{"id":1733,"date":"2020-06-30T18:27:45","date_gmt":"2020-06-30T22:27:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/?post_type=chapter&p=1733"},"modified":"2020-08-12T14:16:34","modified_gmt":"2020-08-12T18:16:34","slug":"estimating-vapour-pressure","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/chapter\/estimating-vapour-pressure\/","title":{"raw":"Estimating Vapour Pressure","rendered":"Estimating Vapour Pressure"},"content":{"raw":"
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Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section, you should be able to:\r\n\r\nEstimate <\/strong>the vapour pressure of pure compounds at a given temperature using Antoine's equation\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\nVapour pressure([latex]p*[\/latex]) is defined as the pressure at which a gas coexists with its solid or liquid phase<\/strong>. Vapour pressure is created by faster molecules that break away from the liquid or solid and enter the gas phase. The vapour pressure of a substance depends on both the substance and its temperature<\/strong>\u2014an increase in temperature increases the vapour pressure. [latex]^{[1]}[\/latex]\r\n\r\nOne empirical method to estimate [latex]p\u2217[\/latex] is the Antoine equation<\/strong>:\r\n

[latex]log_{10}(p*)=A-\\frac{B}{T+C}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nwhere\r\n

A, B and C are constants depending on the type of substance<\/blockquote>\r\nNOTE:<\/strong> Sometimes different sources of data can use different units for temperature, or used [latex]ln[\/latex] (base e) instead of [latex]log_{10}[\/latex] (base 10).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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\r\n\r\nFinding Antoine Equation Parameters on NIST<\/strong>:\r\n
    \r\n \t
  1. Search for \u201cNIST Chemistry Webbook\u201d or go to https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t
  2. Scroll down to search options and choose, name, formula or other desired search criteria<\/li>\r\n \t
  3. Enter search criteria (e.g. methanol, CH3OH\u2026)<\/li>\r\n \t
  4. Leave other options as default and search for substance<\/li>\r\n \t
  5. Select desired substance from the list provided if not brought to substance homepage immediately<\/li>\r\n \t
  6. On the substance homepage scroll down to the \u201cOther data available\u201d section and select \u201cphase change data\u201d.<\/li>\r\n \t
  7. Scroll through this section to find desired data<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n
    <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n

    Example: Estimating Vapour Pressure for Water<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Temperature(K)<\/th>\r\nA<\/th>\r\nB<\/th>\r\nC<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
    379-573<\/td>\r\n3.55959<\/td>\r\n643.748<\/td>\r\n-198.043<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    273-303<\/td>\r\n5.40221<\/td>\r\n1838.675<\/td>\r\n-31.737<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    304-333<\/td>\r\n5.20389<\/td>\r\n1733.926<\/td>\r\n-39.485<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

    data obtained from NIST<\/a><\/p>\r\nBased on the data above, what is the vapour pressure of water at 100\u00b0C and 200\u00b0C?\r\n\r\nFor T=100\u00b0C: Since the temperature is given in the Kelvin scale on the chart, we convert 100\u00b0C to 373K, which is closest to the range in the first row of data, so we will use that range.\r\n\\begin{align*}\r\nlog_{10}(p*) &=A-\\frac{B}{T+C}\\\\\r\np*& = 10^{A-\\frac{B}{T+C}}\\\\\r\n&= 10^{3.55959-\\frac{643.748}{373-198.043}}\\\\\r\n& = 0.76 bar\r\n\\end{align*}\r\n\r\nFor T=200\u00b0C: We first convert the temperature to 473K, which is in the range for the first row of data.\r\n\\begin{align*}\r\nlog_{10}(p*) &=A-\\frac{B}{T+C}\\\\\r\np*& = 10^{A-\\frac{B}{T+C}}\\\\\r\n&= 10^{3.55959-\\frac{643.748}{473-198.043}}\\\\\r\n& = 16.53 bar\r\n\\end{align*}\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    \r\n
    \r\n\r\nConsider the calculated result for vapour pressure at 100 \u00b0C, compare it with your knowledge of vapour pressure of water. Does it seem accurate?\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    We know the vapour pressure at 100 \u00b0C should be closer to 1 bar as water would boil at 100 \u00b0C at 1 atm, this shows the error that might be present in these correlations, especially when taking them outside of their T ranges. As shown below, the value calculated at T=200 \u00b0C is more accurate, likely because it is well within the range of temperatures provided for the A, B and C parameters (although there is still some error). Remember these correlations are generalizations, meaning it is rare they are 100% accurate.<\/span><\/div>\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    Temperature(K)<\/th>\r\n[latex]p*[\/latex] calculated (bar)<\/th>\r\n[latex]p*[\/latex] actual(bar)<\/th>\r\n% difference<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n
    373<\/td>\r\n0.758798<\/td>\r\n1.013<\/td>\r\n25.09403<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
    473<\/td>\r\n16.53187<\/td>\r\n15.55<\/td>\r\n6.314304<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n
    <\/div>\r\n
    \r\n

    References<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n[1] OpenStax University Physics Volume 2. 2016. 13.5 Phase Changes.<\/i> [online] <https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/college-physics\/pages\/13-5-phase-changes<\/a>> [Accessed 15 May 2020].\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n
    \n

    Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

    \n

    By the end of this section, you should be able to:<\/p>\n

    Estimate <\/strong>the vapour pressure of pure compounds at a given temperature using Antoine’s equation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Vapour pressure([latex]p*[\/latex]) is defined as the pressure at which a gas coexists with its solid or liquid phase<\/strong>. Vapour pressure is created by faster molecules that break away from the liquid or solid and enter the gas phase. The vapour pressure of a substance depends on both the substance and its temperature<\/strong>\u2014an increase in temperature increases the vapour pressure. [latex]^{[1]}[\/latex]<\/p>\n

    One empirical method to estimate [latex]p\u2217[\/latex] is the Antoine equation<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

    [latex]log_{10}(p*)=A-\\frac{B}{T+C}[\/latex]<\/p>\n

    where<\/p>\n

    A, B and C are constants depending on the type of substance<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    NOTE:<\/strong> Sometimes different sources of data can use different units for temperature, or used [latex]ln[\/latex] (base e) instead of [latex]log_{10}[\/latex] (base 10).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    Finding Antoine Equation Parameters on NIST<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Search for \u201cNIST Chemistry Webbook\u201d or go to https:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/<\/a><\/li>\n
    2. Scroll down to search options and choose, name, formula or other desired search criteria<\/li>\n
    3. Enter search criteria (e.g. methanol, CH3OH\u2026)<\/li>\n
    4. Leave other options as default and search for substance<\/li>\n
    5. Select desired substance from the list provided if not brought to substance homepage immediately<\/li>\n
    6. On the substance homepage scroll down to the \u201cOther data available\u201d section and select \u201cphase change data\u201d.<\/li>\n
    7. Scroll through this section to find desired data<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

       <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      \n
      \n
      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n

      Example: Estimating Vapour Pressure for Water<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

      \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Temperature(K)<\/th>\nA<\/th>\nB<\/th>\nC<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      379-573<\/td>\n3.55959<\/td>\n643.748<\/td>\n-198.043<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      273-303<\/td>\n5.40221<\/td>\n1838.675<\/td>\n-31.737<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      304-333<\/td>\n5.20389<\/td>\n1733.926<\/td>\n-39.485<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      data obtained from NIST<\/a><\/p>\n

      Based on the data above, what is the vapour pressure of water at 100\u00b0C and 200\u00b0C?<\/p>\n

      For T=100\u00b0C: Since the temperature is given in the Kelvin scale on the chart, we convert 100\u00b0C to 373K, which is closest to the range in the first row of data, so we will use that range.
      \n\\begin{align*}
      \nlog_{10}(p*) &=A-\\frac{B}{T+C}\\\\
      \np*& = 10^{A-\\frac{B}{T+C}}\\\\
      \n&= 10^{3.55959-\\frac{643.748}{373-198.043}}\\\\
      \n& = 0.76 bar
      \n\\end{align*}<\/p>\n

      For T=200\u00b0C: We first convert the temperature to 473K, which is in the range for the first row of data.
      \n\\begin{align*}
      \nlog_{10}(p*) &=A-\\frac{B}{T+C}\\\\
      \np*& = 10^{A-\\frac{B}{T+C}}\\\\
      \n&= 10^{3.55959-\\frac{643.748}{473-198.043}}\\\\
      \n& = 16.53 bar
      \n\\end{align*}<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

       <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      \n
      \n

      Consider the calculated result for vapour pressure at 100 \u00b0C, compare it with your knowledge of vapour pressure of water. Does it seem accurate?<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

      \n
      We know the vapour pressure at 100 \u00b0C should be closer to 1 bar as water would boil at 100 \u00b0C at 1 atm, this shows the error that might be present in these correlations, especially when taking them outside of their T ranges. As shown below, the value calculated at T=200 \u00b0C is more accurate, likely because it is well within the range of temperatures provided for the A, B and C parameters (although there is still some error). Remember these correlations are generalizations, meaning it is rare they are 100% accurate.<\/span><\/div>\n
      \n
      \n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Temperature(K)<\/th>\n[latex]p*[\/latex] calculated (bar)<\/th>\n[latex]p*[\/latex] actual(bar)<\/th>\n% difference<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
      373<\/td>\n0.758798<\/td>\n1.013<\/td>\n25.09403<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      473<\/td>\n16.53187<\/td>\n15.55<\/td>\n6.314304<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
      <\/div>\n
      \n

      References<\/strong><\/h3>\n

      [1] OpenStax University Physics Volume 2. 2016. 13.5 Phase Changes.<\/i> [online] <https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/college-physics\/pages\/13-5-phase-changes<\/a>> [Accessed 15 May 2020].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

       <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":948,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1733","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1635,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1733","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/948"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1733"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1733\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2687,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1733\/revisions\/2687"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1635"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1733\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1733"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1733"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1733"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1733"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}