{"id":1700,"date":"2020-06-30T15:21:57","date_gmt":"2020-06-30T19:21:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/?post_type=chapter&p=1700"},"modified":"2022-08-31T12:42:58","modified_gmt":"2022-08-31T16:42:58","slug":"temperature","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/chapter\/temperature\/","title":{"raw":"Temperature","rendered":"Temperature"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section, you should be able to:\r\n\r\nUnderstand<\/strong> the physical properties described by the temperature<\/span>\r\n\r\nCalculate<\/strong> conversions between scales of temperature<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n
\r\n

Temperature<\/h2>\r\nTemperature is operationally defined as the quantity of what we measure with a thermometer. The average kinetic energy of a molecule is directly proportional to its absolute<\/strong> temperature. Differences in temperature maintain heat transfer through different systems. Heat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of a difference in temperature.[latex] ^{[1][2]}[\/latex]\r\n\r\nAssigned scales are based on physical measurements:\r\n\r\nCelsius (\u00b0C)<\/strong> \u2013 based on water freezing (0 \u00b0C) and boiling (100 \u00b0C) at atmospheric pressure. Absolute zero at -273.15\u00b0C.\r\n\r\nFahrenheit (\u00b0F)<\/strong> \u2013 based on water freezing (32 \u00b0F) and boiling (212 \u00b0F) at atmospheric pressure. Absolute zero at -459.67\u00b0F.\r\n\r\nThere are also other absolute scales with 0 being absolute zero:\r\n\r\nKelvin (K)<\/strong> \u2013 Same size of a degree as Celsius\r\n\r\nRankine (\u00b0R)<\/strong> \u2013 Same size of a degree as Fahrenheit\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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<\/div>\r\n
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Defining Equations<\/h3>\r\nCelsius to Kelvin: [latex] T (K) = T (\u00b0C) + 273.15[\/latex]\r\nFahrenheit to Rankine: [latex] T (\u00b0R) = T (\u00b0F) + 459.67[\/latex]\r\nKelvin to Rankine: [latex]T (\u00b0R) = 1.8\u00b7T (K)[\/latex]\r\nCelsius to Fahrenheit: [latex] T (\u00b0F) = 1.8\u00b7T (\u00b0C) + 32[\/latex]\r\n\r\n \r\n
\r\n

Exercise: Temperature Conversions<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nSome solar plants use molten salt as a heat transfer agent that can be stored efficiently. This allows the plant to operate after the sun has set by extracting energy from the molten salt they have stored during the day. The temperature difference is important to know as it will dictate the energy obtainable from the salt. If the molten salt is heated to 1000\u00b0F on a given day and if the environment is at 25\u00b0C what is the temperature difference in Kelvin?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n

Solution<\/h3>\r\nFirst, convert the two temperatures to the same units. Because the question asks for the temperature difference in Kelvin, it is more convenient to compare on a Celsius scale because the sizes of 1 degree are the same for Celcius\/Kelvin.\r\n\r\nStep 1:<\/strong> Convert the temperature in Fahrenheit to Celsius:\r\n

[latex]T(\u00b0C)=\\frac{T(\u00b0F)-32\u00b0F}{1.8\\frac{\u00b0C}{\u00b0F}}=\\frac{1000\u00b0F-32\u00b0F}{1.8\\frac{\u00b0C}{\u00b0F}}=537.8\u00b0C[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nStep 2:<\/strong> Calculate the difference in temperature in Celsius, which is equal to the difference in Kelvin (you can prove this to yourself if desired if you convert both temperatures above from Celsius to Kelvin).\r\n

[latex]\\Delta T(\u00b0C)=537.8\u00b0C-25\u00b0C=512.8\u00b0C[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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References<\/h2>\r\n[1] OpenStax University Physics Volume 2. 2016. 1.1 <\/span>Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium.<\/i> [online]<https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/university-physics-volume-2\/pages\/1-1-temperature-and-thermal-equilibrium<\/a>> [Accessed 13 May 2020].<\/span>\r\n\r\n[2] OpenStax University Physics Volume 2. 2016. 2.2 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed.<\/i> [online]<https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/university-physics-volume-2\/pages\/2-2-pressure-temperature-and-rms-speed<\/a>> [Accessed 13 May 2020].\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
\n
\n

Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

\n

By the end of this section, you should be able to:<\/p>\n

Understand<\/strong> the physical properties described by the temperature<\/span><\/p>\n

Calculate<\/strong> conversions between scales of temperature<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n

Temperature<\/h2>\n

Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity of what we measure with a thermometer. The average kinetic energy of a molecule is directly proportional to its absolute<\/strong> temperature. Differences in temperature maintain heat transfer through different systems. Heat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of a difference in temperature.[latex]^{[1][2]}[\/latex]<\/p>\n

Assigned scales are based on physical measurements:<\/p>\n

Celsius (\u00b0C)<\/strong> \u2013 based on water freezing (0 \u00b0C) and boiling (100 \u00b0C) at atmospheric pressure. Absolute zero at -273.15\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

Fahrenheit (\u00b0F)<\/strong> \u2013 based on water freezing (32 \u00b0F) and boiling (212 \u00b0F) at atmospheric pressure. Absolute zero at -459.67\u00b0F.<\/p>\n

There are also other absolute scales with 0 being absolute zero:<\/p>\n

Kelvin (K)<\/strong> \u2013 Same size of a degree as Celsius<\/p>\n

Rankine (\u00b0R)<\/strong> \u2013 Same size of a degree as Fahrenheit<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
<\/div>\n
\n
\n

Defining Equations<\/h3>\n

Celsius to Kelvin: [latex]T (K) = T (\u00b0C) + 273.15[\/latex]
\nFahrenheit to Rankine: [latex]T (\u00b0R) = T (\u00b0F) + 459.67[\/latex]
\nKelvin to Rankine: [latex]T (\u00b0R) = 1.8\u00b7T (K)[\/latex]
\nCelsius to Fahrenheit: [latex]T (\u00b0F) = 1.8\u00b7T (\u00b0C) + 32[\/latex]<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
\n

Exercise: Temperature Conversions<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

\n

Some solar plants use molten salt as a heat transfer agent that can be stored efficiently. This allows the plant to operate after the sun has set by extracting energy from the molten salt they have stored during the day. The temperature difference is important to know as it will dictate the energy obtainable from the salt. If the molten salt is heated to 1000\u00b0F on a given day and if the environment is at 25\u00b0C what is the temperature difference in Kelvin?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Solution<\/h3>\n

First, convert the two temperatures to the same units. Because the question asks for the temperature difference in Kelvin, it is more convenient to compare on a Celsius scale because the sizes of 1 degree are the same for Celcius\/Kelvin.<\/p>\n

Step 1:<\/strong> Convert the temperature in Fahrenheit to Celsius:<\/p>\n

[latex]T(\u00b0C)=\\frac{T(\u00b0F)-32\u00b0F}{1.8\\frac{\u00b0C}{\u00b0F}}=\\frac{1000\u00b0F-32\u00b0F}{1.8\\frac{\u00b0C}{\u00b0F}}=537.8\u00b0C[\/latex]<\/p>\n

Step 2:<\/strong> Calculate the difference in temperature in Celsius, which is equal to the difference in Kelvin (you can prove this to yourself if desired if you convert both temperatures above from Celsius to Kelvin).<\/p>\n

[latex]\\Delta T(\u00b0C)=537.8\u00b0C-25\u00b0C=512.8\u00b0C[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
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References<\/h2>\n

[1] OpenStax University Physics Volume 2. 2016. 1.1 <\/span>Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium.<\/i> [online]<https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/university-physics-volume-2\/pages\/1-1-temperature-and-thermal-equilibrium<\/a>> [Accessed 13 May 2020].<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] OpenStax University Physics Volume 2. 2016. 2.2 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed.<\/i> [online]<https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/university-physics-volume-2\/pages\/2-2-pressure-temperature-and-rms-speed<\/a>> [Accessed 13 May 2020].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":948,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1700","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1635,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1700","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/948"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1700"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1700\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2826,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1700\/revisions\/2826"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1635"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1700\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1700"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1700"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1700"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1700"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}