{"id":1954,"date":"2020-07-13T12:40:15","date_gmt":"2020-07-13T16:40:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1954"},"modified":"2020-08-12T15:04:36","modified_gmt":"2020-08-12T19:04:36","slug":"life-cycle-assessment","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/chapter\/life-cycle-assessment\/","title":{"raw":"Life Cycle Assessment","rendered":"Life Cycle Assessment"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section, you should be able to:\r\n\r\n<strong>Understand <\/strong>the\u00a0steps involved in life cycle assessment (LCA)\r\n\r\n<strong>Interpret<\/strong> LCA results critically\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<h2>Life Cycle Assessment<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Terminology<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cradle-to-grave:<\/strong> this scope includes all aspects of a product, starting from raw material extraction to the product's end of life (use and disposal)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Cradle-to-gate:<\/strong> this scope includes all aspects of a product from raw material extraction to production, but does not include the product's use or disposal<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Gate-to-gate:<\/strong> this scope includes the manufacturing\/production and processing aspects of a product only<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique used to quantify the environmental impact of a product from raw material acquisition through end of life disposition (<strong>cradle-to-grave<\/strong>)\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1962 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram1-300x123.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"643\" height=\"264\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Product assembly image from <a title=\"via Wikimedia Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tissue_Paper_Production_Machine.jpg\">Sammutawe<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/p>\r\nThere are four stages of a life cycle assessment:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong> Step 1: Goal Definition and Scoping: <\/strong> Identify the LCA's purpose, the products of the study, and determine the study boundaries. This can include things like what is included and what is not included in the study<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Step 2: Life-cycle Inventory:<\/strong> Quantify the energy and raw material inputs and environmental releases associated with each life cycle phase.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Step 3: Impact Analysis:<\/strong> Assess the impacts on human health and the environment.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Step 4: Interpret Results:<\/strong> Evaluate opportunities to reduce energy, material inputs, or environmental impacts at each stage of the product life-cycle.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nLife Cycle Assessments are based on international standards set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 14040).\r\n<blockquote>Each of the steps are set by different ISOs:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Step 1: ISO 14041<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Step 2: ISO 14041<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Step 3: ISO 14042<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Step 4: ISO 14043<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: Biofuels Product Scope<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nConsider the following system boundary diagram for the production of biofuels. Which scope does this representation cover (cradle-to-grave, cradle-to-gate, or gate-to-gate)?\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1960 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/CradleDiagram-300x66.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"618\" height=\"136\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\r\nThis diagram represents a <strong>cradle-to-gate<\/strong> scope because it shows the raw materials used for the production of biofuels, the transportation of raw materials, as well as initial processing.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<h3>Step 1: Goal Definition and Scoping<\/h3>\r\nDefine the goal:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>What is the intended application of the study?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Who is the intended audience?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nDefine the scope:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>What is the product system to be studied?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the functional unit?*<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What are the boundaries of the product system?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What are the assumptions and limitations of the study?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What impact categories need to be included in the study?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n*<strong>Functional Units<\/strong>: a measure of the function of the studied system. It provides a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related and enables a comparison of two essentially different systems.\r\n<blockquote>Examples of functional units:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>For a paint system (the paint as well as layers of coating materials applied to a surface), the functional unit may be defined as the unit surface protected for 10 years<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For a printer, the funcional unit may be defined as the number of printed pages of an acceptable print quality<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For a power generation system, the functional unit may be defined as 1kWh of electricity<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example: Reusable Shopping Bags<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n\r\nLet's say you own a local grocery store in Kitsilano. Your customers start requesting that you sell reusable shopping bags to minimize waste. You think its a great idea, but want to make sure that the reusable shopping bags you sell have the lowest environmental impact. Since you are an engineer and learned about LCA in CHBE 220, you decide to perform a streamlined LCA.\r\n\r\nWhat is your <strong>goal<\/strong>?\r\n<blockquote>Determine which shopping bag has the lowest environmental impact<\/blockquote>\r\nAfter doing a search of what is available on the market, you determine that your options for shopping bags are as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Single use paper<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Single use plasic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reusable plastic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reusable cotton<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhat are your <strong> system boundaries and process<\/strong>?\r\n\r\nTo simplify your LCA, you make the following assumptions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>All bags are manufactured 100km from the customer<\/li>\r\n \t<li>All bags travel 10km from the customer to the end of life<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Half of paper bags are recycled at end of life and the other half go to a landfill<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Plastic and cotton bags go to landfill at the end of life<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1963 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram2-300x106.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"578\" height=\"204\" \/>\r\n\r\nWhat is the <strong>functional unit<\/strong> for this system?\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Let's take our functional unit to be the amount of shopping bags consumed by a household to carry 70 grocery items (~7 items per bag per trip) home from the supermarket each week for 52 weeks. Note you'll see that each bag type in the table below has relative capacities, and this is used to account for some bags having the ability to carry more or fewer items than others while comparing to single-use plastic bags as a basis.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 90px\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Bag Type<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 124.65px;text-align: center\">Single-Use Plastic<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 159.85px;text-align: center\">Single-Use Paper<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 111.85px;text-align: center\">Reusable Plastic<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">Reusable Cotton<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Material<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 125.45px;text-align: center\">HDPE<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 160.65px;text-align: center\">Unbleached Kraft paper<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">Polypropylene<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 113.45px;text-align: center\">Cotton<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Mass per bag<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 125.45px;text-align: center\">7g<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 160.65px;text-align: center\">42.6g<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">95g<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 113.45px;text-align: center\">85g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Relative Capacity<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 125.45px;text-align: center\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 160.65px;text-align: center\">0.9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">1.1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 113.45px;text-align: center\">1.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Bags per year<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 125.45px;text-align: center\">520<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 160.65px;text-align: center\">578<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">4.55<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 113.45px;text-align: center\">4.55<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Mass bags per year<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 125.45px;text-align: center\">3640g<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 160.65px;text-align: center\">24622.8g<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">432.25g<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 113.45px;text-align: center\">386.75g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<h3>Step 2: Life Cycle Inventory<\/h3>\r\nThe life cycle inventory step is a highly data-intensive step that is based on detailed material and energy balance analyses over the life cycle of a product. The aim of this step is to account quantitatively for the components which make up the life cycle for our products.\r\n\r\n<strong>Advantages<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Quantifiable data for each product to assess impacts (although these can be highly dependent on the assumptions we make in step 1)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Challenges<\/strong>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Assumptions made when data unavailable<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can be very time-intensive to account for all materials, energy, and steps to create a product<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1994 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/NewDiagram3-300x293.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"622\" height=\"607\" \/>\r\n\r\nA life-cycle inventory can be summarized by block flow diagrams. The following diagram is one example for a typical manufacturing process for lithium-ion battery cells.[1]\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1957 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/LithFlow-300x189.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"694\" height=\"437\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example: Reusable Shopping Bags Life-Cycle Inventory<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n\r\nOnce again, you'd like to continue your LCA on the four options of shopping bags that you can offer in your grocery store. You gather the following information for quantities involved in each step of the lifecycle of these bags. Note most of these are measured in terms of a mass (eg grams, g) or mass per distance for travel (eg. tonne-kilometers, tkm).\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 90px\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Single-Use Plastic Bag<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Polyethylene, HDPE, granulate<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 93.45px;height: 15px\">3640g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Stretch blow moulding<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 93.45px;height: 15px\">3640g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Transport, 100km manufacturing to customer<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 93.45px;height: 15px\">0.364tkm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Transport, municipal waste collection, 10km customer to landfill<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 93.45px;height: 15px\">0.0364tkm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Disposal, polyethylene, 0.4% water, to sanitary landfill<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 93.45px;height: 15px\">3640g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 105px\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Single-Use Paper Bag<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Kraft paper, unbleached, at plant<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">24622.8g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Production of paper bags<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">24622.8g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Transport, 100km manufacturing to customer<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">2.4623tkm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Transport, municipal waste collection, 10km customer to landfill\/recycling<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">0.24623tkm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Disposal, packaging paper, to sanitary landfill<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">12311g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Recycling paper<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">12311g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Reusable Plastic Bag<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Polyethylene, granulate<\/td>\r\n<td>432.25g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Extrusion, plastic film<\/td>\r\n<td>432.25g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Transport, 100km manufacturing to customer<\/td>\r\n<td>0.043225tkm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Transport, municipal waste collection, 10km customer to landfill<\/td>\r\n<td>0.0043225tkm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Disposal, polyethylene, to sanitary landfill<\/td>\r\n<td>432.25g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 444.65px\">Reusable Cotton Bag<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 444.65px\">Textile, woven cotton, at plant<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 102.25px\">386.75<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 444.65px\">Transport, 100km manufacturing to customer<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 102.25px\">0.03867tkm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 444.65px\">Transport, municipal waste collection, 10km customer to landfill<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 102.25px\">0.003867tkm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 444.65px\">Disposal, inert material, to sanitary landfill<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 102.25px\">386.75g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<h3>Step 3: Impact Assessment<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Impact Assessment Results<\/strong>: impact assessment converts the inventory into impact categories or endpoints, detailing human health and environmental impact.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Converts the inventory into impact categories or mid\/endpoints that characterize the environmental effects<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Impact categories may include: carcinogens, climate change, respiratory organics, and inorganics, radiation, ozone layer, ecotoxicity, acidification\/eutrophication, land use, minerals, fossil fuels<\/li>\r\n \t<li>We can add weights to impact categories to indicate if we want to weight them more or less significantly in overall analysis (this is again where some assumptions may come in and so we have to be careful when setting up and interpreting LCAs)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1965 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram4-300x122.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"689\" height=\"280\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">The following figure shows an example of life-cycle assessment results for EV batteries from a study conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).[1]<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div><img class=\"wp-image-1955 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-256x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"472\" height=\"553\" \/><\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n*ADP: abiotic depletion potential - depletion of non-living resources such as minerals, clay, fossil fuels, etc.\r\n\r\n*AP: acidification potential - the potential of the battery releasing harmful acids into the environment\r\n\r\n*EcoTP: ecological toxicity potential - the potential of the battery being toxic to surrounding ecology\r\n\r\n*EP: eutrophication potential - nutrient addition that leads to the (over)growth of aquatic plant species; can lead to things like algal blooms and food chain disruptions\r\n\r\n*GWP: global warming potential - the potential of warming caused by the release of greenhouse gases as caused by the battery\r\n\r\n*HTP: human toxicity potential - the potential the battery process has for releasing chemicals that are toxic (dosage is taken into account) into the environmental\r\n\r\n*OCH: occupational cancer hazard - the potential the battery process has for exposing people that work on this battery to carcinogens\r\n\r\n*ODP: ozone depletion potential - the potential the battery process has for releasing chemicals that degrade the ozone layer\r\n\r\n*OnCH: occupational non-cancer hazard - the potential the battery process has for exposing people that work on this battery to other diseases, injuries, or other health problems\r\n\r\n*POP: photochemical oxidation potential - the potential the battery process has for releasing chemicals that react in the sunlight and release harmful products into the environment\r\n\r\n*EOL: end-of-life; note that the negative values for the EOL bar signify recovery of the material at the end of battery's life, which reduced the life-cycle impact.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<h3>Step 4: Report Results<\/h3>\r\n<strong> Life cycle interpretation<\/strong>: findings of the inventory analysis or impact assessment are evaluated in relation to the goal and scope of the study to reach conclusions and recommendations.\r\n\r\nIn this stage we aim to:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Identify significant issues<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Evaluate results for completeness, consistency, and sensitivity of the data<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Draw conclusions and make recommendations consistent with the goal and scope of the study<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example: Reusable Shopping Bags LCA Results<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nConsider the following chart that you put together after conducting an impact assessment on the 4 options for shopping bags. Note in this case that a lower score will mean less environmental impact (ie. lower score is better).\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1959 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ChartBags-300x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"310\" \/>\r\n\r\nAfter contacting suppliers, you find that the cost per year for each of the shopping bags is as follows:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Singe-Use Plastic: 10.40 dollars\/year<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Singe-Use Paper: 40.46 dollars\/year<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reusable Plastic: 4.55 dollars\/year<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reusable Cotton: 27.30 dollars\/year<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSome questions you might ask:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Which bag would you promote given the impact information?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which bag would you promote given the cost information?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which bag would customers most likely lean towards given the cost?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Are there any assumptions you would change?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Did your final result differ from your initial guess?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\nGiven both the cost information and the environmental assessment, you might decide to go with the reusable plastic shopping bags, or offer these alongside re-useable cotton bags with some information to customers.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: LCA Results on Different Lithium-Ion Batteries<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nA life-cycle assessment is conducted on two different types of vehicle batteries: electric vehicle (EV) batteries and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) batteries. Each of these has different lithium-ion chemistries. The EV batteries have 3 different chemistries ([latex]LiMnO_{2}[\/latex], [latex]Li-NCM[\/latex], and [latex]LiFePO_{4}[\/latex]), while the PHEV batteries have 2 different chemistries ([latex]LiMnO_{2}[\/latex] and [latex]LiFePO_{4}[\/latex]).[1]\r\n\r\n<strong>Legend for the charts:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n*ADP: abiotic depletion potential\r\n*AP: acidification potential\r\n*EcoTP: ecological toxicity potential\r\n*EP: eutrophication potential\r\n*GWP: global warming potential\r\n*HTP: human toxicity potential\r\n*OCH: occupational cancer hazard\r\n*ODP: ozone depletion potential\r\n*OnCH: occupational non-cancer hazard\r\n*POP: photochemical oxidation potential\r\n\r\nEV Batteries:\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1955 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-256x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"633\" \/>\r\n\r\nPHEV Batteries:\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1977 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEVLCA-251x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"658\" \/>\r\n\r\nYour client is asking you to make a recommendation on which vehicle type (EV or PHEV) they should manufacture based solely on human toxicity potential through <em>product use<\/em> for batteries. Which vehicle type do you recommend based on the information you have and why?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Step 1:<\/strong> Determine where the human toxicity potential (HTP) is located on the graph.\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 2:<\/strong> Compare the data of both EV and PHEV batteries side by side. Note that the 'product use' factor is the light blue\/teal bar\r\nEV:\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1966 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/EV1-300x96.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"483\" height=\"155\" \/>\r\n\r\nPHEV:\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-1958 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEV1-300x99.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"491\" height=\"162\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 3:<\/strong> Determine the approximate percentages for 'product use' for each of the factors and the batteries.\r\n\r\nEV:\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"height: 30px\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 111.05px\">Health Factor<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 99.85px\">[latex]LiMn_{2}[\/latex]<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 114.25px\">[latex]LiFePO_{4}[\/latex]<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 87.85px\">[latex]Li-NCM[\/latex]<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 111.05px\">HTP<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 99.85px\">80%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 114.25px\">80%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 87.85px\">80%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nPHEV:\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"height: 30px\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 145.45px\">Health Factor<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 131.05px\">[latex]LiMn_{2}[\/latex]<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 150.25px\">[latex]LiFePO_{4}[\/latex]<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 145.45px\">HTP<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 131.85px\">90%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 151.05px\">90%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 4:<\/strong> Determine which battery type is the best choice based on your client's specifications.\r\n\r\nSince the percentages are consistent among battery chemistries, our choice will be between the EV battery and the PHEV battery. The EV has a smaller impact on human toxicity potential through product use when compared to PHEV. Therefore, we recommend an <strong>EV battery<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n[1]\"Application of LifeCycle Assessment to Nanoscale Technology: Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles\", United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2013.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this section, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Understand <\/strong>the\u00a0steps involved in life cycle assessment (LCA)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Interpret<\/strong> LCA results critically<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h2>Life Cycle Assessment<\/h2>\n<h3>Terminology<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Cradle-to-grave:<\/strong> this scope includes all aspects of a product, starting from raw material extraction to the product&#8217;s end of life (use and disposal)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cradle-to-gate:<\/strong> this scope includes all aspects of a product from raw material extraction to production, but does not include the product&#8217;s use or disposal<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gate-to-gate:<\/strong> this scope includes the manufacturing\/production and processing aspects of a product only<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique used to quantify the environmental impact of a product from raw material acquisition through end of life disposition (<strong>cradle-to-grave<\/strong>)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1962 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram1-300x123.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"643\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram1-300x123.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram1-1024x421.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram1-768x315.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram1-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram1-225x92.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram1-350x144.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram1.png 1293w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Product assembly image from <a title=\"via Wikimedia Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tissue_Paper_Production_Machine.jpg\">Sammutawe<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/p>\n<p>There are four stages of a life cycle assessment:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong> Step 1: Goal Definition and Scoping: <\/strong> Identify the LCA&#8217;s purpose, the products of the study, and determine the study boundaries. This can include things like what is included and what is not included in the study<\/li>\n<li><strong>Step 2: Life-cycle Inventory:<\/strong> Quantify the energy and raw material inputs and environmental releases associated with each life cycle phase.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Step 3: Impact Analysis:<\/strong> Assess the impacts on human health and the environment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Step 4: Interpret Results:<\/strong> Evaluate opportunities to reduce energy, material inputs, or environmental impacts at each stage of the product life-cycle.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Life Cycle Assessments are based on international standards set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 14040).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Each of the steps are set by different ISOs:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Step 1: ISO 14041<\/li>\n<li>Step 2: ISO 14041<\/li>\n<li>Step 3: ISO 14042<\/li>\n<li>Step 4: ISO 14043<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: Biofuels Product Scope<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div>\n<p>Consider the following system boundary diagram for the production of biofuels. Which scope does this representation cover (cradle-to-grave, cradle-to-gate, or gate-to-gate)?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1960 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/CradleDiagram-300x66.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"618\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/CradleDiagram-300x66.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/CradleDiagram-1024x227.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/CradleDiagram-768x170.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/CradleDiagram-65x14.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/CradleDiagram-225x50.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/CradleDiagram-350x78.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/CradleDiagram.png 1259w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<p>This diagram represents a <strong>cradle-to-gate<\/strong> scope because it shows the raw materials used for the production of biofuels, the transportation of raw materials, as well as initial processing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3>Step 1: Goal Definition and Scoping<\/h3>\n<p>Define the goal:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What is the intended application of the study?<\/li>\n<li>Who is the intended audience?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Define the scope:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What is the product system to be studied?<\/li>\n<li>What is the functional unit?*<\/li>\n<li>What are the boundaries of the product system?<\/li>\n<li>What are the assumptions and limitations of the study?<\/li>\n<li>What impact categories need to be included in the study?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>*<strong>Functional Units<\/strong>: a measure of the function of the studied system. It provides a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related and enables a comparison of two essentially different systems.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Examples of functional units:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For a paint system (the paint as well as layers of coating materials applied to a surface), the functional unit may be defined as the unit surface protected for 10 years<\/li>\n<li>For a printer, the funcional unit may be defined as the number of printed pages of an acceptable print quality<\/li>\n<li>For a power generation system, the functional unit may be defined as 1kWh of electricity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example: Reusable Shopping Bags<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<p>Let&#8217;s say you own a local grocery store in Kitsilano. Your customers start requesting that you sell reusable shopping bags to minimize waste. You think its a great idea, but want to make sure that the reusable shopping bags you sell have the lowest environmental impact. Since you are an engineer and learned about LCA in CHBE 220, you decide to perform a streamlined LCA.<\/p>\n<p>What is your <strong>goal<\/strong>?<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Determine which shopping bag has the lowest environmental impact<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>After doing a search of what is available on the market, you determine that your options for shopping bags are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Single use paper<\/li>\n<li>Single use plasic<\/li>\n<li>Reusable plastic<\/li>\n<li>Reusable cotton<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>What are your <strong> system boundaries and process<\/strong>?<\/p>\n<p>To simplify your LCA, you make the following assumptions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All bags are manufactured 100km from the customer<\/li>\n<li>All bags travel 10km from the customer to the end of life<\/li>\n<li>Half of paper bags are recycled at end of life and the other half go to a landfill<\/li>\n<li>Plastic and cotton bags go to landfill at the end of life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1963 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram2-300x106.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"578\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram2-300x106.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram2-1024x362.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram2-768x272.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram2-65x23.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram2-225x80.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram2-350x124.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram2.png 1283w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>What is the <strong>functional unit<\/strong> for this system?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Let&#8217;s take our functional unit to be the amount of shopping bags consumed by a household to carry 70 grocery items (~7 items per bag per trip) home from the supermarket each week for 52 weeks. Note you&#8217;ll see that each bag type in the table below has relative capacities, and this is used to account for some bags having the ability to carry more or fewer items than others while comparing to single-use plastic bags as a basis.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 90px\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Bag Type<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 124.65px;text-align: center\">Single-Use Plastic<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 159.85px;text-align: center\">Single-Use Paper<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 111.85px;text-align: center\">Reusable Plastic<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">Reusable Cotton<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Material<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 125.45px;text-align: center\">HDPE<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 160.65px;text-align: center\">Unbleached Kraft paper<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">Polypropylene<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 113.45px;text-align: center\">Cotton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Mass per bag<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 125.45px;text-align: center\">7g<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 160.65px;text-align: center\">42.6g<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">95g<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 113.45px;text-align: center\">85g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Relative Capacity<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 125.45px;text-align: center\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 160.65px;text-align: center\">0.9<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">1.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 113.45px;text-align: center\">1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Bags per year<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 125.45px;text-align: center\">520<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 160.65px;text-align: center\">578<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">4.55<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 113.45px;text-align: center\">4.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 127.85px;text-align: center\">Mass bags per year<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 125.45px;text-align: center\">3640g<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 160.65px;text-align: center\">24622.8g<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 112.65px;text-align: center\">432.25g<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 113.45px;text-align: center\">386.75g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3>Step 2: Life Cycle Inventory<\/h3>\n<p>The life cycle inventory step is a highly data-intensive step that is based on detailed material and energy balance analyses over the life cycle of a product. The aim of this step is to account quantitatively for the components which make up the life cycle for our products.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Advantages<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Quantifiable data for each product to assess impacts (although these can be highly dependent on the assumptions we make in step 1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Challenges<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Assumptions made when data unavailable<\/li>\n<li>Can be very time-intensive to account for all materials, energy, and steps to create a product<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1994 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/NewDiagram3-300x293.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"622\" height=\"607\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/NewDiagram3-300x293.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/NewDiagram3-65x64.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/NewDiagram3-225x220.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/NewDiagram3-350x342.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/NewDiagram3.png 766w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 622px) 100vw, 622px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A life-cycle inventory can be summarized by block flow diagrams. The following diagram is one example for a typical manufacturing process for lithium-ion battery cells.[1]<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1957 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/LithFlow-300x189.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"694\" height=\"437\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/LithFlow-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/LithFlow-1024x646.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/LithFlow-768x485.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/LithFlow-65x41.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/LithFlow-225x142.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/LithFlow-350x221.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/LithFlow.png 1184w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 694px) 100vw, 694px\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example: Reusable Shopping Bags Life-Cycle Inventory<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<p>Once again, you&#8217;d like to continue your LCA on the four options of shopping bags that you can offer in your grocery store. You gather the following information for quantities involved in each step of the lifecycle of these bags. Note most of these are measured in terms of a mass (eg grams, g) or mass per distance for travel (eg. tonne-kilometers, tkm).<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 90px\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Single-Use Plastic Bag<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Polyethylene, HDPE, granulate<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.45px;height: 15px\">3640g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Stretch blow moulding<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.45px;height: 15px\">3640g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Transport, 100km manufacturing to customer<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.45px;height: 15px\">0.364tkm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Transport, municipal waste collection, 10km customer to landfill<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.45px;height: 15px\">0.0364tkm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 437.45px;height: 15px\">Disposal, polyethylene, 0.4% water, to sanitary landfill<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.45px;height: 15px\">3640g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"height: 105px\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Single-Use Paper Bag<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Kraft paper, unbleached, at plant<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">24622.8g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Production of paper bags<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">24622.8g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Transport, 100km manufacturing to customer<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">2.4623tkm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Transport, municipal waste collection, 10km customer to landfill\/recycling<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">0.24623tkm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Disposal, packaging paper, to sanitary landfill<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">12311g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 500.65px\">Recycling paper<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 78.25px\">12311g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Reusable Plastic Bag<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Polyethylene, granulate<\/td>\n<td>432.25g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Extrusion, plastic film<\/td>\n<td>432.25g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Transport, 100km manufacturing to customer<\/td>\n<td>0.043225tkm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Transport, municipal waste collection, 10km customer to landfill<\/td>\n<td>0.0043225tkm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Disposal, polyethylene, to sanitary landfill<\/td>\n<td>432.25g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 444.65px\">Reusable Cotton Bag<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 444.65px\">Textile, woven cotton, at plant<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.25px\">386.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 444.65px\">Transport, 100km manufacturing to customer<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.25px\">0.03867tkm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 444.65px\">Transport, municipal waste collection, 10km customer to landfill<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.25px\">0.003867tkm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 444.65px\">Disposal, inert material, to sanitary landfill<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.25px\">386.75g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3>Step 3: Impact Assessment<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Impact Assessment Results<\/strong>: impact assessment converts the inventory into impact categories or endpoints, detailing human health and environmental impact.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Converts the inventory into impact categories or mid\/endpoints that characterize the environmental effects<\/li>\n<li>Impact categories may include: carcinogens, climate change, respiratory organics, and inorganics, radiation, ozone layer, ecotoxicity, acidification\/eutrophication, land use, minerals, fossil fuels<\/li>\n<li>We can add weights to impact categories to indicate if we want to weight them more or less significantly in overall analysis (this is again where some assumptions may come in and so we have to be careful when setting up and interpreting LCAs)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1965 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram4-300x122.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"689\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram4-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram4-1024x416.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram4-768x312.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram4-65x26.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram4-225x91.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram4-350x142.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Diagram4.png 1184w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">The following figure shows an example of life-cycle assessment results for EV batteries from a study conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).[1]<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1955 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-256x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"472\" height=\"553\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-65x76.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-225x263.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-350x409.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss.png 630w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>*ADP: abiotic depletion potential &#8211; depletion of non-living resources such as minerals, clay, fossil fuels, etc.<\/p>\n<p>*AP: acidification potential &#8211; the potential of the battery releasing harmful acids into the environment<\/p>\n<p>*EcoTP: ecological toxicity potential &#8211; the potential of the battery being toxic to surrounding ecology<\/p>\n<p>*EP: eutrophication potential &#8211; nutrient addition that leads to the (over)growth of aquatic plant species; can lead to things like algal blooms and food chain disruptions<\/p>\n<p>*GWP: global warming potential &#8211; the potential of warming caused by the release of greenhouse gases as caused by the battery<\/p>\n<p>*HTP: human toxicity potential &#8211; the potential the battery process has for releasing chemicals that are toxic (dosage is taken into account) into the environmental<\/p>\n<p>*OCH: occupational cancer hazard &#8211; the potential the battery process has for exposing people that work on this battery to carcinogens<\/p>\n<p>*ODP: ozone depletion potential &#8211; the potential the battery process has for releasing chemicals that degrade the ozone layer<\/p>\n<p>*OnCH: occupational non-cancer hazard &#8211; the potential the battery process has for exposing people that work on this battery to other diseases, injuries, or other health problems<\/p>\n<p>*POP: photochemical oxidation potential &#8211; the potential the battery process has for releasing chemicals that react in the sunlight and release harmful products into the environment<\/p>\n<p>*EOL: end-of-life; note that the negative values for the EOL bar signify recovery of the material at the end of battery&#8217;s life, which reduced the life-cycle impact.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3>Step 4: Report Results<\/h3>\n<p><strong> Life cycle interpretation<\/strong>: findings of the inventory analysis or impact assessment are evaluated in relation to the goal and scope of the study to reach conclusions and recommendations.<\/p>\n<p>In this stage we aim to:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Identify significant issues<\/li>\n<li>Evaluate results for completeness, consistency, and sensitivity of the data<\/li>\n<li>Draw conclusions and make recommendations consistent with the goal and scope of the study<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example: Reusable Shopping Bags LCA Results<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Consider the following chart that you put together after conducting an impact assessment on the 4 options for shopping bags. Note in this case that a lower score will mean less environmental impact (ie. lower score is better).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1959 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ChartBags-300x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"620\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ChartBags-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ChartBags-1024x512.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ChartBags-768x384.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ChartBags-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ChartBags-225x113.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ChartBags-350x175.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ChartBags.png 1315w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>After contacting suppliers, you find that the cost per year for each of the shopping bags is as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Singe-Use Plastic: 10.40 dollars\/year<\/li>\n<li>Singe-Use Paper: 40.46 dollars\/year<\/li>\n<li>Reusable Plastic: 4.55 dollars\/year<\/li>\n<li>Reusable Cotton: 27.30 dollars\/year<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some questions you might ask:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Which bag would you promote given the impact information?<\/li>\n<li>Which bag would you promote given the cost information?<\/li>\n<li>Which bag would customers most likely lean towards given the cost?<\/li>\n<li>Are there any assumptions you would change?<\/li>\n<li>Did your final result differ from your initial guess?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Given both the cost information and the environmental assessment, you might decide to go with the reusable plastic shopping bags, or offer these alongside re-useable cotton bags with some information to customers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: LCA Results on Different Lithium-Ion Batteries<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div>\n<p>A life-cycle assessment is conducted on two different types of vehicle batteries: electric vehicle (EV) batteries and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) batteries. Each of these has different lithium-ion chemistries. The EV batteries have 3 different chemistries ([latex]LiMnO_{2}[\/latex], [latex]Li-NCM[\/latex], and [latex]LiFePO_{4}[\/latex]), while the PHEV batteries have 2 different chemistries ([latex]LiMnO_{2}[\/latex] and [latex]LiFePO_{4}[\/latex]).[1]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Legend for the charts:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>*ADP: abiotic depletion potential<br \/>\n*AP: acidification potential<br \/>\n*EcoTP: ecological toxicity potential<br \/>\n*EP: eutrophication potential<br \/>\n*GWP: global warming potential<br \/>\n*HTP: human toxicity potential<br \/>\n*OCH: occupational cancer hazard<br \/>\n*ODP: ozone depletion potential<br \/>\n*OnCH: occupational non-cancer hazard<br \/>\n*POP: photochemical oxidation potential<\/p>\n<p>EV Batteries:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1955 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-256x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"540\" height=\"633\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-65x76.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-225x263.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss-350x409.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ImpactAss.png 630w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>PHEV Batteries:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1977 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEVLCA-251x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"658\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEVLCA-251x300.png 251w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEVLCA-65x78.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEVLCA-225x268.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEVLCA-350x418.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Your client is asking you to make a recommendation on which vehicle type (EV or PHEV) they should manufacture based solely on human toxicity potential through <em>product use<\/em> for batteries. Which vehicle type do you recommend based on the information you have and why?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Step 1:<\/strong> Determine where the human toxicity potential (HTP) is located on the graph.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 2:<\/strong> Compare the data of both EV and PHEV batteries side by side. Note that the &#8216;product use&#8217; factor is the light blue\/teal bar<br \/>\nEV:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/EV1-300x96.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"483\" height=\"155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/EV1-300x96.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/EV1-65x21.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/EV1-225x72.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/EV1-350x113.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/EV1.png 619w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>PHEV:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1958 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEV1-300x99.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"491\" height=\"162\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEV1-300x99.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEV1-65x21.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEV1-225x74.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEV1-350x115.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/PHEV1.png 593w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 3:<\/strong> Determine the approximate percentages for &#8216;product use&#8217; for each of the factors and the batteries.<\/p>\n<p>EV:<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"height: 30px\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 111.05px\">Health Factor<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 99.85px\">[latex]LiMn_{2}[\/latex]<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 114.25px\">[latex]LiFePO_{4}[\/latex]<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 87.85px\">[latex]Li-NCM[\/latex]<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 111.05px\">HTP<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 99.85px\">80%<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 114.25px\">80%<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 87.85px\">80%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>PHEV:<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"height: 30px\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 145.45px\">Health Factor<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 131.05px\">[latex]LiMn_{2}[\/latex]<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 15px;width: 150.25px\">[latex]LiFePO_{4}[\/latex]<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 145.45px\">HTP<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 131.85px\">90%<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 15px;width: 151.05px\">90%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 4:<\/strong> Determine which battery type is the best choice based on your client&#8217;s specifications.<\/p>\n<p>Since the percentages are consistent among battery chemistries, our choice will be between the EV battery and the PHEV battery. The EV has a smaller impact on human toxicity potential through product use when compared to PHEV. Therefore, we recommend an <strong>EV battery<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>[1]&#8221;Application of LifeCycle Assessment to Nanoscale Technology: Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles&#8221;, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2013.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":949,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1954","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1641,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1954","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/949"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1954"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1954\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2702,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1954\/revisions\/2702"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1641"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1954\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1954"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1954"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1954"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1954"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}