{"id":1806,"date":"2020-07-03T14:49:50","date_gmt":"2020-07-03T18:49:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/chapter\/lecture-19-process-safety-1-an-introduction-fixing-todo-slides\/"},"modified":"2020-08-20T14:25:05","modified_gmt":"2020-08-20T18:25:05","slug":"lecture-19-process-safety-1-an-introduction-fixing-todo-slides","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/chapter\/lecture-19-process-safety-1-an-introduction-fixing-todo-slides\/","title":{"raw":"An Introduction to Process Safety","rendered":"An Introduction to Process Safety"},"content":{"raw":"
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Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section, you should be able to:\r\n\r\nList and describe <\/strong>basic process safety terminology\r\n\r\nAppreciate <\/strong>the need for process safety\r\n\r\nPrioritize <\/strong>process safety changes based on inherently safer design strategies\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Terminology<\/span><\/div>\r\n
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\r\n\r\nAccident<\/strong> - the occurrence of a sequence of events that produce unintended injury, death or property damage\r\n\r\nSafety<\/strong> - strategy of accident prevention\r\n\r\nLoss prevention<\/strong> - prevention of injury to people, damage to the environment, loss of equipment, inventory, production, reputation or economic loss\r\n\r\nHazard<\/strong> - a chemical or physical condition that has the potential to cause an accident (example of significant chemical plant hazard: flammable, explosive, reactive & toxic hazards)\r\n\r\nRisk<\/strong> - the probability of an accident occurring and the consequence of it\r\n\r\nIncident<\/strong> - loss of control of material of energy (e.g. leak in a pipe)\r\n\r\nScenario<\/strong> - a sequence of events causing the hazard to result in an accident\r\n\r\nOutcome\/Consequence<\/strong> - the physical manifestation of an accident\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Safety Triangle<\/h2>\r\nThe safety triangle shows three essential aspects to achieve workplace safety:\r\n\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nEach of these aspects highlight different key pieces needed in an organization to ensure it can operate safely. Expanding on each aspect of the safety triangle:\r\n\r\nTechnical<\/strong> - characterization and control of hazards\r\n\r\nManagement<\/strong> - policies and procedures for safety\r\n\r\nCultural<\/strong> - motivating people to do things safely\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Statistics on incidents<\/h2>\r\nOSHA<\/strong> - Occupational Safety & Health Administration\r\n\\begin{align*}\r\n& \\text{incident rate} = \\text{incidents per 100 worker per year}\\\\\r\n& \\text{ every working year} = 2000 \\text{ hours}\\\\\r\n& \\text{incident rate} = \\text{incidents per 200,000 hours exposure}\r\n\\end{align*}\r\n\r\n FAR <\/strong> - Fatal Accident Rate\r\n\\begin{align*}\r\n& \\text{fatalities per 1000 employee over their working life}\\\\\r\n& =10^8\\text{ hours of exposure} \\\\\r\n& 50 \\text{ years pf exposure} \u00d7 2000 \\text{ hrs\/yr} \u00d7 1000 \\text{ employees}\r\n\\end{align*}\r\n\r\n Fatality Rate <\/strong> - per person per year - exposure poorly defined\r\n

For these statistics, smaller is better!<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

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Exercise: Incident Rate Calculation<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nSuppose 2 workers have experienced an incident of CO exposure on our site while the total hours of exposure for all workers for the risk of CO exposure are 720,000 hours. Calculate the OSHA incident rate for CO exposure on the site.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Solution<\/h3>\r\n\\begin{align*}\r\n\\text{incident rate} & = \\text{number of incident exposure}\u00d7\\frac{200,000}{\\text{number of working hours}}\\\\\r\n& =2\u00d7\\frac{200,000}{720,000}\\\\\r\n& = 0.56\r\n\\end{align*}\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n
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Exercise: Incident Rate Conversion<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n

\r\n\r\nSuppose a fatal accident has an OSHA incident rate of [latex]8.9\u00d710^{-5}[\/latex], express the incident rate in the form of the FAR accident rate.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Solution<\/h3>\r\n\\begin{align*}\r\n\\text{fatal accident rate} & = \\frac{\\text{OSHA incident rate}\u00d710^8 \\text{hours}}{200,000 \\text{hours}}\\\\\r\n& = \\frac{8.9\u00d710^{-5}\u00d710^8}{200,000}\\\\\r\n& = 0.0445\r\n\\end{align*}\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Personal vs. Process Safety<\/h2>\r\n\"\"\r\n\r\nprocess safety - low frequency, potentially higher consequence\r\n\r\npersonal safety - higher frequency, generally lower consequence\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Why do Accidents Occur?<\/h2>\r\nWe choose to handle dangerous process materials and energies to make value-added products that can be very beneficial.\r\n