{"id":1475,"date":"2020-10-13T15:28:19","date_gmt":"2020-10-13T19:28:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1475"},"modified":"2021-03-04T14:10:18","modified_gmt":"2021-03-04T19:10:18","slug":"islamic-artchitecture","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/chapter\/islamic-artchitecture\/","title":{"raw":"Islamic Architecture","rendered":"Islamic Architecture"},"content":{"raw":"Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles. The principal Islamic architectural example is the mosque. A specifically recognizable Islamic architectural style emerged soon after Muhammad\u2019s time that incorporated Roman building traditions with the addition of localized adaptations of the former Sassanid and Byzantine models.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">By the end of this module you will be able to:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the form, content, and context of key works of Islamic architecture<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define critical terms related to Islamic architecture<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the religious influences on Islamic architecture<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the development of mosques, and their different features during different periods and dynasties<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Early Mosques<\/h2>\r\nThe Islamic mosque has historically been both a place of prayer and a community meeting space. The early mosques are believed to be inspired by Muhammad\u2019s home in Medina, which was the first mosque.\r\n\r\nThe Great Mosque of Kairouan (in Tunisia) is one of the best-preserved and most significant examples of early great mosques. Founded in 670, it contains all of the architectural features that distinguish early mosques: a minaret, a large courtyard surrounded by porticos, and a hypostyle prayer hall.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/11560\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"614\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1849\/2017\/05\/31160352\/tunisie-kairouan-04.jpeg\" alt=\"This is a current-day photo of the dome of the mihrab (ninth century) in the Great Mosque of Kairouan.\" width=\"614\" height=\"924\" \/> <em><strong>Dome of the mihrab (9th century) in the Great Mosque of Kairouan, also known as the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia:<\/strong> This mosque is still considered to be the ancestor of all the mosques in the western Islamic world.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Ottoman Mosques<\/h3>\r\nOttoman mosques and other architecture first emerged in the cities of Bursa and Edirne in the 14th\u00a0and 15th\u00a0centuries, developing from earlier Seljuk Turk architecture, with additional influences from Byzantine, Persian, and Islamic Mamluk traditions.\r\n\r\nSultan Mehmed II would later fuse European traditions in his rebuilding programs at Istanbul in the 19th century. Byzantine styles\u00a0as seen in the Hagia Sophia served as particularly important models for Ottoman mosques, such as the mosque constructed by Sinan.\r\n\r\nConstruction reached its peak in the 16th century when Ottoman architects mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces surmounted by seemingly weightless yet incredibly massive domes and achieved perfect harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as articulated light and shadow.\r\n\r\nThey incorporated vaults, domes, square dome plans, slender corner minarets, and columns into their mosques, which became sanctuaries of transcendently aesthetic and technical balance, as may be observed in the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33265\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"550\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/c56qzrocqisxwsf55guh.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"This is a photo of the Blue Mosque. In the center is a large dome, beneath are several smaller domes. All together, they form a triangular or pyramid shape. There are three slender minarets on either side of the domes.\" width=\"550\" height=\"390\" \/> <em><strong>The Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey:<\/strong> The Blue Mosque represents the culmination of Ottoman construction with its numerous domes, slender minarets and overall harmony.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nArchitecture flourished in the Safavid Dynasty, attaining a high point with the building program of Shah Abbas in Isfahan, which included numerous gardens, palaces (such as Ali Qapu), an immense bazaar, and a large imperial mosque. Isfahan, the capital of both the Seljuk and Safavid dynasties, bears the most prominent samples of the Safavid architecture, such as the Imperial Mosque, which was constructed in the years after Shah Abbas I permanently moved the capital there in 1598.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33266\">\r\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"546\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/ovvennxgri42xuvcnmb8.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"This photo shows the Imperial Mosque, Isfahan, Iran. It is panorama that displays the architecture, including a large blue-domed mosque.\" width=\"546\" height=\"364\" \/> <em><strong>Imperial Mosque, Isfahan, Iran:<\/strong> Isfahan, the capital\u00a0of both the Seljuk\u00a0and Safavid dynasties, bears the most prominent samples of the Safavid architecture.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Summary<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>A specifically recognizable Islamic architectural style emerged soon after Muhammad\u2019s time that incorporated Roman building traditions with the addition of localized adaptations of the former Sassanid and Byzantine models.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Islamic mosque has historically been both a place of prayer and a community meeting space. The early mosques are believed to be inspired by Muhammad\u2019s home in Medina, which was the first mosque.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAdapted from\u00a0<strong>\"Boundless Art History\" <\/strong>https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-arthistory\/chapter\/introduction-to-islamic-art\/\u00a0<strong>License:<span style=\"color: #993300\"> <em><a style=\"color: #993300\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p>Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles. The principal Islamic architectural example is the mosque. A specifically recognizable Islamic architectural style emerged soon after Muhammad\u2019s time that incorporated Roman building traditions with the addition of localized adaptations of the former Sassanid and Byzantine models.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">By the end of this module you will be able to:<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the form, content, and context of key works of Islamic architecture<\/li>\n<li>Define critical terms related to Islamic architecture<\/li>\n<li>Identify the religious influences on Islamic architecture<\/li>\n<li>Describe the development of mosques, and their different features during different periods and dynasties<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Early Mosques<\/h2>\n<p>The Islamic mosque has historically been both a place of prayer and a community meeting space. The early mosques are believed to be inspired by Muhammad\u2019s home in Medina, which was the first mosque.<\/p>\n<p>The Great Mosque of Kairouan (in Tunisia) is one of the best-preserved and most significant examples of early great mosques. Founded in 670, it contains all of the architectural features that distinguish early mosques: a minaret, a large courtyard surrounded by porticos, and a hypostyle prayer hall.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/11560\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<figure style=\"width: 614px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1849\/2017\/05\/31160352\/tunisie-kairouan-04.jpeg\" alt=\"This is a current-day photo of the dome of the mihrab (ninth century) in the Great Mosque of Kairouan.\" width=\"614\" height=\"924\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Dome of the mihrab (9th century) in the Great Mosque of Kairouan, also known as the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia:<\/strong> This mosque is still considered to be the ancestor of all the mosques in the western Islamic world.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Ottoman Mosques<\/h3>\n<p>Ottoman mosques and other architecture first emerged in the cities of Bursa and Edirne in the 14th\u00a0and 15th\u00a0centuries, developing from earlier Seljuk Turk architecture, with additional influences from Byzantine, Persian, and Islamic Mamluk traditions.<\/p>\n<p>Sultan Mehmed II would later fuse European traditions in his rebuilding programs at Istanbul in the 19th century. Byzantine styles\u00a0as seen in the Hagia Sophia served as particularly important models for Ottoman mosques, such as the mosque constructed by Sinan.<\/p>\n<p>Construction reached its peak in the 16th century when Ottoman architects mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces surmounted by seemingly weightless yet incredibly massive domes and achieved perfect harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as articulated light and shadow.<\/p>\n<p>They incorporated vaults, domes, square dome plans, slender corner minarets, and columns into their mosques, which became sanctuaries of transcendently aesthetic and technical balance, as may be observed in the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33265\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<figure style=\"width: 550px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/c56qzrocqisxwsf55guh.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"This is a photo of the Blue Mosque. In the center is a large dome, beneath are several smaller domes. All together, they form a triangular or pyramid shape. There are three slender minarets on either side of the domes.\" width=\"550\" height=\"390\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>The Blue Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey:<\/strong> The Blue Mosque represents the culmination of Ottoman construction with its numerous domes, slender minarets and overall harmony.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Architecture flourished in the Safavid Dynasty, attaining a high point with the building program of Shah Abbas in Isfahan, which included numerous gardens, palaces (such as Ali Qapu), an immense bazaar, and a large imperial mosque. Isfahan, the capital of both the Seljuk and Safavid dynasties, bears the most prominent samples of the Safavid architecture, such as the Imperial Mosque, which was constructed in the years after Shah Abbas I permanently moved the capital there in 1598.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" data-global-id=\"gid:\/\/boundless\/Image\/33266\">\n<div class=\"figure-cont\">\n<figure style=\"width: 546px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/boundless-art-history\/ovvennxgri42xuvcnmb8.jpe#fixme\" alt=\"This photo shows the Imperial Mosque, Isfahan, Iran. It is panorama that displays the architecture, including a large blue-domed mosque.\" width=\"546\" height=\"364\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><strong>Imperial Mosque, Isfahan, Iran:<\/strong> Isfahan, the capital\u00a0of both the Seljuk\u00a0and Safavid dynasties, bears the most prominent samples of the Safavid architecture.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Summary<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>A specifically recognizable Islamic architectural style emerged soon after Muhammad\u2019s time that incorporated Roman building traditions with the addition of localized adaptations of the former Sassanid and Byzantine models.<\/li>\n<li>The Islamic mosque has historically been both a place of prayer and a community meeting space. The early mosques are believed to be inspired by Muhammad\u2019s home in Medina, which was the first mosque.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Adapted from\u00a0<strong>&#8220;Boundless Art History&#8221; <\/strong>https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-arthistory\/chapter\/introduction-to-islamic-art\/\u00a0<strong>License:<span style=\"color: #993300\"> <em><a style=\"color: #993300\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":961,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1475","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":792,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1475","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/961"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1475\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2278,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1475\/revisions\/2278"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/792"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1475\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1475"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1475"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1475"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/cavestocathedrals\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1475"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}