7ls.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"This is a closeup photograph of a work by Polyphemos Painter, It shows The Blinding of Polyphemos, a story from Greek mythology in which Odysseus rams a stick into the eye of a Cyclops.\" width=\"526\" height=\"494\" \/> <em><strong>The Polyphemos Painter, The Blinding of Polyphemos, c. 600 BCE:<\/strong> This detail from a Proto-Attic amphora shows the outline and silhouette-based forms in which the human body was depicted at the time, as well as the orange clay available to Attic ceramicists.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\r\n<h2>Sculpture in the Greek Orientalizing Period<\/h2>\r\nSculpture produced during the Orientalizing period shares stylistic attributes with sculpture produced in Egypt and the Near East. The Orientalizing Period lasted for about a century, from 700 to 600 BCE. This period was distinguished by international influences, from the Ancient Near East, Egypt, and Asia Minor, each of which contributed a distinctive Eastern style to Greek art. The close contact between cultures developed from increasing trade and even colonization. Styles were borrowed from other cultures by the Greeks who transformed them into a unique Greek-Eastern mix of style and motifs. Male and female sculptures produced during this time share interesting similarities, but also bear differences that inform the viewer about society\u2019s expectations of men and women.\r\n<h3>The Lady of Auxerre<\/h3>\r\nA small limestone statue of a [pb_glossary id=\"1150\"]kore[\/pb_glossary] (maiden), known as the Lady of Auxerre (650\u2013625 BCE), from Crete demonstrates the style of early Greek figural sculptures. This style is known as Daedalic sculpture, named for the mythical creator of King Minos\u2019s labyrinth, Daedalus. The style combines Ancient Near Eastern and Egyptian motifs.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 411px\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33710\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption \"><img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/f0aiyvctsgm0veofkrkw.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"This is a color photo of The Lady of Auxerre, a limestone statue depicting a woman. Her hair is stylized and she wears a long, narrow dress cinched in at the waist, her feet stick out from under its hem. Part of the statue's face has crumbled.\" width=\"411\" height=\"1028\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>The Lady of Auxerre, circa 650\u2013625 BCE<\/strong>: This small limestone statue is possibly from Crete.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe Lady of Auxerre is stocky and plank-like. Her waist is narrow and cinched, like the waists seen in Minoan art. She is disproportionate, with long rigid legs and a short torso. A dress encompasses nearly her entire body\u2014it tethers her legs together and restricts her potential for movement. The rigidity of the body recalls pharaonic portraiture from Ancient Egypt. Her head is distinguished with large facial features, a low brow, and stylized hair. The hair appears to be braided, and falls down in rigid rows divided by horizontal bands. This style recalls a Near Eastern use of patterns to depict texture and decoration.\r\n\r\nHer face and hair are reminiscent of the Geometric period. The face forms an inverted triangle wedged between the triangles formed by the hair that frames her face. Traces of paint tell us that this statue would have originally be painted with black hair and a dress of red and blue with a yellow belt.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 302px\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33711\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption \"><img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/xx6asqrassvixw8h2yp3.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"This is a color photo of reconstruction of Lady of Auxerre. The statue's hair, face, and dress have been painted. Her hair is dark brown, her lips are bright red, and the dress is decorated with a square geometric pattern.\" width=\"302\" height=\"835\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Lady of Auxerre reconstruction<\/strong>: A reconstruction of the original Orientalizing sculpture. Cambridge University.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>The Mantiklos Apollo<\/h3>\r\nThere are no inscriptions on sculpture before the appearance of the bronze Mantiklos Apollo (early seventh century BCE) found in Thebes. The figure, named for the individual who left it as an offering, is that of a standing man with a rigid and somewhat Daedalic form. His legs bear the inscription, \u201cMantiklos offered me as a tithe to Apollo of the silver bow; do you, Phoibos [Apollo], give some pleasing favour in return.\u201d The inscription is a declaration of the statuette to Apollo, followed by a request for favours in return.\r\n\r\nApart from the novelty of recording its own purpose, this sculpture adapts the formulae of later Orientalized sculptures, as seen in the shorter more triangular face and slightly advancing left leg. This is sometimes seen as anticipating the greater expressive freedom of the later seventh century BCE. As such, the Mantiklos figure is referred to in some quarters as proto-Daedalic.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33795\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption \">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"384\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/0h3bol8drtey799vfacl.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"Two photos, a front view and a profile, of the Mantiklos Apollo statue. Mantiklos Apollo is depicted as a nude male with prominent thighs and a chest and shoulders that are much wider than his waist.\" width=\"384\" height=\"587\" \/> <em><strong>Mantiklos Apollo:<\/strong> Bronze Early 7th century BCE. Thebes. The side view shows the separation of the figure\u2019s arm from his chest and his slightly advancing left leg.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Similarities of the Statues<\/h3>\r\nDespite the separation of several decades and over 200 miles, the Mantiklos Apollo and the Lady of Auxerre share interesting similarities, including their long plaited hair, cinched waist, stylized smile, and hand raised to the chest \u2014 all of which recall ancient Egyptian sculpture. Although the right arm of the Mantiklos Apollo is missing, the position of its shoulder implies a possible position similar to that of the left arm of the Lady of Auxerre, straight at its side.\r\n\r\nHowever, we can already see striking differences that will remain the standard in Greek art for centuries. The male body, as a public entity entitled to citizenship, is depicted nude and free to move. This freedom of movement is seen not only in the legs of the Apollo figure but also in the separation of his hand from his chest. On the other hand, the female body, as a private entity without individual rights, is clothed and denied movement. While the Mantiklos Apollo holds his hand parallel to his chest, the Lady of Auxerre places her hand directly on her chest, maintaining the closed-form expected of a respectable woman.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\r\n<h2>Temple Architecture in the Greek Orientalizing Period<\/h2>\r\nThe temples of the Greek Orientalizing period had simple plans and sculptures that were influenced by styles from Egypt and the Near East. The basic principles for the development of Greek temple architecture have their roots between the tenth and seventh centuries BCE. In its simplest form as a naos or [pb_glossary id=\"1158\"]cella[\/pb_glossary], the temple was a simple rectangular shrine with protruding side walls (antae) that formed a small porch. By adding columns to this small basic structure, the Greeks triggered the development and variety of their temple architecture.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33799\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption \">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"225\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1849\/2017\/05\/31155534\/jkpk4jgss2rin4ihyowd.png\" alt=\"This is a schematic plan of an anta temple.\" width=\"225\" height=\"412\" \/> <em><strong>Anta schematic:<\/strong> Early anta-planned temples consisted of a portico (pronaos) and an inner chamber (naos\/cella) atop a simple platform. Two columns marked the entrance to the inner chamber.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe building of stone temples first began during the Orientalizing period. Earlier temples were made from wood and other perishable materials and used terra cotta revetments in the form of rectangular and circular panels. With the introduction of stone as a building material, revetments became unnecessary and were replaced by sculptural ornamentation.\r\n\r\nThese temples derive their structure from Minoan and Mycenaean architectural designs. Minoan shrines, as seen at Knossos, were tripartite shrines fronted by three columns, while the plan of the Mycenaean king\u2019s chamber (or megaron) was appropriated for use by the gods.\r\n\r\nOriental Greek stone temples were fronted by three columns and one entrance which lead into a single room chamber (cella), where the cult statue would be placed. The temple cella was reserved for the cult statue, while cult rituals (often sacrifices) took place outside in front of the temple and usually around an altar.\r\n<h3>Temple A at Prinias<\/h3>\r\nTemple A at Prinias (c. 650\u2013600 BCE) on the island of Crete is the oldest known Greek temple decorated with sculpture. Its plan was similar to the anta design with a third column in the center in front of the doorway. One step spanning the width of the facade led to the pronaos. The columns were very simple, rectangular (as opposed to cylindrical) blocks with very thin [pb_glossary id=\"1156\"]bases[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1154\"]capitals[\/pb_glossary]. Unlike Minoan columns, the shafts of the columns of Temple A did not taper; rather, their width remained constant for the entire length.\r\n\r\nOn the [pb_glossary id=\"1152\"]entablature[\/pb_glossary], the [pb_glossary id=\"1018\"]frieze[\/pb_glossary] of the facade consisted of a series of reliefs depicting a procession of riders on horseback with little variation. The scale of the horses dwarfs that of their riders. Each horse stands in profile, while each rider faces the viewer with his sword raised and his shield seemingly connecting his head to his legs.\r\n\r\nAlthough their shields cover most of their bodies, the seemingly bare state of their legs implies that the riders might be nude, as was typical for the male body in art. Each rider has a stylized nose, eyes, and eyebrows and wears a helmet. Like free-standing sculptures of the time, the hairstyle of the riders is plaited in a somewhat Egyptian style.\r\n\r\nA meander runs atop the reliefs. The current cracked condition of the frieze is a likely indicator that it was assembled in a piecemeal fashion, as opposed to being carved as a singular entablature. Atop the entablature sat sculptures of two winged female creatures resembling the sphinx or the lamassu of the ancient Assyrian and Babylonian cultures.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33800\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption \">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"658\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/ctnwrxeqtsi1r9tptahc.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"Photograph of a portico frieze. It features a relief with a repeating pattern of a figure riding a horse.\" width=\"658\" height=\"187\" \/> <em><strong>Temple A portico frieze:<\/strong> Made of marble and originally from Prinias, Crete, c. 650\u2013600 BCE.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nBehind the facade of Temple A sat a doorway with an intricately designed lintel. Its frieze consisted of six stylized panthers standing in high relief. This motif is typical of northern Syria. Unlike the horses on the fa\u00e7ade frieze, each group of three panthers face each other with their heads turned toward the viewer. Between each group sits a plain rectangular recess, probably to mark the location of the central column that supported the lintel. Atop the frieze sits two stylized female sculptures in the round who face each other. One figure places her hands flatly on her lap, while the other holds her hands in a position to accommodate a cup or similar object. It is believed that these figures represent goddesses, although the identities of those goddesses remain disputed. Each sits in profile on a plain backless bench. The face of each figure has almond-shaped eyes and stylized eyebrows similar to those on Egyptian sculptures. Their hair is plaited and falls to either side of their shoulders.\r\n\r\nLike the free-standing sculptures of the Orientalizing period, each figure on the [pb_glossary id=\"1040\"]lintel[\/pb_glossary] of Temple A wears Egyptian-style headgear with geometric patterns and cloaks atop their geometrically patterned dresses, which are cinched at the waist. While their feet protrude from beneath their long skirts, the blocks that define the lower parts of their bodies provide no acknowledgement of the body beneath the clothing.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33802\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption \">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"585\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/tqbxrss5q3ijxntr9kgi.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"Photo of a marble lintel with a seated woman (possibly a goddess or royalty) on either side. The horizontal support across the bottom features a repeating pattern of a sphinx or other similar animal.\" width=\"585\" height=\"390\" \/> <em><strong>Lintel from Temple A:<\/strong> Made of marble and originally from Prinias, Crete, c. 650\u2013600 BCE<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Summary<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The Orientalizing period lasted from 700 to 600 BCE in Greece.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>During this time, trade with foreign cultures from Asia Minor, Egypt, and the Ancient Near East allowed for new artistic conventions to influence and be incorporated into Greek art.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Corinthians developed the technique of black-figure painting. Corinthian black-figure vases in the Orientalizing period are distinguishable by the inclusion of exotic and mythical animals. This style quickly spread throughout Greece, and artists later developed uniquely Greek images.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Proto-Attic pottery refers to vases produced in Athens and the surrounding areas. This style is distinguished by the use of orange clay, the presence of simple human forms, and the first depictions of mythological scenes in vase painting.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sculpture during this time was influenced by Egyptian and Near Eastern artistic conventions. Rigid, plank-like bodies, as well as its reliance on patterns to depict texture, characterized Greek sculpture in the Orientalizing period.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Daedalic style, named for the mythical inventor Daedalus, refers to the use of patterning and geometric shapes (reminiscent of the Geometric period ) during the seventh century BCE.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The differences between the Lady of Auxerre and the Mantiklos Apollo demonstrate the early establishment of traditional social expectations of the sexes in ancient Greek culture.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The earliest stone temples in ancient Greece derive their structure from Minoan and Mycenaean designs.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Temple A at Prinias, Crete is the earliest known Greek temple decorated with sculpture. It consisted of a single chamber and a portico with three simple columns.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The remains of friezes from Temple A share stylistic attributes with Egyptian, Near Eastern, and contemporaneous free-standing Greek Orientalizing sculptures.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAdapted from <strong>\"Boundless Art History\"<\/strong> https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-arthistory\/chapter\/the-orientalizing-period\/<strong> License:<\/strong> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"nav-container\">\n<nav role=\"navigation\">\n<div class=\"book-title-wrapper\">\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">During the Orientalizing period, Greek art evolved to feature a blend of Near Eastern and Egyptian stylistic conventions.<\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">By the end of this module you will be able to:<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Identify and discuss the form, content, and context of key works of the Orientalizing Period<\/li>\n<li>Define critical terms related to the Orientalizing Period<\/li>\n<li>Describe Greek vase painting and sculpture during this period<\/li>\n<li>Identify some of the outside influences on Greek temples<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<div id=\"wrap\">\n<div id=\"content\" role=\"main\">\n<div id=\"post-1618\" class=\"standard post-1618 chapter type-chapter status-publish hentry\">\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\n<h3>The Orientalizing Period<\/h3>\n<p>The Orientalizing Period followed the Geometric period and lasted for about a century, from 700 to 600 BCE. This period was distinguished by international influences\u2014from the Ancient Near East, Egypt, and Asia Minor\u2014each of which contributed a distinctive Eastern style to Greek art. The close contact between cultures developed from increasing trade and even colonization. Motifs, creatures, and styles were borrowed from other cultures by the Greeks, who transformed them into a unique Greek\u2013Eastern mix of style and motifs.<\/p>\n<h3>Corinthian Pottery<\/h3>\n<p>During the Orientalizing period in Corinth, human figures were rarely seen on vases. Animals such as lions, griffins, sphinxes, and sirens were depicted instead. Palmettes and lotus blossoms were used instead of geometric patterns to fill empty space, although on some vessels negative space became more prominent. This oriental <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1342_1148\">black-figure style<\/a> originated in the city of Corinth, spread to Athens, and was exported throughout Greece.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 444px\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/11858\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1849\/2017\/05\/31155531\/aatliche-antikensammlungen.jpeg\" alt=\"Color photograph of a jug with rows of black figures depicting animals, such as birds and horses.\" width=\"444\" height=\"722\" \/><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Corinthian black-figure jug<\/strong>: Corinthian black-figure jug with animal frieze, circa 580 BCE.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Black-Figure Painting<\/h3>\n<p>The Corinthians developed the technique of black-figure painting during this period. Black-figure pottery was carefully constructed and fired three different times to produce the unique red and black colours on each vase. The black colour came from a slip painted onto the vessel, after which incised lines were drawn on to outline and detail the figures. Additionally, red and white pigments could be added for more colour or to differentiate details. The unpainted portions of the vase would remain the original red-orange colour of the pot. The full effect of this style of painting would not have been seen until after the vase emerged from its firings in the kiln. As the style spread, the subject matter changed from strictly Near Eastern animals to scenes from Greek mythology and everyday life.<\/p>\n<h3>Proto-Attic Pottery<\/h3>\n<p>Pottery produced during the Orientalizing period across the Isthmus of Corinth in Athens is known as Proto-Attic. In this region, floral and animal motifs are common, but the human figure appears in the work of the most prominent painters such as the Analatos Painter, the Mesogeia Painter, and the Polyphemos Painter. The Proto-Attic style marked the first depictions of discernibly Greek religious and mythological themes in vase painting. The bodies of men and animals were depicted in silhouette, though their heads were drawn in outline. Women were drawn completely in outline. Proto-Attic vases are usually distinguished by their orange clay, which is available in the Athens area.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33709\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption\">\n<figure style=\"width: 526px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/m9mfpc9tsiwkohpar7ls.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"This is a closeup photograph of a work by Polyphemos Painter, It shows The Blinding of Polyphemos, a story from Greek mythology in which Odysseus rams a stick into the eye of a Cyclops.\" width=\"526\" height=\"494\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>The Polyphemos Painter, The Blinding of Polyphemos, c. 600 BCE:<\/strong> This detail from a Proto-Attic amphora shows the outline and silhouette-based forms in which the human body was depicted at the time, as well as the orange clay available to Attic ceramicists.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\n<h2>Sculpture in the Greek Orientalizing Period<\/h2>\n<p>Sculpture produced during the Orientalizing period shares stylistic attributes with sculpture produced in Egypt and the Near East. The Orientalizing Period lasted for about a century, from 700 to 600 BCE. This period was distinguished by international influences, from the Ancient Near East, Egypt, and Asia Minor, each of which contributed a distinctive Eastern style to Greek art. The close contact between cultures developed from increasing trade and even colonization. Styles were borrowed from other cultures by the Greeks who transformed them into a unique Greek-Eastern mix of style and motifs. Male and female sculptures produced during this time share interesting similarities, but also bear differences that inform the viewer about society\u2019s expectations of men and women.<\/p>\n<h3>The Lady of Auxerre<\/h3>\n<p>A small limestone statue of a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1342_1150\">kore<\/a> (maiden), known as the Lady of Auxerre (650\u2013625 BCE), from Crete demonstrates the style of early Greek figural sculptures. This style is known as Daedalic sculpture, named for the mythical creator of King Minos\u2019s labyrinth, Daedalus. The style combines Ancient Near Eastern and Egyptian motifs.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 411px\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33710\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/f0aiyvctsgm0veofkrkw.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"This is a color photo of The Lady of Auxerre, a limestone statue depicting a woman. Her hair is stylized and she wears a long, narrow dress cinched in at the waist, her feet stick out from under its hem. Part of the statue's face has crumbled.\" width=\"411\" height=\"1028\" \/><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>The Lady of Auxerre, circa 650\u2013625 BCE<\/strong>: This small limestone statue is possibly from Crete.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The Lady of Auxerre is stocky and plank-like. Her waist is narrow and cinched, like the waists seen in Minoan art. She is disproportionate, with long rigid legs and a short torso. A dress encompasses nearly her entire body\u2014it tethers her legs together and restricts her potential for movement. The rigidity of the body recalls pharaonic portraiture from Ancient Egypt. Her head is distinguished with large facial features, a low brow, and stylized hair. The hair appears to be braided, and falls down in rigid rows divided by horizontal bands. This style recalls a Near Eastern use of patterns to depict texture and decoration.<\/p>\n<p>Her face and hair are reminiscent of the Geometric period. The face forms an inverted triangle wedged between the triangles formed by the hair that frames her face. Traces of paint tell us that this statue would have originally be painted with black hair and a dress of red and blue with a yellow belt.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 302px\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33711\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/xx6asqrassvixw8h2yp3.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"This is a color photo of reconstruction of Lady of Auxerre. The statue's hair, face, and dress have been painted. Her hair is dark brown, her lips are bright red, and the dress is decorated with a square geometric pattern.\" width=\"302\" height=\"835\" \/><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Lady of Auxerre reconstruction<\/strong>: A reconstruction of the original Orientalizing sculpture. Cambridge University.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>The Mantiklos Apollo<\/h3>\n<p>There are no inscriptions on sculpture before the appearance of the bronze Mantiklos Apollo (early seventh century BCE) found in Thebes. The figure, named for the individual who left it as an offering, is that of a standing man with a rigid and somewhat Daedalic form. His legs bear the inscription, \u201cMantiklos offered me as a tithe to Apollo of the silver bow; do you, Phoibos [Apollo], give some pleasing favour in return.\u201d The inscription is a declaration of the statuette to Apollo, followed by a request for favours in return.<\/p>\n<p>Apart from the novelty of recording its own purpose, this sculpture adapts the formulae of later Orientalized sculptures, as seen in the shorter more triangular face and slightly advancing left leg. This is sometimes seen as anticipating the greater expressive freedom of the later seventh century BCE. As such, the Mantiklos figure is referred to in some quarters as proto-Daedalic.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33795\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption\">\n<figure style=\"width: 384px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/0h3bol8drtey799vfacl.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"Two photos, a front view and a profile, of the Mantiklos Apollo statue. Mantiklos Apollo is depicted as a nude male with prominent thighs and a chest and shoulders that are much wider than his waist.\" width=\"384\" height=\"587\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Mantiklos Apollo:<\/strong> Bronze Early 7th century BCE. Thebes. The side view shows the separation of the figure\u2019s arm from his chest and his slightly advancing left leg.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Similarities of the Statues<\/h3>\n<p>Despite the separation of several decades and over 200 miles, the Mantiklos Apollo and the Lady of Auxerre share interesting similarities, including their long plaited hair, cinched waist, stylized smile, and hand raised to the chest \u2014 all of which recall ancient Egyptian sculpture. Although the right arm of the Mantiklos Apollo is missing, the position of its shoulder implies a possible position similar to that of the left arm of the Lady of Auxerre, straight at its side.<\/p>\n<p>However, we can already see striking differences that will remain the standard in Greek art for centuries. The male body, as a public entity entitled to citizenship, is depicted nude and free to move. This freedom of movement is seen not only in the legs of the Apollo figure but also in the separation of his hand from his chest. On the other hand, the female body, as a private entity without individual rights, is clothed and denied movement. While the Mantiklos Apollo holds his hand parallel to his chest, the Lady of Auxerre places her hand directly on her chest, maintaining the closed-form expected of a respectable woman.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"boundless-concept\">\n<h2>Temple Architecture in the Greek Orientalizing Period<\/h2>\n<p>The temples of the Greek Orientalizing period had simple plans and sculptures that were influenced by styles from Egypt and the Near East. The basic principles for the development of Greek temple architecture have their roots between the tenth and seventh centuries BCE. In its simplest form as a naos or <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1342_1158\">cella<\/a>, the temple was a simple rectangular shrine with protruding side walls (antae) that formed a small porch. By adding columns to this small basic structure, the Greeks triggered the development and variety of their temple architecture.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33799\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption\">\n<figure style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1849\/2017\/05\/31155534\/jkpk4jgss2rin4ihyowd.png\" alt=\"This is a schematic plan of an anta temple.\" width=\"225\" height=\"412\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Anta schematic:<\/strong> Early anta-planned temples consisted of a portico (pronaos) and an inner chamber (naos\/cella) atop a simple platform. Two columns marked the entrance to the inner chamber.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The building of stone temples first began during the Orientalizing period. Earlier temples were made from wood and other perishable materials and used terra cotta revetments in the form of rectangular and circular panels. With the introduction of stone as a building material, revetments became unnecessary and were replaced by sculptural ornamentation.<\/p>\n<p>These temples derive their structure from Minoan and Mycenaean architectural designs. Minoan shrines, as seen at Knossos, were tripartite shrines fronted by three columns, while the plan of the Mycenaean king\u2019s chamber (or megaron) was appropriated for use by the gods.<\/p>\n<p>Oriental Greek stone temples were fronted by three columns and one entrance which lead into a single room chamber (cella), where the cult statue would be placed. The temple cella was reserved for the cult statue, while cult rituals (often sacrifices) took place outside in front of the temple and usually around an altar.<\/p>\n<h3>Temple A at Prinias<\/h3>\n<p>Temple A at Prinias (c. 650\u2013600 BCE) on the island of Crete is the oldest known Greek temple decorated with sculpture. Its plan was similar to the anta design with a third column in the center in front of the doorway. One step spanning the width of the facade led to the pronaos. The columns were very simple, rectangular (as opposed to cylindrical) blocks with very thin <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1342_1156\">bases<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1342_1154\">capitals<\/a>. Unlike Minoan columns, the shafts of the columns of Temple A did not taper; rather, their width remained constant for the entire length.<\/p>\n<p>On the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1342_1152\">entablature<\/a>, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1342_1018\">frieze<\/a> of the facade consisted of a series of reliefs depicting a procession of riders on horseback with little variation. The scale of the horses dwarfs that of their riders. Each horse stands in profile, while each rider faces the viewer with his sword raised and his shield seemingly connecting his head to his legs.<\/p>\n<p>Although their shields cover most of their bodies, the seemingly bare state of their legs implies that the riders might be nude, as was typical for the male body in art. Each rider has a stylized nose, eyes, and eyebrows and wears a helmet. Like free-standing sculptures of the time, the hairstyle of the riders is plaited in a somewhat Egyptian style.<\/p>\n<p>A meander runs atop the reliefs. The current cracked condition of the frieze is a likely indicator that it was assembled in a piecemeal fashion, as opposed to being carved as a singular entablature. Atop the entablature sat sculptures of two winged female creatures resembling the sphinx or the lamassu of the ancient Assyrian and Babylonian cultures.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33800\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption\">\n<figure style=\"width: 658px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/ctnwrxeqtsi1r9tptahc.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"Photograph of a portico frieze. It features a relief with a repeating pattern of a figure riding a horse.\" width=\"658\" height=\"187\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Temple A portico frieze:<\/strong> Made of marble and originally from Prinias, Crete, c. 650\u2013600 BCE.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Behind the facade of Temple A sat a doorway with an intricately designed lintel. Its frieze consisted of six stylized panthers standing in high relief. This motif is typical of northern Syria. Unlike the horses on the fa\u00e7ade frieze, each group of three panthers face each other with their heads turned toward the viewer. Between each group sits a plain rectangular recess, probably to mark the location of the central column that supported the lintel. Atop the frieze sits two stylized female sculptures in the round who face each other. One figure places her hands flatly on her lap, while the other holds her hands in a position to accommodate a cup or similar object. It is believed that these figures represent goddesses, although the identities of those goddesses remain disputed. Each sits in profile on a plain backless bench. The face of each figure has almond-shaped eyes and stylized eyebrows similar to those on Egyptian sculptures. Their hair is plaited and falls to either side of their shoulders.<\/p>\n<p>Like the free-standing sculptures of the Orientalizing period, each figure on the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_1342_1040\">lintel<\/a> of Temple A wears Egyptian-style headgear with geometric patterns and cloaks atop their geometrically patterned dresses, which are cinched at the waist. While their feet protrude from beneath their long skirts, the blocks that define the lower parts of their bodies provide no acknowledgement of the body beneath the clothing.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33802\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption\">\n<figure style=\"width: 585px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/tqbxrss5q3ijxntr9kgi.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"Photo of a marble lintel with a seated woman (possibly a goddess or royalty) on either side. The horizontal support across the bottom features a repeating pattern of a sphinx or other similar animal.\" width=\"585\" height=\"390\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Lintel from Temple A:<\/strong> Made of marble and originally from Prinias, Crete, c. 650\u2013600 BCE<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Summary<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>The Orientalizing period lasted from 700 to 600 BCE in Greece.<\/li>\n<li>During this time, trade with foreign cultures from Asia Minor, Egypt, and the Ancient Near East allowed for new artistic conventions to influence and be incorporated into Greek art.<\/li>\n<li>The Corinthians developed the technique of black-figure painting. Corinthian black-figure vases in the Orientalizing period are distinguishable by the inclusion of exotic and mythical animals. This style quickly spread throughout Greece, and artists later developed uniquely Greek images.<\/li>\n<li>Proto-Attic pottery refers to vases produced in Athens and the surrounding areas. This style is distinguished by the use of orange clay, the presence of simple human forms, and the first depictions of mythological scenes in vase painting.<\/li>\n<li>Sculpture during this time was influenced by Egyptian and Near Eastern artistic conventions. Rigid, plank-like bodies, as well as its reliance on patterns to depict texture, characterized Greek sculpture in the Orientalizing period.<\/li>\n<li>The Daedalic style, named for the mythical inventor Daedalus, refers to the use of patterning and geometric shapes (reminiscent of the Geometric period ) during the seventh century BCE.<\/li>\n<li>The differences between the Lady of Auxerre and the Mantiklos Apollo demonstrate the early establishment of traditional social expectations of the sexes in ancient Greek culture.<\/li>\n<li>The earliest stone temples in ancient Greece derive their structure from Minoan and Mycenaean designs.<\/li>\n<li>Temple A at Prinias, Crete is the earliest known Greek temple decorated with sculpture. It consisted of a single chamber and a portico with three simple columns.<\/li>\n<li>The remains of friezes from Temple A share stylistic attributes with Egyptian, Near Eastern, and contemporaneous free-standing Greek Orientalizing sculptures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Adapted from <strong>&#8220;Boundless Art History&#8221;<\/strong> https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-arthistory\/chapter\/the-orientalizing-period\/<strong> License:<\/strong> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_1342_1148\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1342_1148\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A style of antique Greek vase painting where the figures are painted onto the pot with a slip that, when fired, turns black. The outlines and details of the figures are incised before firing. Additional red and white pigments may also be added to the pot.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1342_1150\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1342_1150\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A sculpture of a young woman from pre-Classical Greece.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1342_1158\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1342_1158\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Also known as a naos, the central chamber of a temple, usually where the cult statue was housed.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1342_1156\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1342_1156\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The bottommost part of a column.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1342_1154\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1342_1154\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The topmost part of a column.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1342_1152\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1342_1152\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The lintel area of a temple portico.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1342_1018\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1342_1018\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Any sculptured or richly ornamented band on a building.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_1342_1040\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_1342_1040\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A structural horizontal block that spans the space or opening between two vertical supports.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":961,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1342","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":758,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1342","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/961"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1342\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2201,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1342\/revisions\/2201"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/758"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1342\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1342"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1342"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1342"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1342"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}