{"id":2260,"date":"2020-07-30T14:11:35","date_gmt":"2020-07-30T18:11:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/chapter\/lecture-20-process-safety-2-hazard-identification-todo\/"},"modified":"2020-08-12T15:09:48","modified_gmt":"2020-08-12T19:09:48","slug":"lecture-20-process-safety-2-hazard-identification-todo","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/chapter\/lecture-20-process-safety-2-hazard-identification-todo\/","title":{"raw":"Hazard Identification","rendered":"Hazard Identification"},"content":{"raw":"<div id=\"notebook\" class=\"border-box-sizing\">\r\n<div id=\"notebook-container\" class=\"container\">\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n\r\nBy the end of this section, you should be able to:\r\n\r\n<strong>List and describe <\/strong>process hazard analysis techniques\r\n\r\n<strong>Apply <\/strong>the following process hazard analysis methods: what-if analysis, checklist\/checklist combined with what-if analysis, fault-tree analysis\r\n\r\n<strong>Interpret <\/strong>the following process hazard analysis methods: failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">PHA - Process Hazard Analysis<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<h3>Two Major Categories:<\/h3>\r\nPHAs are separated into two major categories:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Non-scenario based methods<\/strong> - look at a process in general; effectiveness of the output depends largely on the expertise of the PHA team members.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Scenario-based methods<\/strong> - used to predict accident scenarios; a lot more detailed and specific.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Before Starting PHA, Need:<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Extent of hazards - the strength or magnitude of the hazard (e.g the area affected by a flood, the strength of an earthquake described by the Richter Scale)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Number of people potentially affected<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Age of process<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Operating history - process changes, failures, past incidents<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nGenerally, PHA should be reviewed and to some extent and redone at least every 5 years\r\n<h3>Preparing for PHA Meetings<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Selecting the team\r\n<blockquote>Generally, we want diversity- Engineering and process operations expertise,\r\ndesign, operations, maintenance\u2026<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<blockquote>One team member with process experience\r\n\r\nOne team member knowledgeable in PHA\r\nmethodology<\/blockquote>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Develop schedule<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gather and distribute information to be analyzed<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Assign meeting roles ( leader, scribe, etc.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<h3>Before PHA<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Perform site walk-through\r\n<blockquote>Observe layout, verify information, obtain mental picture<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nKey contacts at facility for background, questions, etc\r\n\r\nThe whole team should participate\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Verify key information in documents<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Information Required for PHA<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>PFDs with material balances<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for all relevant substances<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Relevant standards for construction or operation\r\n<blockquote>e.g. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Plant layout, equipment arrangement<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Equipment design bases - temperature and pressure that the equipment is designed for ( how much temperature\/pressure the equipment can withstand)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Operating procedures<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Relief valve, flare\/scrubber systems<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Critical alarms and shutdown<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Previous incidents<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<h2 id=\"What-if-Analysis\">What-if Analysis<\/h2>\r\nWhat-if analysis is a scenario PHA method as it investigates specific problems and traces what would happen if they occur.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Creates a list of \"what-if\" questions that could potentially lead to process failures and\/or safety hazards<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identifies problems but doesn't specify the likelihood<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can include problems with regards to buildings, power systems, raw materials, products, storage, material handling, in-plant environment, operating procedures, work practices, management practices, plant security, etc.\r\n<blockquote><strong>Typical what-if questions:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWhat if the inlet stream is blocked?\r\n\r\nWhat if the pipe leaks?\r\n\r\nWhat if the temperature transmitter stops working?\r\n\r\nWhat if the valve fails open \/ fails closed?<\/blockquote>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note: when we are talking about valves, a common language we use is that the valve \"fails open\". It means the valve breaks down while it is open and does not close anymore when it should. Similarly, the valve \"fails closed\" means the valve fails when it is closed and will not open.<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Results in a list of potential direct consequences that may occur and suggests mitigation methods (if needed)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSuppose we focus on the analysis of a reboiler to heat a recycled portion of the bottoms stream coming from a distillation column before it is sent back to the column:\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2263 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-300x143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"518\" height=\"247\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2264 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-analysis-226x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"365\" height=\"485\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example: Reboiler What-if Analysis<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nFor the same reboiler system as describes previously and shown below, what is the most important consequences if the temperature transmitter stops working and keeps reporting a low temperature? What is a recommendation we can make to mitigate the most important consequence identified?\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2263 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-300x143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"226\" \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Solution<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Identify the direct consequences:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf the temperature transmitter keeps reporting a low temperature, the valve will always be open to allow more steam to flow into the reboiler trying to heat up the process steam. This will cause the process steam to overheat, potentially leading to pressure build-up in the process stream.\r\n\r\n<strong>Recommendations:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA pressure relief valve should be installed on the process stream in case of pressure build-up.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: Distillation Column What-if Analysis<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2265 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-distillation-column-300x221.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"359\" \/>\r\n\r\nFor the distillation column shown above, perform what-if analyses for the following questions:\r\n\r\na) What if stream 2 is blocked?\r\n\r\nb) What if V-102 fails open?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\r\n<strong> If stream 2 is blocked:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf the stream is blocked, the outflow of the vapor component will be stopped. This will cause the pressure to build up in the distillation column.\r\n\r\nA pressure relief valve should be installed in the distillation column to relieve any pressure build-up.\r\n\r\n<strong> If V-102 fails open:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIf V-102 fails open, it will cause free flow of the bottoms out of the distillation column. None of the bottoms will be vapourized by the reboiler and go back to the distillation column. This will affect the vapour-liquid equilibrium in the distillation column, decreasing the efficiency of separation.\r\n\r\nThough low separation efficiency may cause operational troubles, there is no significant immediate safety hazard to the distillation unit if V-102 fails open. No specific recommendation is required.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">Checklist Analysis<\/span><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n\r\nChecklist analysis is a non-scenario PHA method as it suggests common safety issues to assess, thus it is not scenario specific.\r\n\r\nA sample checklist can be seen below with items taken from a process safety management (PSM) auditing checklist from the U.S. Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This sample is a session from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-03\/08_PSM_Auditing_Checklist.pdf\">the Auditing Checklist from OSHA under US department of Labour<\/a>. You can click on the link to see the full checklist.\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2266 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-checklist-300x215.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"586\" height=\"420\" \/>\r\n\r\nChecklist analysis typically is broken into three steps:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Select and develop an appropriate checklist - There may be initial general checklists available. These are then tailored to the specific industry, plant, or process as required.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Perform the checklist analysis - this may involve plant tours, document review, interviews with personnel, and equipment testing. Deficiencies are then compiled and recommendations to overcome these are discussed<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Document the results - The results of the checklist analysis will include the checklist used, deficiencies noted, recommendations, and justifications. These may have a timeline to act on the recommendations and be assigned to certain people for completion or review to ensure they are followed upon.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nChecklists can be used at any point in the plant design and operation process, from initial design to operation to decommissioning (permanently shutting down a plant).\r\n\r\nChecklists can be combined with what-if technique to enhance that technique. With this combined approach, during PHA you would go through a checklist first to help identify hazards and then apply what-if analysis (this would then be considered a scenario method).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<h2 id=\"Fault-tree-Analysis\">Fault-tree Analysis<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Identifies relevant events and potential failure pathways leading to one particular incident<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Uses logic diagrams to express relations between initiating events and an incident<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can be implemented for PHA analysis at any stage of a process from design to the end of life<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBelow are common symbols used in fault-tree analysis logic diagrams:\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2267 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-1-300x222.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"533\" height=\"395\" \/>\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2315 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-2-1-300x153.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"533\" height=\"272\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Fault-tree Analysis<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nCalculate the frequencies of all the intermediate events for the given fault tree:\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2269 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-291x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"437\" \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Solution <\/strong>\r\nWe start with the intermediate event that has known frequencies for all of its input events and work our way up.\r\n\r\n<strong> Step 1:<\/strong> Calculate the frequency of \"tube rupture due to over-pressurization\":\r\nThe intermediate event is connected to the input events by an \"and\" gate, so we multiply the frequencies.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]0.0010\u00d70.065=0.0065[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n<strong> Step 2:<\/strong> Calculate the frequency of \"leaks between process fluids\":\r\nThe intermediate event is connected to the input events by an \"or\" gate, so we add the frequencies.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]0.054+0.0065=0.0605[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n<strong> Step 3:<\/strong> Calculate the frequency of \"heat exchanger fails to isolate and contaminates other equipment\":\r\nThe intermediate event is connected to the input events by an \"and\" gate, so we multiply the frequencies.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]0.0605\u00d70.0702=0.004356[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nSo in general, the resulting frequencies are:\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2270 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-answer-283x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"444\" height=\"471\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA)<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Tabulation of plant equipment, failure modes (how the equipment can fail), and the effects of these failures<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify failure modes then analyze the result of these failures individually\r\n<blockquote>Sample failure mode of an equipment:\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2271 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-FMEA-pump-example-300x122.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"568\" height=\"231\" \/><\/blockquote>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Not useful for a combination of failures (considers only failures in isolation)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Can add criticality analysis to analyze the consequence of failure (this will analyze the severity of the effects of failure and the likelihood of occurrence)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Need 2 or more experienced analysts to analyze equipment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2272 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-FMEA-table-filled-300x289.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"497\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"notebook\" class=\"border-box-sizing\">\n<div id=\"notebook-container\" class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<p>By the end of this section, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<p><strong>List and describe <\/strong>process hazard analysis techniques<\/p>\n<p><strong>Apply <\/strong>the following process hazard analysis methods: what-if analysis, checklist\/checklist combined with what-if analysis, fault-tree analysis<\/p>\n<p><strong>Interpret <\/strong>the following process hazard analysis methods: failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">PHA &#8211; Process Hazard Analysis<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3>Two Major Categories:<\/h3>\n<p>PHAs are separated into two major categories:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Non-scenario based methods<\/strong> &#8211; look at a process in general; effectiveness of the output depends largely on the expertise of the PHA team members.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Scenario-based methods<\/strong> &#8211; used to predict accident scenarios; a lot more detailed and specific.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Before Starting PHA, Need:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Extent of hazards &#8211; the strength or magnitude of the hazard (e.g the area affected by a flood, the strength of an earthquake described by the Richter Scale)<\/li>\n<li>Number of people potentially affected<\/li>\n<li>Age of process<\/li>\n<li>Operating history &#8211; process changes, failures, past incidents<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Generally, PHA should be reviewed and to some extent and redone at least every 5 years<\/p>\n<h3>Preparing for PHA Meetings<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Selecting the team<br \/>\n<blockquote><p>Generally, we want diversity- Engineering and process operations expertise,<br \/>\ndesign, operations, maintenance\u2026<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote><p>One team member with process experience<\/p>\n<p>One team member knowledgeable in PHA<br \/>\nmethodology<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Develop schedule<\/li>\n<li>Gather and distribute information to be analyzed<\/li>\n<li>Assign meeting roles ( leader, scribe, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h3>Before PHA<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Perform site walk-through<br \/>\n<blockquote><p>Observe layout, verify information, obtain mental picture<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Key contacts at facility for background, questions, etc<\/p>\n<p>The whole team should participate<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Verify key information in documents<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Information Required for PHA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>PFDs with material balances<\/li>\n<li>Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for all relevant substances<\/li>\n<li>Relevant standards for construction or operation<br \/>\n<blockquote><p>e.g. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<li>Plant layout, equipment arrangement<\/li>\n<li>Equipment design bases &#8211; temperature and pressure that the equipment is designed for ( how much temperature\/pressure the equipment can withstand)<\/li>\n<li>Operating procedures<\/li>\n<li>Relief valve, flare\/scrubber systems<\/li>\n<li>Critical alarms and shutdown<\/li>\n<li>Previous incidents<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h2 id=\"What-if-Analysis\">What-if Analysis<\/h2>\n<p>What-if analysis is a scenario PHA method as it investigates specific problems and traces what would happen if they occur.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Creates a list of &#8220;what-if&#8221; questions that could potentially lead to process failures and\/or safety hazards<\/li>\n<li>Identifies problems but doesn&#8217;t specify the likelihood<\/li>\n<li>Can include problems with regards to buildings, power systems, raw materials, products, storage, material handling, in-plant environment, operating procedures, work practices, management practices, plant security, etc.<br \/>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Typical what-if questions:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>What if the inlet stream is blocked?<\/p>\n<p>What if the pipe leaks?<\/p>\n<p>What if the temperature transmitter stops working?<\/p>\n<p>What if the valve fails open \/ fails closed?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Note: when we are talking about valves, a common language we use is that the valve &#8220;fails open&#8221;. It means the valve breaks down while it is open and does not close anymore when it should. Similarly, the valve &#8220;fails closed&#8221; means the valve fails when it is closed and will not open.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Results in a list of potential direct consequences that may occur and suggests mitigation methods (if needed)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Suppose we focus on the analysis of a reboiler to heat a recycled portion of the bottoms stream coming from a distillation column before it is sent back to the column:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2263 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-300x143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"518\" height=\"247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-1024x489.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-768x367.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-65x31.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-225x107.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-350x167.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1.png 1190w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 518px) 100vw, 518px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2264 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-analysis-226x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"365\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-analysis-226x300.png 226w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-analysis-65x86.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-analysis-225x298.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-analysis-350x464.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-analysis.png 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 365px) 100vw, 365px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example: Reboiler What-if Analysis<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>For the same reboiler system as describes previously and shown below, what is the most important consequences if the temperature transmitter stops working and keeps reporting a low temperature? What is a recommendation we can make to mitigate the most important consequence identified?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2263 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-300x143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-1024x489.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-768x367.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-65x31.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-225x107.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1-350x167.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-reheater-1.png 1190w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Identify the direct consequences:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If the temperature transmitter keeps reporting a low temperature, the valve will always be open to allow more steam to flow into the reboiler trying to heat up the process steam. This will cause the process steam to overheat, potentially leading to pressure build-up in the process stream.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommendations:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A pressure relief valve should be installed on the process stream in case of pressure build-up.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise: Distillation Column What-if Analysis<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2265 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-distillation-column-300x221.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"488\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-distillation-column-300x221.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-distillation-column-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-distillation-column-225x166.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-distillation-column-350x258.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-what-if-distillation-column.png 744w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>For the distillation column shown above, perform what-if analyses for the following questions:<\/p>\n<p>a) What if stream 2 is blocked?<\/p>\n<p>b) What if V-102 fails open?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<p><strong> If stream 2 is blocked:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If the stream is blocked, the outflow of the vapor component will be stopped. This will cause the pressure to build up in the distillation column.<\/p>\n<p>A pressure relief valve should be installed in the distillation column to relieve any pressure build-up.<\/p>\n<p><strong> If V-102 fails open:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If V-102 fails open, it will cause free flow of the bottoms out of the distillation column. None of the bottoms will be vapourized by the reboiler and go back to the distillation column. This will affect the vapour-liquid equilibrium in the distillation column, decreasing the efficiency of separation.<\/p>\n<p>Though low separation efficiency may cause operational troubles, there is no significant immediate safety hazard to the distillation unit if V-102 fails open. No specific recommendation is required.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">Checklist Analysis<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<p>Checklist analysis is a non-scenario PHA method as it suggests common safety issues to assess, thus it is not scenario specific.<\/p>\n<p>A sample checklist can be seen below with items taken from a process safety management (PSM) auditing checklist from the U.S. Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This sample is a session from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-03\/08_PSM_Auditing_Checklist.pdf\">the Auditing Checklist from OSHA under US department of Labour<\/a>. You can click on the link to see the full checklist.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2266 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-checklist-300x215.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"586\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-checklist-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-checklist-1024x735.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-checklist-768x551.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-checklist-65x47.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-checklist-225x162.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-checklist-350x251.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-checklist.png 1028w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 586px) 100vw, 586px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Checklist analysis typically is broken into three steps:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>Select and develop an appropriate checklist &#8211; There may be initial general checklists available. These are then tailored to the specific industry, plant, or process as required.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>Perform the checklist analysis &#8211; this may involve plant tours, document review, interviews with personnel, and equipment testing. Deficiencies are then compiled and recommendations to overcome these are discussed<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>Document the results &#8211; The results of the checklist analysis will include the checklist used, deficiencies noted, recommendations, and justifications. These may have a timeline to act on the recommendations and be assigned to certain people for completion or review to ensure they are followed upon.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Checklists can be used at any point in the plant design and operation process, from initial design to operation to decommissioning (permanently shutting down a plant).<\/p>\n<p>Checklists can be combined with what-if technique to enhance that technique. With this combined approach, during PHA you would go through a checklist first to help identify hazards and then apply what-if analysis (this would then be considered a scenario method).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<h2 id=\"Fault-tree-Analysis\">Fault-tree Analysis<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Identifies relevant events and potential failure pathways leading to one particular incident<\/li>\n<li>Uses logic diagrams to express relations between initiating events and an incident<\/li>\n<li>Can be implemented for PHA analysis at any stage of a process from design to the end of life<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Below are common symbols used in fault-tree analysis logic diagrams:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2267 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-1-300x222.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"533\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-1-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-1-768x569.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-1-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-1-225x167.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-1-350x259.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-1.png 774w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2315 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-2-1-300x153.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"533\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-2-1-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-2-1-768x391.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-2-1-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-2-1-225x115.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-2-1-350x178.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-logical-diagram-2-1.png 774w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Fault-tree Analysis<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Calculate the frequencies of all the intermediate events for the given fault tree:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2269 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-291x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"424\" height=\"437\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-291x300.png 291w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-65x67.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-225x232.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-350x361.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example.png 665w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Solution <\/strong><br \/>\nWe start with the intermediate event that has known frequencies for all of its input events and work our way up.<\/p>\n<p><strong> Step 1:<\/strong> Calculate the frequency of &#8220;tube rupture due to over-pressurization&#8221;:<br \/>\nThe intermediate event is connected to the input events by an &#8220;and&#8221; gate, so we multiply the frequencies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]0.0010\u00d70.065=0.0065[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><strong> Step 2:<\/strong> Calculate the frequency of &#8220;leaks between process fluids&#8221;:<br \/>\nThe intermediate event is connected to the input events by an &#8220;or&#8221; gate, so we add the frequencies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]0.054+0.0065=0.0605[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><strong> Step 3:<\/strong> Calculate the frequency of &#8220;heat exchanger fails to isolate and contaminates other equipment&#8221;:<br \/>\nThe intermediate event is connected to the input events by an &#8220;and&#8221; gate, so we multiply the frequencies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]0.0605\u00d70.0702=0.004356[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>So in general, the resulting frequencies are:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2270 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-answer-283x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"444\" height=\"471\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-answer-283x300.png 283w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-answer-65x69.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-answer-225x239.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-answer-350x372.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-fault-tree-analysis-example-answer.png 650w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 444px) 100vw, 444px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.602em;font-weight: bold\">Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<ul>\n<li>Tabulation of plant equipment, failure modes (how the equipment can fail), and the effects of these failures<\/li>\n<li>Identify failure modes then analyze the result of these failures individually<br \/>\n<blockquote><p>Sample failure mode of an equipment:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2271 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-FMEA-pump-example-300x122.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"568\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-FMEA-pump-example-300x122.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-FMEA-pump-example-768x314.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-FMEA-pump-example-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-FMEA-pump-example-225x92.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-FMEA-pump-example-350x143.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-FMEA-pump-example.png 921w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 568px) 100vw, 568px\" \/><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<li>Not useful for a combination of failures (considers only failures in isolation)<\/li>\n<li>Can add criticality analysis to analyze the consequence of failure (this will analyze the severity of the effects of failure and the likelihood of occurrence)<\/li>\n<li>Need 2 or more experienced analysts to analyze equipment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2272 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-FMEA-table-filled-300x289.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-FMEA-table-filled-300x289.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-FMEA-table-filled-768x741.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-FMEA-table-filled-65x63.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-FMEA-table-filled-225x217.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-FMEA-table-filled-350x338.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/Capture-sample-FMEA-table-filled.png 844w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 516px) 100vw, 516px\" 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