{"id":2730,"date":"2020-08-13T19:03:01","date_gmt":"2020-08-13T23:03:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/?post_type=back-matter&p=2730"},"modified":"2020-08-14T17:11:55","modified_gmt":"2020-08-14T21:11:55","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/back-matter\/glossary\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary","rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"raw":"

Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<\/colgroup>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Term<\/strong><\/td>\r\nDefinition<\/strong><\/td>\r\nSection<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\"and\" gate<\/td>\r\nThe event only happens when all of the input events occur. When we compute the frequency of the event, we multiply the frequencies of all input events. Because all frequencies are smaller than 1, the resulting frequency will be smaller than any of the input frequencies.<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\"or\" gate<\/td>\r\nThe event happens when any of the input events occur. When we compute the frequency of the event, we add the frequencies of all input events. The resulting frequency will be larger than any of the input event frequencies.<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Abiotic depletion potential (ADP)<\/td>\r\nConsumption of nonliving resources, such as fossil fuels, minerals, clay, and peat<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Absolute pressure<\/td>\r\nThe absolute pressure is the actual pressure at the point of interest. The absolute pressure is 0 in a vacuum and cannot be negative.<\/td>\r\nPressure Definition; Absolute & Gauge Pressure<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Absolute temperature<\/td>\r\nAbsolute temperature is temperature measured with reference to the absolute zero.<\/td>\r\nTemperature<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Accident<\/td>\r\nThe occurrence of a sequence of events that produce unintended injury, death or property damage<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Acidification potential (AP)<\/td>\r\nThe precursor compounds of acid rain.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Activation energy<\/td>\r\nThe activation energy (Ea) represents the energy needed for the reactants to collide and get to a state such that their bonds can rearrange to form the products.<\/td>\r\nArrhenius Equation<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Amgat's Law<\/td>\r\nAmgat\u2019s is analogous to Dalton\u2019s law but is applied to the volume of the gas. The partial volume that each gas occupies will add up to the total system volume.<\/td>\r\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Antoine equation<\/td>\r\nlog10(p\u2217)=A\u2212B\/(T+C), Used to estimate the vapour pressure of a substance at a certain temperature<\/td>\r\nEstimating Vapour Pressure<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Arrhenius equation<\/td>\r\nThe Arrhenius Equation describes the relationship between the reaction rate and temperature.<\/td>\r\nArrhenius Equation<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Basic design package<\/td>\r\nThis document is provided to clients by engineers and may consist of the following: process definition, process control strategy, equipment design, selection and sizing, plant layout, safety review, environment assessment, economic analysis.<\/td>\r\nProject Scoping<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Basic engineering<\/td>\r\nThe scale of the plant, the draft of the process flow diagram (PFD, we will introduce this later in the course), cost estimation, preliminary schedule, etc.<\/td>\r\nProject Scoping<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Basic event<\/td>\r\nA basic initiating fault (component failure)<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Bimolecular reaction<\/td>\r\nTwo molecules collide, interact, and undergo some kind of change. It can be two of the same or different molecules.<\/td>\r\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Binary mixture<\/td>\r\nA combination of two substances is called a binary mixture.<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Block flow diagram (BFD)<\/td>\r\nFlowsheets that break down chemical and biological processes (or any other process) into units representing equipment (unit operations).<\/td>\r\nBlock Flow Diagrams<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Boundary<\/td>\r\nThe boundary is what separates the system from the surroundings.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Boundary conditions<\/td>\r\nBoundary conditions are solutions to specific ordinary differential equations at specified conditions.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Bubble point<\/td>\r\nThe point (pressure or temperature) at which the first bubble (gas) in a multicomponent system appears.<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Capillary connection<\/td>\r\nA fluid flow control connection.<\/td>\r\nPiping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Capital costs (CC)<\/td>\r\nCost of designing and construction of the plant.<\/td>\r\nBasic Economic Analysis<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Catalysts<\/td>\r\nCatalysts speed up the reactions usually by decreasing the activation energy. Sometimes catalysts can affect frequency factors as well, but the effect of frequency factor is minor in comparison to the decrease of activation energy.<\/td>\r\nArrhenius Equation<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Checklist analysis<\/td>\r\nUsing a checklist to suggest common safety issues to assess. It can be combined with what-if technique to enhance that technique.<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Chemical engineering plant cost index<\/td>\r\nA common type of cost index that is used to estimate the overall plant cost (including installation, piping, etc.) over time.<\/td>\r\nPurchased Equipment (PE) Cost<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Closed systems<\/td>\r\nEnergy, but no mass transfer between system and surroundings<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Consecutive elementary reactions<\/td>\r\nA set of reactions that proceed through the formation of one or more intermediate(s).<\/td>\r\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Consumption<\/td>\r\nMass and\/or energy that is consumed in the system.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)<\/td>\r\nCSTRs are reactors with continuous feed and exit streams and some kind of mixer.<\/td>\r\nSeparable Differential Equations<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Controlled variable<\/td>\r\nThe output process variable we compare to the set-point.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Cost of manufacturing (COM)<\/td>\r\nThe total cost associated with making the product. Divided into direct manufacturing costs, fixed manufacturing costs, and general expenses.<\/td>\r\nCosts of Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Cost of operating labour<\/td>\r\nThe total cost of paying the salary of the operators.<\/td>\r\nCost of Operating Labour<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Cradle-to-gate<\/td>\r\nThe scope of life cycle assessment that includes all aspects of a product from raw material extraction to production, but does not include the product's use or disposal.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Cradle-to-grave<\/td>\r\nThe scope of life cycle assessment that includes all aspects of a product, starting from raw material extraction to the product's end of life (use and disposal).<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Critical point<\/td>\r\nIn a phase diagram, we can observe that the boiling point curve (the line that distinguishes liquid and vapour phases) ends at a point, which is called a critical point.<\/td>\r\nPhase Diagram<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Dalton's Law<\/td>\r\nThe total pressure is the sum of partial pressures of the component gases, assuming ideal gas behavior and no chemical reactions between the components.<\/td>\r\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Degrees of freedom<\/td>\r\nThe number of intensive variables that needs to be specified.<\/td>\r\nGibb\u2019s Phase Rule<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Depreciation<\/td>\r\nThe expenses required to build a plant that are written off over time. Calculated based on the purchase value of equipment minus the salvage value and evaluated over a number of years specified.<\/td>\r\nCosts of Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Design basis memorandum (DBM)<\/td>\r\nThis document contains key information and data related to the project deliverables.<\/td>\r\nProject Scoping<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Dew point<\/td>\r\nThe point (pressure or temperature) at which the first dewdrop (liquid) in a multicomponent system appears.<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Differential pressure cell<\/td>\r\nA differential pressure cell measures the deflection of the membrane and correlates it to change in pressure.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Direct costs in FCI<\/td>\r\nCosts related to tangible things or products such as process equipment.<\/td>\r\nPlant Capital Cost<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Direct manufacturing costs<\/td>\r\nFactors that vary directly with the rate of production. e.g. raw materials, plant operators<\/td>\r\nCosts of Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Disturbance variable<\/td>\r\nA variable that we have no control over in the process but affects the material or heat flow of the process.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ecological toxicity potential (EcoTP)<\/td>\r\nThe potential of biological, chemical or physical toxicity to ecosystems<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Electrical connection<\/td>\r\nAn electrical currents control connection.<\/td>\r\nPiping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Electrical temperature measure<\/td>\r\nThermocouples or resistance temperature devices measure changes in electrical properties and correlate them to temperature. Electrical temperature measurements are the most commonly used in plants as switching combination of metals can adapt to a wide range of temperatures.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Elementary reactions<\/td>\r\nThe stepwise changes are collectively called the reaction mechanism. Each step of the reaction is called an elementary reaction. The sum of the elementary reactions in the mechanism must give the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction.<\/td>\r\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Elimination<\/td>\r\nRemove the need for harmful materials or choosing other process pathways to eliminate the production of harmful products.<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
End-of-life (EOL)<\/td>\r\nThe EOL bar may be negative in life cycle assessment to signify recovery of the material at the end of the product's life, which reduced the life-cycle impact.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Endothermic<\/td>\r\nIf more energy is absorbed in breaking bonds than released in forming bonds, then the reaction is endothermic.<\/td>\r\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Endothermic control loop<\/td>\r\nA temperature control loop for a system that is absorbing thermal energy.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Environmental fate<\/td>\r\nWhere substances will go when released into the environment.<\/td>\r\nEnvironmental Fate of Contaminants<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Equilibrium constants<\/td>\r\nThe product of the activities of compounds at equilibrium raised to the stoichiometric coefficient.<\/td>\r\nReaction Rate Law<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Eutrophication potential (EP)<\/td>\r\nThe leak of nutrition sources into aquatic systems<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Exothermic<\/td>\r\nIf more energy is released in forming bonds than absorbed in breaking bonds, then the reaction is exothermic<\/td>\r\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Expansion-based temperature measure<\/td>\r\nExpansion-based thermometers measure fluid expansion and correlate it to temperature.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Extensive variables<\/td>\r\nVariables that depend on the size of a system.<\/td>\r\nIntensive & Extensive Variables<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Extent of hazards<\/td>\r\nThe strength or magnitude of the hazard (e.g the area affected by a flood, the strength of an earthquake described by the Richter Scale)<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA)<\/td>\r\nTabulation of plant equipment, failure modes (how the equipment can fail), and the effects of these failures.\r\nIdentify failure modes then analyze the result of these failures individually.<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
FAR<\/td>\r\nFatal Accident rate: Fatalities per 1000 employee over their working life (10E8 hours of exposure)<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Fatality rate<\/td>\r\nThe fatality rate per person per year<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Fault-tree analysis<\/td>\r\nIdentifies relevant events and potential failure pathways leading to one particular incident. Uses logic diagrams to express relations between initiating events and an incident. It can be implemented for PHA analysis at any stage of a process from design to the end of life<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
First Law of Thermodynamics<\/td>\r\nThe First Law of Thermodynamics is defined as:\r\nE(system,final) - E(system,initial) = E(system,transferred)When we expand the energy terms for a closed system, we get:\r\n\u0394U + \u0394Ek + \u0394Ep = Q + W<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Fixed capital investment (FCI)<\/td>\r\nFixed capital investment is the total price to purchase equipment, get it installed and tested.<\/td>\r\nPlant Capital Cost<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Fixed manufacturing costs<\/td>\r\nFactors not affected by the level of production, but related to manufacturing. e.g. taxes and insurance<\/td>\r\nCost of Operating Labour<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Float measure<\/td>\r\nA device that measures the length of the line to float, which translates the line length to the liquid level in the tank.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Flow work<\/td>\r\nFlow work is work done on process fluid (inlet minus outlet). For the work flow in, the surroundings do work on the system, therefore it is positive. For the work flow out, the system does work on the surroundings, therefore it is negative.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Formation reaction<\/td>\r\nA reaction in which the compound is formed from its elemental constituents as they would normally occur in nature.<\/td>\r\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Frequency factor<\/td>\r\nThe frequency factor describes the frequency that molecules collide with the correct orientation to possibly make a chemical reaction.<\/td>\r\nArrhenius Equation<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Functional unit<\/td>\r\nA measure of the function of the studied system. It provides a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related and enables a comparison of two essentially different systems.<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Gate-to-gate<\/td>\r\nThe scope of life cycle assessment that includes the manufacturing\/production and processing aspects of a product only.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Gauge pressure<\/td>\r\nGauge pressure is defined to be the difference between the absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure.<\/td>\r\nPressure Definition; Absolute & Gauge Pressure<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
General expenses<\/td>\r\nManagement and administrative expenses not related to manufacturing.<\/td>\r\nPlant Capital Cost<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Generation<\/td>\r\nMass and\/or energy that is produced in the system.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Gibb's Phase Rule<\/td>\r\nGibb\u2019s phase rule is used to determine the number of intensive variables required to fully specify the thermodynamic properties of a system (thermodynamic degrees of freedom).<\/td>\r\nGibb\u2019s Phase Rule<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Global warming potential (GWP)<\/td>\r\nContribution to global warming caused by the release of gas.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Goal definition and scoping<\/td>\r\nIdentify the LCA's purpose, the products of the study, and determine the study boundaries. This can include things like what is included and what is not included in the study.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Green engineering<\/td>\r\nThe design, commercialization, and use of processes and products in a way that reduces pollution, promotes sustainability and minimizes risks to human health and the environment without sacrificing economic viability and efficiency.<\/td>\r\nGreen Engineering<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Gross economic potential (GEP)<\/td>\r\nGEP = Value of Products - Value of Feeds<\/td>\r\nBasic Economic Analysis<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Group contribution method<\/td>\r\nTaking common chemical groups from a molecule, we can use the interactions from these groups to predict the properties the molecule will have based on parameters regressed from known molecules.<\/td>\r\nEnvironmental Fate of Contaminants<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Half-life<\/td>\r\nThe time it takes for half of the species to be consumed.<\/td>\r\nIntegrated Rate Laws<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Hazard<\/td>\r\nA chemical or physical condition that has the potential to cause an accident (example of significant chemical plant hazard: flammable, explosive, reactive & toxic hazards).<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Heat<\/td>\r\nHeat is the energy flow due to temperature difference<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Heat capacity<\/td>\r\nHeat capacities are physical properties that describe how much heat is needed to increase the temperature of a compound for a unit temperature per unit mass of a compound<\/td>\r\nPhase Change and Heat Capacity<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Heat of formation<\/td>\r\nThe heat of a reaction in which the compound is formed from its elemental constituents as they would normally occur in nature. The change in enthalpy of a reaction can be calculated by summing up the heats of formations of the reactants and the products multiplied by the reaction coefficients independently.<\/td>\r\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Heat of fusion<\/td>\r\nThe enthalpy change for phase change from solid to liquid occurring at constant temperature and pressure.<\/td>\r\nPhase Change and Heat Capacity<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Heat of reaction<\/td>\r\nThe stoichiometric enthalpy difference when reactants react completely to form products at a specified constant temperature and pressure.<\/td>\r\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Heat of vapourization<\/td>\r\nThe enthalpy change for phase change from liquid to gas occurring at constant temperature and pressure.<\/td>\r\nPhase Change and Heat Capacity<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Heat transfer<\/td>\r\nHeat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of a difference in temperature.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Henry's Law<\/td>\r\npi=yi\u00d7P=xi\u00d7Hi(T) used to describe the concentration of a gas (or very volatile component) dissolved in a liquid.<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Hess's Law<\/td>\r\nThe total enthalpy change of an overall reaction will be the sum of the enthalpies of the individual reactions that sum up to the total overall reactions.<\/td>\r\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Human toxicity potential (HTP)<\/td>\r\nA measure of the potential harm caused by chemicals released into the environment<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ideal Gas Law<\/td>\r\nRelates pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T) and the number of moles (n) of an ideal gas species using the ideal gas constant (R): PV=nRT<\/td>\r\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ideal mixture<\/td>\r\nAn ideal mixture contains substances with similar molecular interactions (which usually means similar structures or functional groups).<\/td>\r\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Impact analysis<\/td>\r\nAssess the impacts on human health and the environment.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Incident<\/td>\r\nLoss of control of material of energy (e.g. leak in a pipe).<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Incompressible<\/td>\r\nThe density does not change significantly with changes in pressure.<\/td>\r\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Indirect costs in FCI<\/td>\r\nCosts related to intangible items, these won't stay at the end of building the plant, for example, supervision and project management expenses.<\/td>\r\nPlant Capital Cost<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Inherently safer design<\/td>\r\nPermanently and inseparably reduce or eliminate process hazards -> what we don't have in the process we don't need to control.<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Input<\/td>\r\nMass and\/or energy that enters through the system boundaries.<\/td>\r\nInput-Output Diagrams<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Input-output diagram<\/td>\r\nThese diagrams are considered to be the simplest of process flow sheets. In input-output diagrams, the entire process is represented by 1 block only. They usually only reference the main process streams in and out of a process.<\/td>\r\nInput-Output Diagrams<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Inside battery limit<\/td>\r\nEquipment and components that are associated with the main process feed streams, such as piping on process fluid streams.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Chemical Processes and Process Diagrams<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Integrated rate law<\/td>\r\nRate laws are differential equations that can be integrated to find how the concentrations of reactants and products change with time.<\/td>\r\nIntegrated Rate Laws<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Intensive variables<\/td>\r\nVariables that do not depend on the size of a system.<\/td>\r\nIntensive & Extensive Variables<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Intermediate event<\/td>\r\nOccurs as a result of events at a lower level acting through logic gates.<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Intermediates<\/td>\r\nSpecies that are produced in one step and consumed in a subsequent step are called intermediates.<\/td>\r\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Intermolecular forces<\/td>\r\nIntermolecular forces are forces that take place between individual molecules.<\/td>\r\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Internal energy<\/td>\r\nInternal energy can be described as all other energy present in a system, including motion, and molecular interaction.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Isolated systems<\/td>\r\nNo energy or mass transfer between system and surroundings, energy may change form within the system<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Isolation method<\/td>\r\nA method used for determining the rate constant in a reaction rate with multiple species. This method takes one of the species as a constant by adding a high concentration to the system and performing a concentration over time analysis on the species with a small concentration.<\/td>\r\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Kinetic control (of a set of reactions)<\/td>\r\nControlling the products resulting from a reactant or reactants through reaction rates.<\/td>\r\nKinetic & Thermodynamic Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Kinetic energy<\/td>\r\nThe energy associated with motion, which can be described as translational or rotational energy.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Lang Factor<\/td>\r\nRelates purchased equipment cost to total capital investment (TCI) and fixed capital investment(FCI). This factor represents the cost of building a major expansion onto an existing chemical plant, including other costs such as piping, control, etc.<\/td>\r\nLang Factor and Return on Investment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)<\/td>\r\nA technique used to quantify the environmental impact of a product from raw material acquisition through end of life disposition (cradle-to-grave).<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Life cycle inventory<\/td>\r\nQuantifies the energy and raw material inputs and environmental releases associated with each life cycle phase.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Life of equipment<\/td>\r\nThe amount of time the equipment is in use.<\/td>\r\nCosts of Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Linearize the equation (for reaction rate laws)<\/td>\r\nPlot log(r0) vs log([A0]), where the slope is the reaction order in A; and y-intercept equals to log(keff).<\/td>\r\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Loss prevention<\/td>\r\nPrevention of injury to people, damage to the environment, loss of equipment, inventory, production, reputation or economic loss.<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Manipulated variable<\/td>\r\nA variable that we can control in the process and directly affects the output of the process.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Manometer<\/td>\r\na U-shaped tube containing some kind of fluid with known density, and one side is connected to the region of interest while the reference pressure is applied to the other. The difference in liquid level represents the applied pressure.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Marshall and Swift equipment cost index<\/td>\r\nA common type of cost index that is used to estimate the price of equipment over time.<\/td>\r\nPurchased Equipment (PE) Cost<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Method of initial rates<\/td>\r\nThis method measures the concentration of a species over time (the species with the lower concentration) and takes the logarithm of the rate law to find the order of the reactant from the slope.<\/td>\r\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Mixer<\/td>\r\nHas multiple feed streams and mixes these streams into one output stream<\/td>\r\nUnit Operations and Material Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Molar volume<\/td>\r\nThe molar volume is the volume divided by the moles.<\/td>\r\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Molarity<\/td>\r\nThe molar concentration is expressed in units of mole per (volume*time).<\/td>\r\nDefinitions of Reaction Rate and Extent of Reactions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Mole fraction<\/td>\r\nThe mole fraction is the moles of the component over the total moles in the container.<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Molecularity<\/td>\r\nThe molecularity is the number of molecules or atoms coming together to react in an elementary reaction.<\/td>\r\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Net economic potential (NEP)<\/td>\r\nNEP = GEP - Production Costs (utilities, labour, maintenance)<\/td>\r\nBasic Economic Analysis<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Non-scenario based methods<\/td>\r\nLook at a process in general; effectiveness of the output depends largely on the expertise of the PHA team members, such as checklist analysis.<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Nonseparable differential equation<\/td>\r\nNon-separable differential equations are differential equations where the variables cannot be isolated. These equations cannot be easily solved and require numerical or analytical methods that will be taught in future courses.<\/td>\r\nUnsteady-state Operations and Process Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Number of operating labour<\/td>\r\nThe number of operators needed in the plant at a given time (per shift) to ensure it runs smoothly.<\/td>\r\nCost of Operating Labour<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Obstruction meter<\/td>\r\nAn obstruction meter measures the change in pressure and correlates it to flow.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Occupational cancer hazard (OCH)<\/td>\r\nRelease of substances that can potentially cause cancer, such as certain chemicals, dust, radiation.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Occupational non-cancer hazard (OnCH)<\/td>\r\nCause of potential diseases, injuries, or other health problems.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Octanol\/water partition coefficient<\/td>\r\nThe ratio of the concentration of a substance dissolved in n-octanol and in water.<\/td>\r\nEnvironmental Fate of Contaminants<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Open systems<\/td>\r\nEnergy and mass transfer between systems and surroundings, typically use a dot with quantities that change over time in these open systems to denote the flow rate of energy or mass.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Operating history<\/td>\r\nProcess changes, failures, past incidents.<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
OSHA<\/td>\r\nOccupational Safety & Health Administration<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Outcome \/ Consequence<\/td>\r\nThe physical manifestation of an accident.<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Output<\/td>\r\nMass and\/or energy that exits through the system boundaries.<\/td>\r\nInput-Output Diagrams<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Outside battery limit<\/td>\r\nEquipment, components, utilities, and other facilities acting on the utilities or waste treatment (not included in inside battery limits) that are associated with the process, but not related to the current design scope.<\/td>\r\nProject Scoping<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Overall order<\/td>\r\nThe overall order of a reaction is the sum of the orders of all substances involved.<\/td>\r\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Partial pressure<\/td>\r\nThe pressure produced by one gaseous component if it occupies the whole system volume at the same temperature, commonly used for gasses.<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Phase change<\/td>\r\nPhase changes take place when a compound or mixture of compounds undergoes a change in their state of matter (i.e. gas to liquid).<\/td>\r\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Phase diagram<\/td>\r\nPlots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insight into the thermal properties of substances.<\/td>\r\nPhase Diagram<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Phase transitions<\/td>\r\nThe phase of a substance and separation between molecules are related to the intermolecular forces in a substance. Therefore, a source of energy needs to be supplied when the substance transitions to a higher energy state to separate the molecules in the substance.<\/td>\r\nPhase Diagram<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Photochemical oxidation potential (POP)<\/td>\r\nReleasing chemicals that react in the sunlight and release harmful products into the environment<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Physical properties<\/td>\r\nPhysical properties are properties that can be measured without changing the molecular structure of the substance (volume, temperature, and pressure).<\/td>\r\nPhase Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID)<\/td>\r\nP&IDs are based on PFDs but include more specific information. P&IDs do not include: operating conditions (T, P) Stream flows Equipment locations Supports, structures, and foundations Pipe routings (lengths, fittings such as elbows, but connections above a certain size are generally shown). A P&ID often depicts one unit operation in thorough detail.<\/td>\r\nPiping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&amp;IDs)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Pneumatic connection<\/td>\r\nAn air or gas flow control connection.<\/td>\r\nPiping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&amp;IDs)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Potential energy<\/td>\r\nEnergy present due to position in a field, such as gravitational position or magnetic position. Usually, for chemical processes, we consider the potential energy change due to the gravitational position of the process equipment.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Pre-equilibria<\/td>\r\nThe pre-equilibrium approximation assumes that the reactants and intermediates of a multi-step reaction exist in dynamic equilibrium.<\/td>\r\nSteady-State Approximation<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Pressure<\/td>\r\nThe amount of force exerted per area in a system.<\/td>\r\nPressure Definition; Absolute &amp; Gauge Pressure<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Process flow diagram (PFD)<\/td>\r\nMore detailed chemical process flowsheets. Look at the section for a more detailed definition.<\/td>\r\nProcess Flow Diagrams (PFDs)<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Process path<\/td>\r\nA real or hypothetical path that a system goes through from an initial to a final equilibrium state. Process paths usually progress in steps that change on state property at a time<\/td>\r\nPhase Change and Heat Capacity<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Process variable<\/td>\r\nThe variable in the system or process that we desire to control.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Purchased equipment cost<\/td>\r\nThe purchased price of equipment from a vendor (someone selling the equipment). It is one of the major factors in the TCI direct costs.<\/td>\r\nPurchased Equipment (PE) Cost<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Purchased value<\/td>\r\nThe cost of buying a piece of equipment.<\/td>\r\nPurchased Equipment (PE) Cost<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Pxy diagram<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent diagrams with the pressure on the y-axis and the liquid and vapour mole fractions on the x-axis.<\/td>\r\nPxy Diagram<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Raoult's Law<\/td>\r\npi=yi\u00d7P=xi\u00d7pi(T) used when all components are in relatively significant quantities or they are chemically very similar<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Rate constant<\/td>\r\nThe rate constant is a constant in the rate law expression that independent of species' concentrations, but generally dependent on temperature.<\/td>\r\nIntegrated Rate Laws<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Rate-determining step<\/td>\r\nThe rate-determining step is the step that determines the overall rate of reaction in a series of reactions.<\/td>\r\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Reaction mechanism<\/td>\r\nThe sequence of events that occur at the molecular level during a reaction is the mechanism of the reaction.<\/td>\r\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Reaction order in a substance<\/td>\r\nThe dependence of the rate of reaction on the reactant concentrations can often be expressed as a direct proportionality, in which the concentrations may be raised to be the zeroth, first, or second power. The exponent is known as the order of the reaction with respect to that substance.<\/td>\r\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Reaction rate<\/td>\r\nA reaction rate shows the rates of production of a chemical species. It can also show the rate of consumption of a species; for example, a reactant.<\/td>\r\nReaction Rate Law<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Reaction rate law<\/td>\r\nThe relationship between the rate of reaction and the concentration of reactants.<\/td>\r\nReaction Rate Law<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Reactor<\/td>\r\nA reactor typically consists of a vessel in which a reaction (or multiple reactions) takes place.<\/td>\r\nUnit Operations and Material Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Recycling<\/td>\r\nPutting energy or materials back into use.<\/td>\r\nConcepts and Definitions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Reduced properties<\/td>\r\nReduced properties are defined as variables (pressure, temperature) scaled by their values at the critical point. Reduced properties can be useful in coming up with general equations describing different substances.<\/td>\r\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Reference state<\/td>\r\nA state of a substance at some pressure, temperature, and state of aggregation (solid, liquid, gas; pure, or mixture) used as a reference for calculation purposes.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Results interpretation<\/td>\r\nEvaluate opportunities to reduce energy, material inputs, or environmental impacts at each stage of the product life-cycle.<\/td>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Return on investments (ROI)<\/td>\r\nThe ratio of net profit and total capital investment.\r\nROI=NEP\/CC*100%<\/td>\r\nLang Factor and Return on Investment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Revenue<\/td>\r\nThe total profit we generated from selling the product without deducting the cost of production.<\/td>\r\nLang Factor and Return on Investment<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Risk<\/td>\r\nThe probability of an accident occurring and the consequence of it<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Rotational or turbine flowmeter<\/td>\r\nA rotational or turbine flowmeter measures the speed of the rotation of the turbine and correlates it to flow.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Safety<\/td>\r\nThe strategy of accident prevention<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Safety triangle<\/td>\r\nThe safety triangle shows three essential aspects to achieve workplace safety:\r\nTechnical - characterization and control of hazards\r\nManagement - policies and procedures for safety\r\nCultural - motivating people to do things safely<\/td>\r\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Salvage value<\/td>\r\nThe value we can recover from a piece of equipment's end of life.<\/td>\r\nCosts of Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Saturated liquid<\/td>\r\nLiquid that is about to vapourize. It will vapourize with any little amount of decrease in pressure or increase in temperature.<\/td>\r\nTxy Diagram<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Saturated vapour<\/td>\r\nVapour that is about to condense. It will condense to a liquid with any little amount of increase in pressure or decrease in temperature.<\/td>\r\nTxy Diagram<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Scenario<\/td>\r\nA sequence of events causing the hazard to result in an accident<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Scenario-based methods<\/td>\r\nUsed to predict accident scenarios; a lot more detailed and specific, such as what-if analysis<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Separable differential equation<\/td>\r\nSeparable differential equations are differential equations where the variables can be isolated to one side of the equation.<\/td>\r\nSeparable Differential Equations<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Separator<\/td>\r\nA separator is similar to a splitter but has the ability to split streams into different exiting compositions<\/td>\r\nUnit Operations and Material Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Set-point<\/td>\r\nThis is a target or desired value of a variable in the system (such as flowrate, temperature, etc.)<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Shaft work<\/td>\r\nShaft work is work done on process fluid by a moving part, such as a pump, rotor, or a stirrer.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Solubility<\/td>\r\nThe ability of a substance to dissolve.<\/td>\r\nEnvironmental Fate of Contaminants<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Sonic \/ Radar<\/td>\r\nA sonic or radar device measures the level of the tank by measuring the time for a wave to reach the liquid-gas interphase and reflect back to the device and correlating the time to distance. The sonic or radar device can be installed from the top or bottom of the tank.<\/td>\r\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Specific property<\/td>\r\nThis denotes an intensive property obtained by dividing an extensive property by a total amount of flow rate (can be the total number of moles or total mass).<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Splitter<\/td>\r\nA splitter will split a feed stream into multiple streams with the same composition. The exiting streams are not necessarily equal in terms of flow rates, but will always have the same composition<\/td>\r\nUnit Operations and Material Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Standard specific heat of formation<\/td>\r\nThe enthalpy change associated with forming 1 mole of the compound of interest at standard temperature 25\u00b0C and pressure (1 atm).<\/td>\r\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Steady-state approximation<\/td>\r\nThis approximation assumes that the intermediate concentration is very low so that it does not change with time.<\/td>\r\nSteady-State Approximation<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Steady-state open system energy balance<\/td>\r\nAn energy balance performed on a steady-state (unchanging) open system (mass and energy are transferred between the system and the surroundings).\r\nQ\u0307 + \u1e86 = \u03a3out(\u0116j) - \u03a3in(\u0116j)<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Steam table<\/td>\r\nDetailed information on water's state properties at different temperatures and pressures available in a tabulated form<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Stoichiometric coefficient<\/td>\r\nStoichiometric coefficients are the numerical coefficients associated with each reactant or product.<\/td>\r\nDefinitions of Reaction Rate and Extent of Reactions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Substitution<\/td>\r\nUsing less harmful materials, or optimizing the process to reduce the formation rate of harmful by-products.<\/td>\r\nConcepts and Definitions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Supercritical fluid<\/td>\r\nAbove the critical point, liquid and gas can no longer be distinguished and are classified as a supercritical fluid.<\/td>\r\nPhase Diagram<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Surroundings \/ Environment<\/td>\r\nThe environment that is 'outside' of the system's boundaries.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Temperature<\/td>\r\nA measure of the average kinetic energy of a system.<\/td>\r\nTemperature<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Thermodynamic control (of a set of reactions)<\/td>\r\nControlling the products resulting from a reactant or reactants through reaction equilibrium<\/td>\r\nKinetic &amp; Thermodynamic Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Thermodynamic system<\/td>\r\nA thermodynamic system includes anything whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. It is embedded in its surroundings or environment; it can exchange heat with and do work on its environment through a boundary.<\/td>\r\nKinetic &amp; Thermodynamic Control<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Total capital investment (TCI)<\/td>\r\nThe amount of money (aka. capital) needed for a project to proceed. TCI is the total amount of funds needed to build and start a chemical plant, including the testing and troubleshooting stages before the actual production. It does not include operating expenses or maintenance during the production process.<\/td>\r\nBasic Economic Analysis<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Transient balances<\/td>\r\nTransient balances are any balances that where some quantities involved in the balance are functions with time.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Triple point<\/td>\r\nThe triple point is defined to be the set of pressure and temperature that solid, liquid and vapour are in equilibrium together.<\/td>\r\nPhase Diagram<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Txy diagram<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent diagrams with the temperature on the y-axis and the liquid and vapour mole fractions on the x-axis.<\/td>\r\nTxy Diagram<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Undeveloped event<\/td>\r\nUndeveloped event due to lack of information or significance. Treated like a basic event in the analysis, but could have been developed into another fault tree.<\/td>\r\nProcess Safety<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Unimolecular reaction<\/td>\r\nOnly one molecule is involved, examples might include an isomerization or decomposition<\/td>\r\nReaction Mechanisms – Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Unit operation<\/td>\r\nMajor chemical and biological processing equipment. They are usually drawn as circles or squares in BFDs.<\/td>\r\nUnit Operations and Material Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Unsteady-state<\/td>\r\nIn unsteady-state processes, mass and energy in the system are changing with time (not constant).<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Utilities<\/td>\r\nUtilities are services at a site such as water, electricity, and gas.<\/td>\r\nPhase Change and Heat Capacity<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Vapour pressure<\/td>\r\nVapour pressure is defined as the pressure at which a gas coexists with its solid or liquid phase.<\/td>\r\nEstimating Vapour Pressure<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Vapour temperature<\/td>\r\nVapour temperature is defined as the temperature at which a gas coexists with its solid or liquid phase.<\/td>\r\nEstimating Vapour Pressure<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Vapour-liquid equilibrium<\/td>\r\nThe same number of molecules vapourizing and condensing at any given period of time (meaning no net change in the system).<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Volatility<\/td>\r\nHow likely a compound will evaporate.<\/td>\r\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Volume<\/td>\r\nThe space occupied by a system.<\/td>\r\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Waste management hierarchy<\/td>\r\nA hierarchy describing actions for managing waste that goes from most desirable to least desirable.<\/td>\r\nConcepts and Definitions<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
What-if analysis<\/td>\r\nWhat-if analysis is a scenario PHA method as it investigates specific problems and traces what would happen if they occur. Results in a list of potential consequences and suggestions of mitigation methods (if needed).<\/td>\r\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Work<\/td>\r\nWork is energy resulting from driving forces (not temperature) such as force, torque, or voltage.<\/td>\r\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Working capital (WC)<\/td>\r\nThe initial money required to start the plant. It is the money needed for supplies or people that is not recovered until after the plant closes. Since this is generally a long-time in the future, it is considered a capital investment rather than a manufacturing cost.<\/td>\r\nPlant Capital Cost<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Zeroth\/first\/second-order rate law<\/td>\r\nThe overall reaction orders for rate laws. Each of these rate laws has distinct graphical characteristics.<\/td>\r\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>","rendered":"

Glossary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Term<\/strong><\/td>\nDefinition<\/strong><\/td>\nSection<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
“and” gate<\/td>\nThe event only happens when all of the input events occur. When we compute the frequency of the event, we multiply the frequencies of all input events. Because all frequencies are smaller than 1, the resulting frequency will be smaller than any of the input frequencies.<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
“or” gate<\/td>\nThe event happens when any of the input events occur. When we compute the frequency of the event, we add the frequencies of all input events. The resulting frequency will be larger than any of the input event frequencies.<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Abiotic depletion potential (ADP)<\/td>\nConsumption of nonliving resources, such as fossil fuels, minerals, clay, and peat<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Absolute pressure<\/td>\nThe absolute pressure is the actual pressure at the point of interest. The absolute pressure is 0 in a vacuum and cannot be negative.<\/td>\nPressure Definition; Absolute & Gauge Pressure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Absolute temperature<\/td>\nAbsolute temperature is temperature measured with reference to the absolute zero.<\/td>\nTemperature<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Accident<\/td>\nThe occurrence of a sequence of events that produce unintended injury, death or property damage<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acidification potential (AP)<\/td>\nThe precursor compounds of acid rain.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Activation energy<\/td>\nThe activation energy (Ea) represents the energy needed for the reactants to collide and get to a state such that their bonds can rearrange to form the products.<\/td>\nArrhenius Equation<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Amgat’s Law<\/td>\nAmgat\u2019s is analogous to Dalton\u2019s law but is applied to the volume of the gas. The partial volume that each gas occupies will add up to the total system volume.<\/td>\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Antoine equation<\/td>\nlog10(p\u2217)=A\u2212B\/(T+C), Used to estimate the vapour pressure of a substance at a certain temperature<\/td>\nEstimating Vapour Pressure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arrhenius equation<\/td>\nThe Arrhenius Equation describes the relationship between the reaction rate and temperature.<\/td>\nArrhenius Equation<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Basic design package<\/td>\nThis document is provided to clients by engineers and may consist of the following: process definition, process control strategy, equipment design, selection and sizing, plant layout, safety review, environment assessment, economic analysis.<\/td>\nProject Scoping<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Basic engineering<\/td>\nThe scale of the plant, the draft of the process flow diagram (PFD, we will introduce this later in the course), cost estimation, preliminary schedule, etc.<\/td>\nProject Scoping<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Basic event<\/td>\nA basic initiating fault (component failure)<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bimolecular reaction<\/td>\nTwo molecules collide, interact, and undergo some kind of change. It can be two of the same or different molecules.<\/td>\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Binary mixture<\/td>\nA combination of two substances is called a binary mixture.<\/td>\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Block flow diagram (BFD)<\/td>\nFlowsheets that break down chemical and biological processes (or any other process) into units representing equipment (unit operations).<\/td>\nBlock Flow Diagrams<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boundary<\/td>\nThe boundary is what separates the system from the surroundings.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Boundary conditions<\/td>\nBoundary conditions are solutions to specific ordinary differential equations at specified conditions.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bubble point<\/td>\nThe point (pressure or temperature) at which the first bubble (gas) in a multicomponent system appears.<\/td>\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capillary connection<\/td>\nA fluid flow control connection.<\/td>\nPiping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Capital costs (CC)<\/td>\nCost of designing and construction of the plant.<\/td>\nBasic Economic Analysis<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Catalysts<\/td>\nCatalysts speed up the reactions usually by decreasing the activation energy. Sometimes catalysts can affect frequency factors as well, but the effect of frequency factor is minor in comparison to the decrease of activation energy.<\/td>\nArrhenius Equation<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Checklist analysis<\/td>\nUsing a checklist to suggest common safety issues to assess. It can be combined with what-if technique to enhance that technique.<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chemical engineering plant cost index<\/td>\nA common type of cost index that is used to estimate the overall plant cost (including installation, piping, etc.) over time.<\/td>\nPurchased Equipment (PE) Cost<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Closed systems<\/td>\nEnergy, but no mass transfer between system and surroundings<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Consecutive elementary reactions<\/td>\nA set of reactions that proceed through the formation of one or more intermediate(s).<\/td>\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Consumption<\/td>\nMass and\/or energy that is consumed in the system.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)<\/td>\nCSTRs are reactors with continuous feed and exit streams and some kind of mixer.<\/td>\nSeparable Differential Equations<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Controlled variable<\/td>\nThe output process variable we compare to the set-point.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cost of manufacturing (COM)<\/td>\nThe total cost associated with making the product. Divided into direct manufacturing costs, fixed manufacturing costs, and general expenses.<\/td>\nCosts of Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cost of operating labour<\/td>\nThe total cost of paying the salary of the operators.<\/td>\nCost of Operating Labour<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cradle-to-gate<\/td>\nThe scope of life cycle assessment that includes all aspects of a product from raw material extraction to production, but does not include the product’s use or disposal.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cradle-to-grave<\/td>\nThe scope of life cycle assessment that includes all aspects of a product, starting from raw material extraction to the product’s end of life (use and disposal).<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Critical point<\/td>\nIn a phase diagram, we can observe that the boiling point curve (the line that distinguishes liquid and vapour phases) ends at a point, which is called a critical point.<\/td>\nPhase Diagram<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dalton’s Law<\/td>\nThe total pressure is the sum of partial pressures of the component gases, assuming ideal gas behavior and no chemical reactions between the components.<\/td>\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Degrees of freedom<\/td>\nThe number of intensive variables that needs to be specified.<\/td>\nGibb\u2019s Phase Rule<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Depreciation<\/td>\nThe expenses required to build a plant that are written off over time. Calculated based on the purchase value of equipment minus the salvage value and evaluated over a number of years specified.<\/td>\nCosts of Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Design basis memorandum (DBM)<\/td>\nThis document contains key information and data related to the project deliverables.<\/td>\nProject Scoping<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dew point<\/td>\nThe point (pressure or temperature) at which the first dewdrop (liquid) in a multicomponent system appears.<\/td>\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Differential pressure cell<\/td>\nA differential pressure cell measures the deflection of the membrane and correlates it to change in pressure.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Direct costs in FCI<\/td>\nCosts related to tangible things or products such as process equipment.<\/td>\nPlant Capital Cost<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Direct manufacturing costs<\/td>\nFactors that vary directly with the rate of production. e.g. raw materials, plant operators<\/td>\nCosts of Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Disturbance variable<\/td>\nA variable that we have no control over in the process but affects the material or heat flow of the process.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ecological toxicity potential (EcoTP)<\/td>\nThe potential of biological, chemical or physical toxicity to ecosystems<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Electrical connection<\/td>\nAn electrical currents control connection.<\/td>\nPiping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Electrical temperature measure<\/td>\nThermocouples or resistance temperature devices measure changes in electrical properties and correlate them to temperature. Electrical temperature measurements are the most commonly used in plants as switching combination of metals can adapt to a wide range of temperatures.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Elementary reactions<\/td>\nThe stepwise changes are collectively called the reaction mechanism. Each step of the reaction is called an elementary reaction. The sum of the elementary reactions in the mechanism must give the balanced chemical equation for the overall reaction.<\/td>\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Elimination<\/td>\nRemove the need for harmful materials or choosing other process pathways to eliminate the production of harmful products.<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
End-of-life (EOL)<\/td>\nThe EOL bar may be negative in life cycle assessment to signify recovery of the material at the end of the product’s life, which reduced the life-cycle impact.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Endothermic<\/td>\nIf more energy is absorbed in breaking bonds than released in forming bonds, then the reaction is endothermic.<\/td>\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Endothermic control loop<\/td>\nA temperature control loop for a system that is absorbing thermal energy.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Environmental fate<\/td>\nWhere substances will go when released into the environment.<\/td>\nEnvironmental Fate of Contaminants<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Equilibrium constants<\/td>\nThe product of the activities of compounds at equilibrium raised to the stoichiometric coefficient.<\/td>\nReaction Rate Law<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eutrophication potential (EP)<\/td>\nThe leak of nutrition sources into aquatic systems<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Exothermic<\/td>\nIf more energy is released in forming bonds than absorbed in breaking bonds, then the reaction is exothermic<\/td>\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Expansion-based temperature measure<\/td>\nExpansion-based thermometers measure fluid expansion and correlate it to temperature.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Extensive variables<\/td>\nVariables that depend on the size of a system.<\/td>\nIntensive & Extensive Variables<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Extent of hazards<\/td>\nThe strength or magnitude of the hazard (e.g the area affected by a flood, the strength of an earthquake described by the Richter Scale)<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA)<\/td>\nTabulation of plant equipment, failure modes (how the equipment can fail), and the effects of these failures.
\nIdentify failure modes then analyze the result of these failures individually.<\/td>\n		Hazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
FAR<\/td>\nFatal Accident rate: Fatalities per 1000 employee over their working life (10E8 hours of exposure)<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fatality rate<\/td>\nThe fatality rate per person per year<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fault-tree analysis<\/td>\nIdentifies relevant events and potential failure pathways leading to one particular incident. Uses logic diagrams to express relations between initiating events and an incident. It can be implemented for PHA analysis at any stage of a process from design to the end of life<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
First Law of Thermodynamics<\/td>\nThe First Law of Thermodynamics is defined as:
\nE(system,final) – E(system,initial) = E(system,transferred)When we expand the energy terms for a closed system, we get:
\n\u0394U + \u0394Ek + \u0394Ep = Q + W<\/td>\n		Introduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fixed capital investment (FCI)<\/td>\nFixed capital investment is the total price to purchase equipment, get it installed and tested.<\/td>\nPlant Capital Cost<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fixed manufacturing costs<\/td>\nFactors not affected by the level of production, but related to manufacturing. e.g. taxes and insurance<\/td>\nCost of Operating Labour<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Float measure<\/td>\nA device that measures the length of the line to float, which translates the line length to the liquid level in the tank.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Flow work<\/td>\nFlow work is work done on process fluid (inlet minus outlet). For the work flow in, the surroundings do work on the system, therefore it is positive. For the work flow out, the system does work on the surroundings, therefore it is negative.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Formation reaction<\/td>\nA reaction in which the compound is formed from its elemental constituents as they would normally occur in nature.<\/td>\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Frequency factor<\/td>\nThe frequency factor describes the frequency that molecules collide with the correct orientation to possibly make a chemical reaction.<\/td>\nArrhenius Equation<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Functional unit<\/td>\nA measure of the function of the studied system. It provides a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related and enables a comparison of two essentially different systems.<\/td>\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gate-to-gate<\/td>\nThe scope of life cycle assessment that includes the manufacturing\/production and processing aspects of a product only.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gauge pressure<\/td>\nGauge pressure is defined to be the difference between the absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure.<\/td>\nPressure Definition; Absolute & Gauge Pressure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
General expenses<\/td>\nManagement and administrative expenses not related to manufacturing.<\/td>\nPlant Capital Cost<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Generation<\/td>\nMass and\/or energy that is produced in the system.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gibb’s Phase Rule<\/td>\nGibb\u2019s phase rule is used to determine the number of intensive variables required to fully specify the thermodynamic properties of a system (thermodynamic degrees of freedom).<\/td>\nGibb\u2019s Phase Rule<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Global warming potential (GWP)<\/td>\nContribution to global warming caused by the release of gas.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Goal definition and scoping<\/td>\nIdentify the LCA’s purpose, the products of the study, and determine the study boundaries. This can include things like what is included and what is not included in the study.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Green engineering<\/td>\nThe design, commercialization, and use of processes and products in a way that reduces pollution, promotes sustainability and minimizes risks to human health and the environment without sacrificing economic viability and efficiency.<\/td>\nGreen Engineering<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gross economic potential (GEP)<\/td>\nGEP = Value of Products – Value of Feeds<\/td>\nBasic Economic Analysis<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Group contribution method<\/td>\nTaking common chemical groups from a molecule, we can use the interactions from these groups to predict the properties the molecule will have based on parameters regressed from known molecules.<\/td>\nEnvironmental Fate of Contaminants<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Half-life<\/td>\nThe time it takes for half of the species to be consumed.<\/td>\nIntegrated Rate Laws<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hazard<\/td>\nA chemical or physical condition that has the potential to cause an accident (example of significant chemical plant hazard: flammable, explosive, reactive & toxic hazards).<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heat<\/td>\nHeat is the energy flow due to temperature difference<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heat capacity<\/td>\nHeat capacities are physical properties that describe how much heat is needed to increase the temperature of a compound for a unit temperature per unit mass of a compound<\/td>\nPhase Change and Heat Capacity<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heat of formation<\/td>\nThe heat of a reaction in which the compound is formed from its elemental constituents as they would normally occur in nature. The change in enthalpy of a reaction can be calculated by summing up the heats of formations of the reactants and the products multiplied by the reaction coefficients independently.<\/td>\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heat of fusion<\/td>\nThe enthalpy change for phase change from solid to liquid occurring at constant temperature and pressure.<\/td>\nPhase Change and Heat Capacity<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heat of reaction<\/td>\nThe stoichiometric enthalpy difference when reactants react completely to form products at a specified constant temperature and pressure.<\/td>\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heat of vapourization<\/td>\nThe enthalpy change for phase change from liquid to gas occurring at constant temperature and pressure.<\/td>\nPhase Change and Heat Capacity<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Heat transfer<\/td>\nHeat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of a difference in temperature.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Henry’s Law<\/td>\npi=yi\u00d7P=xi\u00d7Hi(T) used to describe the concentration of a gas (or very volatile component) dissolved in a liquid.<\/td>\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hess’s Law<\/td>\nThe total enthalpy change of an overall reaction will be the sum of the enthalpies of the individual reactions that sum up to the total overall reactions.<\/td>\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Human toxicity potential (HTP)<\/td>\nA measure of the potential harm caused by chemicals released into the environment<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ideal Gas Law<\/td>\nRelates pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T) and the number of moles (n) of an ideal gas species using the ideal gas constant (R): PV=nRT<\/td>\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ideal mixture<\/td>\nAn ideal mixture contains substances with similar molecular interactions (which usually means similar structures or functional groups).<\/td>\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Impact analysis<\/td>\nAssess the impacts on human health and the environment.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Incident<\/td>\nLoss of control of material of energy (e.g. leak in a pipe).<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Incompressible<\/td>\nThe density does not change significantly with changes in pressure.<\/td>\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Indirect costs in FCI<\/td>\nCosts related to intangible items, these won’t stay at the end of building the plant, for example, supervision and project management expenses.<\/td>\nPlant Capital Cost<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Inherently safer design<\/td>\nPermanently and inseparably reduce or eliminate process hazards -> what we don’t have in the process we don’t need to control.<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Input<\/td>\nMass and\/or energy that enters through the system boundaries.<\/td>\nInput-Output Diagrams<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Input-output diagram<\/td>\nThese diagrams are considered to be the simplest of process flow sheets. In input-output diagrams, the entire process is represented by 1 block only. They usually only reference the main process streams in and out of a process.<\/td>\nInput-Output Diagrams<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Inside battery limit<\/td>\nEquipment and components that are associated with the main process feed streams, such as piping on process fluid streams.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Chemical Processes and Process Diagrams<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Integrated rate law<\/td>\nRate laws are differential equations that can be integrated to find how the concentrations of reactants and products change with time.<\/td>\nIntegrated Rate Laws<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Intensive variables<\/td>\nVariables that do not depend on the size of a system.<\/td>\nIntensive & Extensive Variables<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Intermediate event<\/td>\nOccurs as a result of events at a lower level acting through logic gates.<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Intermediates<\/td>\nSpecies that are produced in one step and consumed in a subsequent step are called intermediates.<\/td>\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Intermolecular forces<\/td>\nIntermolecular forces are forces that take place between individual molecules.<\/td>\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Internal energy<\/td>\nInternal energy can be described as all other energy present in a system, including motion, and molecular interaction.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Isolated systems<\/td>\nNo energy or mass transfer between system and surroundings, energy may change form within the system<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Isolation method<\/td>\nA method used for determining the rate constant in a reaction rate with multiple species. This method takes one of the species as a constant by adding a high concentration to the system and performing a concentration over time analysis on the species with a small concentration.<\/td>\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kinetic control (of a set of reactions)<\/td>\nControlling the products resulting from a reactant or reactants through reaction rates.<\/td>\nKinetic & Thermodynamic Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kinetic energy<\/td>\nThe energy associated with motion, which can be described as translational or rotational energy.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lang Factor<\/td>\nRelates purchased equipment cost to total capital investment (TCI) and fixed capital investment(FCI). This factor represents the cost of building a major expansion onto an existing chemical plant, including other costs such as piping, control, etc.<\/td>\nLang Factor and Return on Investment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)<\/td>\nA technique used to quantify the environmental impact of a product from raw material acquisition through end of life disposition (cradle-to-grave).<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Life cycle inventory<\/td>\nQuantifies the energy and raw material inputs and environmental releases associated with each life cycle phase.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Life of equipment<\/td>\nThe amount of time the equipment is in use.<\/td>\nCosts of Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Linearize the equation (for reaction rate laws)<\/td>\nPlot log(r0) vs log([A0]), where the slope is the reaction order in A; and y-intercept equals to log(keff).<\/td>\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Loss prevention<\/td>\nPrevention of injury to people, damage to the environment, loss of equipment, inventory, production, reputation or economic loss.<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manipulated variable<\/td>\nA variable that we can control in the process and directly affects the output of the process.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manometer<\/td>\na U-shaped tube containing some kind of fluid with known density, and one side is connected to the region of interest while the reference pressure is applied to the other. The difference in liquid level represents the applied pressure.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Marshall and Swift equipment cost index<\/td>\nA common type of cost index that is used to estimate the price of equipment over time.<\/td>\nPurchased Equipment (PE) Cost<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Method of initial rates<\/td>\nThis method measures the concentration of a species over time (the species with the lower concentration) and takes the logarithm of the rate law to find the order of the reactant from the slope.<\/td>\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mixer<\/td>\nHas multiple feed streams and mixes these streams into one output stream<\/td>\nUnit Operations and Material Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Molar volume<\/td>\nThe molar volume is the volume divided by the moles.<\/td>\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Molarity<\/td>\nThe molar concentration is expressed in units of mole per (volume*time).<\/td>\nDefinitions of Reaction Rate and Extent of Reactions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mole fraction<\/td>\nThe mole fraction is the moles of the component over the total moles in the container.<\/td>\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Molecularity<\/td>\nThe molecularity is the number of molecules or atoms coming together to react in an elementary reaction.<\/td>\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Net economic potential (NEP)<\/td>\nNEP = GEP – Production Costs (utilities, labour, maintenance)<\/td>\nBasic Economic Analysis<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Non-scenario based methods<\/td>\nLook at a process in general; effectiveness of the output depends largely on the expertise of the PHA team members, such as checklist analysis.<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nonseparable differential equation<\/td>\nNon-separable differential equations are differential equations where the variables cannot be isolated. These equations cannot be easily solved and require numerical or analytical methods that will be taught in future courses.<\/td>\nUnsteady-state Operations and Process Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Number of operating labour<\/td>\nThe number of operators needed in the plant at a given time (per shift) to ensure it runs smoothly.<\/td>\nCost of Operating Labour<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Obstruction meter<\/td>\nAn obstruction meter measures the change in pressure and correlates it to flow.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Occupational cancer hazard (OCH)<\/td>\nRelease of substances that can potentially cause cancer, such as certain chemicals, dust, radiation.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Occupational non-cancer hazard (OnCH)<\/td>\nCause of potential diseases, injuries, or other health problems.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Octanol\/water partition coefficient<\/td>\nThe ratio of the concentration of a substance dissolved in n-octanol and in water.<\/td>\nEnvironmental Fate of Contaminants<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Open systems<\/td>\nEnergy and mass transfer between systems and surroundings, typically use a dot with quantities that change over time in these open systems to denote the flow rate of energy or mass.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Operating history<\/td>\nProcess changes, failures, past incidents.<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
OSHA<\/td>\nOccupational Safety & Health Administration<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outcome \/ Consequence<\/td>\nThe physical manifestation of an accident.<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Output<\/td>\nMass and\/or energy that exits through the system boundaries.<\/td>\nInput-Output Diagrams<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Outside battery limit<\/td>\nEquipment, components, utilities, and other facilities acting on the utilities or waste treatment (not included in inside battery limits) that are associated with the process, but not related to the current design scope.<\/td>\nProject Scoping<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Overall order<\/td>\nThe overall order of a reaction is the sum of the orders of all substances involved.<\/td>\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Partial pressure<\/td>\nThe pressure produced by one gaseous component if it occupies the whole system volume at the same temperature, commonly used for gasses.<\/td>\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Phase change<\/td>\nPhase changes take place when a compound or mixture of compounds undergoes a change in their state of matter (i.e. gas to liquid).<\/td>\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Phase diagram<\/td>\nPlots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insight into the thermal properties of substances.<\/td>\nPhase Diagram<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Phase transitions<\/td>\nThe phase of a substance and separation between molecules are related to the intermolecular forces in a substance. Therefore, a source of energy needs to be supplied when the substance transitions to a higher energy state to separate the molecules in the substance.<\/td>\nPhase Diagram<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Photochemical oxidation potential (POP)<\/td>\nReleasing chemicals that react in the sunlight and release harmful products into the environment<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Physical properties<\/td>\nPhysical properties are properties that can be measured without changing the molecular structure of the substance (volume, temperature, and pressure).<\/td>\nPhase Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID)<\/td>\nP&IDs are based on PFDs but include more specific information. P&IDs do not include: operating conditions (T, P) Stream flows Equipment locations Supports, structures, and foundations Pipe routings (lengths, fittings such as elbows, but connections above a certain size are generally shown). A P&ID often depicts one unit operation in thorough detail.<\/td>\nPiping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&amp;IDs)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pneumatic connection<\/td>\nAn air or gas flow control connection.<\/td>\nPiping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&amp;IDs)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Potential energy<\/td>\nEnergy present due to position in a field, such as gravitational position or magnetic position. Usually, for chemical processes, we consider the potential energy change due to the gravitational position of the process equipment.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pre-equilibria<\/td>\nThe pre-equilibrium approximation assumes that the reactants and intermediates of a multi-step reaction exist in dynamic equilibrium.<\/td>\nSteady-State Approximation<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pressure<\/td>\nThe amount of force exerted per area in a system.<\/td>\nPressure Definition; Absolute &amp; Gauge Pressure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Process flow diagram (PFD)<\/td>\nMore detailed chemical process flowsheets. Look at the section for a more detailed definition.<\/td>\nProcess Flow Diagrams (PFDs)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Process path<\/td>\nA real or hypothetical path that a system goes through from an initial to a final equilibrium state. Process paths usually progress in steps that change on state property at a time<\/td>\nPhase Change and Heat Capacity<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Process variable<\/td>\nThe variable in the system or process that we desire to control.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Purchased equipment cost<\/td>\nThe purchased price of equipment from a vendor (someone selling the equipment). It is one of the major factors in the TCI direct costs.<\/td>\nPurchased Equipment (PE) Cost<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Purchased value<\/td>\nThe cost of buying a piece of equipment.<\/td>\nPurchased Equipment (PE) Cost<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pxy diagram<\/td>\nMulticomponent diagrams with the pressure on the y-axis and the liquid and vapour mole fractions on the x-axis.<\/td>\nPxy Diagram<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Raoult’s Law<\/td>\npi=yi\u00d7P=xi\u00d7pi(T) used when all components are in relatively significant quantities or they are chemically very similar<\/td>\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rate constant<\/td>\nThe rate constant is a constant in the rate law expression that independent of species’ concentrations, but generally dependent on temperature.<\/td>\nIntegrated Rate Laws<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rate-determining step<\/td>\nThe rate-determining step is the step that determines the overall rate of reaction in a series of reactions.<\/td>\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reaction mechanism<\/td>\nThe sequence of events that occur at the molecular level during a reaction is the mechanism of the reaction.<\/td>\nReaction Mechanisms \u2013 Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reaction order in a substance<\/td>\nThe dependence of the rate of reaction on the reactant concentrations can often be expressed as a direct proportionality, in which the concentrations may be raised to be the zeroth, first, or second power. The exponent is known as the order of the reaction with respect to that substance.<\/td>\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reaction rate<\/td>\nA reaction rate shows the rates of production of a chemical species. It can also show the rate of consumption of a species; for example, a reactant.<\/td>\nReaction Rate Law<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reaction rate law<\/td>\nThe relationship between the rate of reaction and the concentration of reactants.<\/td>\nReaction Rate Law<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reactor<\/td>\nA reactor typically consists of a vessel in which a reaction (or multiple reactions) takes place.<\/td>\nUnit Operations and Material Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Recycling<\/td>\nPutting energy or materials back into use.<\/td>\nConcepts and Definitions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reduced properties<\/td>\nReduced properties are defined as variables (pressure, temperature) scaled by their values at the critical point. Reduced properties can be useful in coming up with general equations describing different substances.<\/td>\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reference state<\/td>\nA state of a substance at some pressure, temperature, and state of aggregation (solid, liquid, gas; pure, or mixture) used as a reference for calculation purposes.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Results interpretation<\/td>\nEvaluate opportunities to reduce energy, material inputs, or environmental impacts at each stage of the product life-cycle.<\/td>\nLife Cycle Assessment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Return on investments (ROI)<\/td>\nThe ratio of net profit and total capital investment.
\nROI=NEP\/CC*100%<\/td>\n		Lang Factor and Return on Investment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Revenue<\/td>\nThe total profit we generated from selling the product without deducting the cost of production.<\/td>\nLang Factor and Return on Investment<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Risk<\/td>\nThe probability of an accident occurring and the consequence of it<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rotational or turbine flowmeter<\/td>\nA rotational or turbine flowmeter measures the speed of the rotation of the turbine and correlates it to flow.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Safety<\/td>\nThe strategy of accident prevention<\/td>\nAn Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Safety triangle<\/td>\nThe safety triangle shows three essential aspects to achieve workplace safety:
\nTechnical – characterization and control of hazards
\nManagement – policies and procedures for safety
\nCultural – motivating people to do things safely<\/td>\n		An Introduction to Process Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Salvage value<\/td>\nThe value we can recover from a piece of equipment’s end of life.<\/td>\nCosts of Manufacturing<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Saturated liquid<\/td>\nLiquid that is about to vapourize. It will vapourize with any little amount of decrease in pressure or increase in temperature.<\/td>\nTxy Diagram<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Saturated vapour<\/td>\nVapour that is about to condense. It will condense to a liquid with any little amount of increase in pressure or decrease in temperature.<\/td>\nTxy Diagram<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scenario<\/td>\nA sequence of events causing the hazard to result in an accident<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scenario-based methods<\/td>\nUsed to predict accident scenarios; a lot more detailed and specific, such as what-if analysis<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Separable differential equation<\/td>\nSeparable differential equations are differential equations where the variables can be isolated to one side of the equation.<\/td>\nSeparable Differential Equations<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Separator<\/td>\nA separator is similar to a splitter but has the ability to split streams into different exiting compositions<\/td>\nUnit Operations and Material Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Set-point<\/td>\nThis is a target or desired value of a variable in the system (such as flowrate, temperature, etc.)<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shaft work<\/td>\nShaft work is work done on process fluid by a moving part, such as a pump, rotor, or a stirrer.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Solubility<\/td>\nThe ability of a substance to dissolve.<\/td>\nEnvironmental Fate of Contaminants<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sonic \/ Radar<\/td>\nA sonic or radar device measures the level of the tank by measuring the time for a wave to reach the liquid-gas interphase and reflect back to the device and correlating the time to distance. The sonic or radar device can be installed from the top or bottom of the tank.<\/td>\nProcess Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Specific property<\/td>\nThis denotes an intensive property obtained by dividing an extensive property by a total amount of flow rate (can be the total number of moles or total mass).<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Splitter<\/td>\nA splitter will split a feed stream into multiple streams with the same composition. The exiting streams are not necessarily equal in terms of flow rates, but will always have the same composition<\/td>\nUnit Operations and Material Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Standard specific heat of formation<\/td>\nThe enthalpy change associated with forming 1 mole of the compound of interest at standard temperature 25\u00b0C and pressure (1 atm).<\/td>\nReactive Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Steady-state approximation<\/td>\nThis approximation assumes that the intermediate concentration is very low so that it does not change with time.<\/td>\nSteady-State Approximation<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Steady-state open system energy balance<\/td>\nAn energy balance performed on a steady-state (unchanging) open system (mass and energy are transferred between the system and the surroundings).
\nQ\u0307 + \u1e86 = \u03a3out(\u0116j) – \u03a3in(\u0116j)<\/td>\n		Introduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Steam table<\/td>\nDetailed information on water’s state properties at different temperatures and pressures available in a tabulated form<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stoichiometric coefficient<\/td>\nStoichiometric coefficients are the numerical coefficients associated with each reactant or product.<\/td>\nDefinitions of Reaction Rate and Extent of Reactions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Substitution<\/td>\nUsing less harmful materials, or optimizing the process to reduce the formation rate of harmful by-products.<\/td>\nConcepts and Definitions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Supercritical fluid<\/td>\nAbove the critical point, liquid and gas can no longer be distinguished and are classified as a supercritical fluid.<\/td>\nPhase Diagram<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Surroundings \/ Environment<\/td>\nThe environment that is ‘outside’ of the system’s boundaries.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Temperature<\/td>\nA measure of the average kinetic energy of a system.<\/td>\nTemperature<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Thermodynamic control (of a set of reactions)<\/td>\nControlling the products resulting from a reactant or reactants through reaction equilibrium<\/td>\nKinetic &amp; Thermodynamic Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Thermodynamic system<\/td>\nA thermodynamic system includes anything whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. It is embedded in its surroundings or environment; it can exchange heat with and do work on its environment through a boundary.<\/td>\nKinetic &amp; Thermodynamic Control<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Total capital investment (TCI)<\/td>\nThe amount of money (aka. capital) needed for a project to proceed. TCI is the total amount of funds needed to build and start a chemical plant, including the testing and troubleshooting stages before the actual production. It does not include operating expenses or maintenance during the production process.<\/td>\nBasic Economic Analysis<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Transient balances<\/td>\nTransient balances are any balances that where some quantities involved in the balance are functions with time.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Triple point<\/td>\nThe triple point is defined to be the set of pressure and temperature that solid, liquid and vapour are in equilibrium together.<\/td>\nPhase Diagram<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Txy diagram<\/td>\nMulticomponent diagrams with the temperature on the y-axis and the liquid and vapour mole fractions on the x-axis.<\/td>\nTxy Diagram<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Undeveloped event<\/td>\nUndeveloped event due to lack of information or significance. Treated like a basic event in the analysis, but could have been developed into another fault tree.<\/td>\nProcess Safety<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Unimolecular reaction<\/td>\nOnly one molecule is involved, examples might include an isomerization or decomposition<\/td>\nReaction Mechanisms – Elementary Reactions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Unit operation<\/td>\nMajor chemical and biological processing equipment. They are usually drawn as circles or squares in BFDs.<\/td>\nUnit Operations and Material Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Unsteady-state<\/td>\nIn unsteady-state processes, mass and energy in the system are changing with time (not constant).<\/td>\nIntroduction to Unsteady-state Operations<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Utilities<\/td>\nUtilities are services at a site such as water, electricity, and gas.<\/td>\nPhase Change and Heat Capacity<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vapour pressure<\/td>\nVapour pressure is defined as the pressure at which a gas coexists with its solid or liquid phase.<\/td>\nEstimating Vapour Pressure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vapour temperature<\/td>\nVapour temperature is defined as the temperature at which a gas coexists with its solid or liquid phase.<\/td>\nEstimating Vapour Pressure<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vapour-liquid equilibrium<\/td>\nThe same number of molecules vapourizing and condensing at any given period of time (meaning no net change in the system).<\/td>\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Volatility<\/td>\nHow likely a compound will evaporate.<\/td>\nMulticomponent Equilibrium<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Volume<\/td>\nThe space occupied by a system.<\/td>\nIdeal Gas Properties<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Waste management hierarchy<\/td>\nA hierarchy describing actions for managing waste that goes from most desirable to least desirable.<\/td>\nConcepts and Definitions<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
What-if analysis<\/td>\nWhat-if analysis is a scenario PHA method as it investigates specific problems and traces what would happen if they occur. Results in a list of potential consequences and suggestions of mitigation methods (if needed).<\/td>\nHazard Identification<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Work<\/td>\nWork is energy resulting from driving forces (not temperature) such as force, torque, or voltage.<\/td>\nIntroduction to Energy Balances<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Working capital (WC)<\/td>\nThe initial money required to start the plant. It is the money needed for supplies or people that is not recovered until after the plant closes. Since this is generally a long-time in the future, it is considered a capital investment rather than a manufacturing cost.<\/td>\nPlant Capital Cost<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Zeroth\/first\/second-order rate law<\/td>\nThe overall reaction orders for rate laws. Each of these rate laws has distinct graphical characteristics.<\/td>\nReaction Order<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"author":949,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2730","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/2730","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/949"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2730"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/2730\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2758,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/2730\/revisions\/2758"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/2730\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2730"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=2730"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2730"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2730"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}