{"id":2227,"date":"2020-07-28T15:56:01","date_gmt":"2020-07-28T19:56:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/?post_type=front-matter&#038;p=2227"},"modified":"2020-08-18T12:13:44","modified_gmt":"2020-08-18T16:13:44","slug":"how-to-use-this-book","status":"publish","type":"front-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/front-matter\/how-to-use-this-book\/","title":{"raw":"How to Use This Book","rendered":"How to Use This Book"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>If you find any mistakes in this book, please fill out the survey in <a href=\"https:\/\/ubc.ca1.qualtrics.com\/jfe\/form\/SV_enTbsHSCOH2n2yF\">this link<\/a>, or contact Dr. Jonathan Verrett at jonathan.verrett@ubc.ca.<\/h2>\r\nPressbook can be exported in various types of files. However, the codes to show mathematical equations are not compiled in some of the file types. We recommend viewing this textbook online because it shows the best format for displaying mathematical equations.\r\n<h1>Chapters<\/h1>\r\nThis book is divided into 8 chapters. Once you select a chapter, there will be a short introduction text along with the chapter's learning objectives. The learning objects can help guide your learning as you go through each chapter. Here is an example:\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\r\nIn this chapter, we will introduce some of the basics in the design aspect of chemical and biological engineering. We will focus on basic engineering and general engineering economics. This chapter also introduces the components and characteristics of 4 key process diagrams.\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBy the end of this chapter, you should be able to:\r\n\r\n<strong>Define<\/strong> the components of a design basis memorandum\r\n\r\n<strong>Apply <\/strong>basic measures of economic merit to perform initial estimates of project economic feasibility\r\n\r\n<strong>Recognize <\/strong>the 4 key types of flow sheets\r\n\r\n<strong>Create <\/strong>input-output diagrams\r\n\r\n<strong>Construct<\/strong> block flow diagrams (BFDs) for chemical processes\r\n\r\n<strong>Define<\/strong> common unit operations and use these when constructing process flow sheets\r\n\r\n<strong>Recognize <\/strong>the need to apply basic material balances\r\n\r\n<strong>Build<\/strong> process flow diagrams (PFDs)\r\n\r\n<strong>Understand <\/strong>piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&amp;IDs)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWe've also included terms you should take note of or keep in mind while you're going through the chapter:\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n\r\nAs you're going through this chapter, here are some important terms for you to take note of:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>basic engineering<\/li>\r\n \t<li>basic design package<\/li>\r\n \t<li>design basis memorandum (DBM)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>inside battery limit<\/li>\r\n \t<li>outside battery limit<\/li>\r\n \t<li>gross economic potential (GEP)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>net economic potential (NEP)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>capital costs (CC)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>return of investments (ROI)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>input-output diagram<\/li>\r\n \t<li>block flow diagram (BFD)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>process flow diagram (PFD)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>piping and instrumentation diagram (P&amp;ID)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>unit operation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>mixer<\/li>\r\n \t<li>splitter<\/li>\r\n \t<li>separator<\/li>\r\n \t<li>reactor<\/li>\r\n \t<li>capillary connection<\/li>\r\n \t<li>pneumatic connection<\/li>\r\n \t<li>electrical connection<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Sections<\/h1>\r\nEach chapter has sections focusing on more specific topics within the chapter. Each section in the chapter starts off with the learning objectives that are specific to that section.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBy the end of this chapter, you should be able to:\r\n<h3><strong>Define<\/strong> the components of a design basis memorandum<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn each section, we've included 2 types of questions. The first question type is an \"Example\" (purple text box). These examples are used as an educational guide to demonstrate how problems in this section are approached. You can use these examples to learn how questions are solved step by step. The second question type is an \"Exercise\" (blue text box). These exercises are made for you to test your knowledge. Try solving the question before looking at the solution to see how much you know and what concepts you should review.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<h3>Production of Vinyl Chloride<\/h3>\r\nSay we want to build a plant that produces 360,000 tonnes per year of a vinyl chloride monomer ([latex]C_{2}H_{3}Cl[\/latex]) to be used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). One reaction pathway is shown below.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]C_{2}H_{4} + Cl_{2} \u2192 C_{2}H_{4}Cl_{2}\\;\\;\\;\\;\\; (1)[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]C_{2}H_{4}Cl_{2} \u2192 C_{2}H_{3}Cl + HCl\\;\\;\\;\\;\\; (2) [\/latex]<\/p>\r\nA DBM for this process might consist of the following items:\r\n\r\nFor contractual issues:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>High level description of vinyl chloride and uses<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ethane and chlorine feeds to be used<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reactor type being used<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Plant capacity of 360,000 tonnes\/yr of vinyl chloride, located in Houston, Texas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Operating composition purity, temperature, and pressure<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Operating philosphy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Gantt chart showing project timeline<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\nFor site-specific issues:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Temperature, pressure, and composition of feed (inside battery limits)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cooling water used at [latex]25 ^{\\circ}C[\/latex] and 2 atm and steam at [latex]20^{\\circ}C[\/latex] and 3 atm (outside battery limits)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Emission predictions and requirements<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Atmospheric pressure, little wind and rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures at location<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Environmental and safety issues at locations<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Control and electrical requirements of the plant<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\nFor design-specific issues:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Equipment, instrument, and line numbering<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Units used in calculation (imperial or SI)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Standards<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Certain technical equipment have certain standards (pressure vessels, heat exchangers, electrical work)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">\r\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div>\r\n<h3>Benzene Production<\/h3>\r\nConsider a process where toluene is fed into a process at 1000 kg\/hr and hydrogen is fed at 82 kg\/hr. The following reaction takes place in the process:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]C_{7}H_{8} + H_{2} \u27a1 C_{6}H_{6} + CH_{4}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nThe reaction achieves 75% conversion and the products of the process are separated into 2 streams. The first product stream is benzene, exiting at 821 kg\/hr. The second product stream is a mixed gas stream (including the unreacted reactants and by-products) exiting at 261 kg\/hr. Draw an input-output diagram for this process.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<details open=\"open\"><summary>Click here to see the solution!<\/summary>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<strong>Solution<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-1269 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/06\/BenzeneProduction-300x70.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"603\" height=\"140\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/details><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn some sections, we have put in extra useful information (such as resources or finding data). We've used grey text boxes for these information sources.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Finding Chemical Pricing Data<\/h3>\r\nFinding this data can be very challenging. Companies typically want to keep pricing information secret (for competition reasons). The best way I have found to search for chemical pricing data is as follows:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/tamu.libguides.com\/chemicalengineering\/cpd\"> Texas A&amp;M Chemical Pricing Database <\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Search the chemical by name (i.e. Ethylene) or CAS number (Chemical Abstracts Services; can be found on Wikipedia)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find a citation from 'ICIS Chemical Business' and note the edition and page number (i.e. 2018, April 6; 19)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to <a href=\"http:\/\/search.library.ubc.ca\/\">UBC Library<\/a> and type in \"ICIS Chemical Business\" into the search bar and search<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click on the source by Factiva, Business Source Ultimate<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click on 'Browse Journal'<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find the citation you found from the Texas A&amp;M Database citation using the dates<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Once you find your article, click 'UBC eLink'. This should take you to a new page where you can access the full text<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Search through the article for the chemical of interest's price<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThis process is tedious and often takes some time, even for people experienced in this process. So don't get discouraged when looking for this data and feel free to ask questions (through the discussion board, in tutorials or office hours, etc.).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1>Chapter Reviews<\/h1>\r\nThis book has a chapter review section at the end of each chapter that consists of important equations discussed in the chapter as well as a set of flashcards you can use to gauge how well you understand the concepts discussed in the chapters.\u00a0Note that you don't need to memorize these terms, but it is important to understand what the terms mean and the context in which they appear.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2>Important Equations<\/h2>\r\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 269px\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 30px\">Kinetic Energy<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 30px\">[latex]E_{k} = \\frac{1}{2} mu^{2} [\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]\\dot{E}_{k} = \\frac{1}{2} \\dot{m} u^{2}[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 30px\">Potential Energy<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 30px\">[latex]E_{p} = m g z\u00a0[\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]\\dot{E}_{p} = \\dot{m} g z [\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]\\Delta E_{p} = E_{p2} - E_{p1} = m g (z_{2} - z_{1})[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">First Law of Thermodynamics<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\Delta U + \\Delta E_{k} + \\Delta E_{p} = Q + W[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Flow Work<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">[latex]\\dot{W}_{fl} = \\dot{W}_{fl-in} - \\dot{W}_{fl-out} = P_{in}\\dot{V}_{in} - P_{out}\\dot{V}_{out}[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 10px\">Steady-state Open System Energy Balance<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 10px\">[latex]\\dot{Q} + \\dot{W} = \\Sigma_{out} \\dot{E}_{j} - \\Sigma_{in} \\dot{E}_{j}[\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]\\dot{Q} + \\dot{W}_{s} = \\Delta\\dot{H} + \\Delta\\dot{E}_{k} + \\Delta\\dot{E}_{p}[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Enthalpy<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">[latex]\\hat{H} = \\hat{U} + P\\hat{V} [\/latex]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\Delta\\hat{H} = \\Sigma_{i}\\Delta\\hat{H}_{i}[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Heat Capacity (closed system)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">[latex]C_{V}(T) = \\bigg(\\frac{\\delta\\hat{U}}{\\delta T}\\bigg)_{V}[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Internal Energy (closed system)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]d\\hat{U} = C_{V}(T)dT[\/latex]<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\Delta\\hat{U} = \\int^{T_{2}}_{T_{1}}C_{V}dT[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Heat Capacity (open system)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]C_{P}(T) = \\bigg(\\frac{\\delta\\hat{H}}{\\delta T}\\bigg)_{P}[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Enthalpy (open system)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\Delta\\hat{H} = \\int^{T_{2}}_{T_{1}}C_{P}dT[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 47px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 47px\">Heat of Reaction Method<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 47px\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\Delta\\dot{H} = \\xi\\Delta\\dot{H}_{r} + \\Sigma\\dot{n}_{out}*\\int^{T_{out}}_{T_{ref}}C_{P}dT - \\Sigma\\dot{n}_{in}*\\int^{T_{in}}_{T_{ref}}C_{P}dT[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 47px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 47px\">Heat of Formation Method<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 47px\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\xi\\Delta\\dot{H}^{\\circ}_{r} = \\Sigma\\dot{n}_{out}*\\hat{H}^{\\circ}_{f,i} - \\Sigma\\dot{n}_{in}*\\hat{H}^{\\circ}_{f,i}[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Terms to Know<\/h2>\r\n[h5p id=\"5\"]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1>Chapter Exercises<\/h1>\r\nA section consisting of extra practice problems is included at the end of each chapter. The purpose of this section is to give you more practice problems to work on as well as get more confident with the course material. The exercises consist of 3 question types: multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and long answer questions. This allows you to practice solving different question types and timing yourself. The solutions to the questions are posted below the question in a different text box. We would highly recommend solving the problem before looking over the solution.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise (Multiple Choice)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\r\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\r\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\r\n<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-warning\">\r\n\r\nConsider a reactor in which an endothermic reaction takes place and 15.8 kJ are absorbed. A mixer is used in the reactor and provides 6.3 kJ of work on the system. What is the overall heat that needs to be provided to the system?\r\n\r\na) -22.1 kJ\r\n\r\nb) 9.5 kJ\r\n\r\nc) 22.1 kJ\r\n\r\nd) -9.5 kJ\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\r\n<strong>b) 9.5 kJ<\/strong>\r\nPerforming an energy balance on the system, we know that [latex]\\Delta H = Q + W[\/latex]. Since this is an endothermic reaction and work is done on the system, both the enthalpy of the reaction and the work are positive:\r\n\\begin{align*}\r\nQ&amp;= \\Delta H -W \\\\\r\n&amp;= 15.8 kJ - 6.3 kJ\\\\\r\n&amp;=9.5kJ\r\n\\end{align*}\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise (Short Answer)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nYou have a feed stream of methanol at 1 atm and [latex]25^{\\circ}C[\/latex]. You'd like to bring it to a temperature of [latex]100^{\\circ}C[\/latex] so that it enters a reactor as a gas. The boiling point of methanol is [latex]65^{\\circ}C[\/latex] at 1 atm. What process path (with enthalpy changes) can you take to achieve this change and calculate the overall enthalpy?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\r\nThe following steps can be taken to calculate the overall change in enthalpy of going from liquid methanol at 1 atm and [latex]25^{\\circ}C[\/latex] to gas methanol at 1 atm and [latex]100^{\\circ}C[\/latex].\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Enthalpy change from [latex]25^{\\circ}C[\/latex] to [latex]65^{\\circ}C[\/latex] using the liquid state heat capacity of methanol<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Heat of vapourization of methanol at a constant temperature of [latex]65^{\\circ}C[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Enthalpy change from [latex]65^{\\circ}C[\/latex] to [latex]100^{\\circ}C[\/latex] using the gas state heat capacity of methanol<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThe enthalpy change of the process will be the sum of steps 1-3.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise (Long Answer)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nConsider the combustion of ethylene:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">4 <\/sub>(g) + 3 O<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub> (g) \u2192 2 CO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub> (g) + 2 H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>O (g)<\/p>\r\nThe enthalpy of combustion can be determined using the enthalpies of the following reactions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Reaction 1: C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0+\u00a0H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192\u00a0C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">4\u00a0<\/sub>[latex]\\Delta H_{r1} = -174.19 kJ [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reaction 2: 2 C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0+\u00a05 O<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192\u00a04 CO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0+\u00a02 H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>O [latex]\\Delta H_{r2} = -2511 kJ [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reaction 3: 2 CO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0+\u00a0H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192\u00a02 O<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0+\u00a0C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub> [latex]\\Delta H_{r3} = 1013.7 kJ [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nDetermine the enthalpy of the combustion of ethylene from reactions 1, 2, and 3 using Hess's Law at standard temperature and pressure.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Step 1:<\/strong> Determine the combination of reactions that will give us the desired combustion reaction.\r\n\r\nWe know that we need <span id=\"MathJax-Span-123\" class=\"msubsup\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-124\" class=\"mtext\">C<span id=\"MathJax-Span-125\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-126\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-127\" class=\"mspace\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><sub><span id=\"MathJax-Span-128\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-129\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-130\" class=\"mn\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><span id=\"MathJax-Span-131\" class=\"msubsup\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-132\" class=\"mtext\">H<sub>4<\/sub> in the reactants, so we multiply reaction 1 by -1. We notice that by adding the other 2 reactions to reaction 1 (multiplied by -1), we get our desired reaction:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-2071 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ProblemEnergyBalance-300x95.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"546\" height=\"173\" \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 2:<\/strong> Calculate the heat of combustion from the reaction enthalpies.\r\n\r\n[latex]\\Delta H^{\\circ} =-1*\\Delta H^{\\circ}_{r1} + \\Delta H^{\\circ}_{r2} + \\Delta H^{\\circ}_{r3} [\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]\\Delta H^{\\circ} = -1* (-174.19 kJ) + (-2511 kJ) + 1013.7 kJ [\/latex]\r\n\r\n<strong>[latex]\\Delta H^{\\circ} = -1323.11 kJ [\/latex]<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h1>Appendix and Glossary<\/h1>\r\nThe appendix introduces some sites and software for finding useful data or perform certain types of calculations. Each session contains a guide to walk through the site or software, and some can be found with a worked example when the site or software is used.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\"><header>\r\n<h2 class=\"entry-title\">Appendix: Finding Chemical Pricing Data<\/h2>\r\n<\/header>Finding this data can be very challenging. Companies typically want to keep pricing information secret (for competition reasons). The best way I have found to search for chemical pricing data is as follows:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Go to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tamu.libguides.com\/chemicalengineering\/cpd\">Texas A&amp;M Chemical Pricing Database<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Enter a chemical name (i.e. Ethylene) or CAS number (Chemical Abstracts Services; can be found on Wikipedia), chick \u201cEXECUTE QUERY\u201d.\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2663 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-1-300x107.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"507\" height=\"181\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find a citation from \u201cICIS Chemical Business\u201d and note the edition and page number (i.e. 2018, April 6; 19). Make sure the chemical name matches the one you are searching for.\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2675 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-2-update2-300x164.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"514\" height=\"281\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/search.library.ubc.ca\/\">UBC Library<\/a>\u00a0and type in \u201cICIS Chemical Business\u201d into the search bar and search<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click on the source by Factiva, Business Source Ultimate\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2665 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-3-300x117.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"498\" height=\"194\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click on \u201cBrowse Journal\u201d. Find the issue of the journal from the list on the right.\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2672 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-4-291x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"239\" height=\"246\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find the specific article you found from the Texas A&amp;M Database citation using the dates\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-2673 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-5-300x55.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"562\" height=\"103\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Once you find your article, click \u201cUBC eLink\u201d. This should take you to a new page where you can access the full text<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Search through the article for the chemical of interest\u2019s price<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThis process is tedious and often takes some time, even for people experienced in this process. So don\u2019t get discouraged when looking for this data and feel free to ask questions (through the discussion board, in tutorials or office hours, etc.).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nThe \"Glossary\" session in the appendix summarizes the important terms in this course arranged in alphabetical order. You can find a short definition of each term and a link to the section that the term is introduced.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\"><img class=\" wp-image-2746 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/glossary-300x153.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"659\" height=\"336\" \/><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<h2>If you find any mistakes in this book, please fill out the survey in <a href=\"https:\/\/ubc.ca1.qualtrics.com\/jfe\/form\/SV_enTbsHSCOH2n2yF\">this link<\/a>, or contact Dr. Jonathan Verrett at jonathan.verrett@ubc.ca.<\/h2>\n<p>Pressbook can be exported in various types of files. However, the codes to show mathematical equations are not compiled in some of the file types. We recommend viewing this textbook online because it shows the best format for displaying mathematical equations.<\/p>\n<h1>Chapters<\/h1>\n<p>This book is divided into 8 chapters. Once you select a chapter, there will be a short introduction text along with the chapter&#8217;s learning objectives. The learning objects can help guide your learning as you go through each chapter. Here is an example:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>In this chapter, we will introduce some of the basics in the design aspect of chemical and biological engineering. We will focus on basic engineering and general engineering economics. This chapter also introduces the components and characteristics of 4 key process diagrams.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Define<\/strong> the components of a design basis memorandum<\/p>\n<p><strong>Apply <\/strong>basic measures of economic merit to perform initial estimates of project economic feasibility<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recognize <\/strong>the 4 key types of flow sheets<\/p>\n<p><strong>Create <\/strong>input-output diagrams<\/p>\n<p><strong>Construct<\/strong> block flow diagrams (BFDs) for chemical processes<\/p>\n<p><strong>Define<\/strong> common unit operations and use these when constructing process flow sheets<\/p>\n<p><strong>Recognize <\/strong>the need to apply basic material balances<\/p>\n<p><strong>Build<\/strong> process flow diagrams (PFDs)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Understand <\/strong>piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&amp;IDs)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>We&#8217;ve also included terms you should take note of or keep in mind while you&#8217;re going through the chapter:<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<p>As you&#8217;re going through this chapter, here are some important terms for you to take note of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>basic engineering<\/li>\n<li>basic design package<\/li>\n<li>design basis memorandum (DBM)<\/li>\n<li>inside battery limit<\/li>\n<li>outside battery limit<\/li>\n<li>gross economic potential (GEP)<\/li>\n<li>net economic potential (NEP)<\/li>\n<li>capital costs (CC)<\/li>\n<li>return of investments (ROI)<\/li>\n<li>input-output diagram<\/li>\n<li>block flow diagram (BFD)<\/li>\n<li>process flow diagram (PFD)<\/li>\n<li>piping and instrumentation diagram (P&amp;ID)<\/li>\n<li>unit operation<\/li>\n<li>mixer<\/li>\n<li>splitter<\/li>\n<li>separator<\/li>\n<li>reactor<\/li>\n<li>capillary connection<\/li>\n<li>pneumatic connection<\/li>\n<li>electrical connection<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Sections<\/h1>\n<p>Each chapter has sections focusing on more specific topics within the chapter. Each section in the chapter starts off with the learning objectives that are specific to that section.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Define<\/strong> the components of a design basis memorandum<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In each section, we&#8217;ve included 2 types of questions. The first question type is an &#8220;Example&#8221; (purple text box). These examples are used as an educational guide to demonstrate how problems in this section are approached. You can use these examples to learn how questions are solved step by step. The second question type is an &#8220;Exercise&#8221; (blue text box). These exercises are made for you to test your knowledge. Try solving the question before looking at the solution to see how much you know and what concepts you should review.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<h3>Production of Vinyl Chloride<\/h3>\n<p>Say we want to build a plant that produces 360,000 tonnes per year of a vinyl chloride monomer ([latex]C_{2}H_{3}Cl[\/latex]) to be used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). One reaction pathway is shown below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]C_{2}H_{4} + Cl_{2} \u2192 C_{2}H_{4}Cl_{2}\\;\\;\\;\\;\\; (1)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]C_{2}H_{4}Cl_{2} \u2192 C_{2}H_{3}Cl + HCl\\;\\;\\;\\;\\; (2)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>A DBM for this process might consist of the following items:<\/p>\n<p>For contractual issues:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>High level description of vinyl chloride and uses<\/li>\n<li>Ethane and chlorine feeds to be used<\/li>\n<li>Reactor type being used<\/li>\n<li>Plant capacity of 360,000 tonnes\/yr of vinyl chloride, located in Houston, Texas<\/li>\n<li>Operating composition purity, temperature, and pressure<\/li>\n<li>Operating philosphy<\/li>\n<li>Gantt chart showing project timeline<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>For site-specific issues:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Temperature, pressure, and composition of feed (inside battery limits)<\/li>\n<li>Cooling water used at [latex]25 ^{\\circ}C[\/latex] and 2 atm and steam at [latex]20^{\\circ}C[\/latex] and 3 atm (outside battery limits)<\/li>\n<li>Emission predictions and requirements<\/li>\n<li>Atmospheric pressure, little wind and rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures at location<\/li>\n<li>Environmental and safety issues at locations<\/li>\n<li>Control and electrical requirements of the plant<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>For design-specific issues:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>Equipment, instrument, and line numbering<\/li>\n<li>Units used in calculation (imperial or SI)<\/li>\n<li>Standards<\/li>\n<li>Certain technical equipment have certain standards (pressure vessels, heat exchangers, electrical work)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\">\n<div class=\"prompt input_prompt\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div>\n<h3>Benzene Production<\/h3>\n<p>Consider a process where toluene is fed into a process at 1000 kg\/hr and hydrogen is fed at 82 kg\/hr. The following reaction takes place in the process:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]C_{7}H_{8} + H_{2} \u27a1 C_{6}H_{6} + CH_{4}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>The reaction achieves 75% conversion and the products of the process are separated into 2 streams. The first product stream is benzene, exiting at 821 kg\/hr. The second product stream is a mixed gas stream (including the unreacted reactants and by-products) exiting at 261 kg\/hr. Draw an input-output diagram for this process.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<details open=\"open\">\n<summary>Click here to see the solution!<\/summary>\n<div>\n<p><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1269 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/06\/BenzeneProduction-300x70.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"603\" height=\"140\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/06\/BenzeneProduction-300x70.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/06\/BenzeneProduction-768x179.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/06\/BenzeneProduction-65x15.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/06\/BenzeneProduction-225x52.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/06\/BenzeneProduction-350x81.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/06\/BenzeneProduction.png 933w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In some sections, we have put in extra useful information (such as resources or finding data). We&#8217;ve used grey text boxes for these information sources.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Finding Chemical Pricing Data<\/h3>\n<p>Finding this data can be very challenging. Companies typically want to keep pricing information secret (for competition reasons). The best way I have found to search for chemical pricing data is as follows:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/tamu.libguides.com\/chemicalengineering\/cpd\"> Texas A&amp;M Chemical Pricing Database <\/a><\/li>\n<li>Search the chemical by name (i.e. Ethylene) or CAS number (Chemical Abstracts Services; can be found on Wikipedia)<\/li>\n<li>Find a citation from &#8216;ICIS Chemical Business&#8217; and note the edition and page number (i.e. 2018, April 6; 19)<\/li>\n<li>Go to <a href=\"http:\/\/search.library.ubc.ca\/\">UBC Library<\/a> and type in &#8220;ICIS Chemical Business&#8221; into the search bar and search<\/li>\n<li>Click on the source by Factiva, Business Source Ultimate<\/li>\n<li>Click on &#8216;Browse Journal&#8217;<\/li>\n<li>Find the citation you found from the Texas A&amp;M Database citation using the dates<\/li>\n<li>Once you find your article, click &#8216;UBC eLink&#8217;. This should take you to a new page where you can access the full text<\/li>\n<li>Search through the article for the chemical of interest&#8217;s price<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>This process is tedious and often takes some time, even for people experienced in this process. So don&#8217;t get discouraged when looking for this data and feel free to ask questions (through the discussion board, in tutorials or office hours, etc.).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>Chapter Reviews<\/h1>\n<p>This book has a chapter review section at the end of each chapter that consists of important equations discussed in the chapter as well as a set of flashcards you can use to gauge how well you understand the concepts discussed in the chapters.\u00a0Note that you don&#8217;t need to memorize these terms, but it is important to understand what the terms mean and the context in which they appear.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2>Important Equations<\/h2>\n<table class=\"grid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 269px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 30px\">Kinetic Energy<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 30px\">[latex]E_{k} = \\frac{1}{2} mu^{2}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\dot{E}_{k} = \\frac{1}{2} \\dot{m} u^{2}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 30px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 30px\">Potential Energy<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 30px\">[latex]E_{p} = m g z\u00a0[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\dot{E}_{p} = \\dot{m} g z[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\Delta E_{p} = E_{p2} - E_{p1} = m g (z_{2} - z_{1})[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">First Law of Thermodynamics<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"color: #000000;font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\Delta U + \\Delta E_{k} + \\Delta E_{p} = Q + W[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Flow Work<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">[latex]\\dot{W}_{fl} = \\dot{W}_{fl-in} - \\dot{W}_{fl-out} = P_{in}\\dot{V}_{in} - P_{out}\\dot{V}_{out}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 10px\">Steady-state Open System Energy Balance<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 10px\">[latex]\\dot{Q} + \\dot{W} = \\Sigma_{out} \\dot{E}_{j} - \\Sigma_{in} \\dot{E}_{j}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\dot{Q} + \\dot{W}_{s} = \\Delta\\dot{H} + \\Delta\\dot{E}_{k} + \\Delta\\dot{E}_{p}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Enthalpy<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">[latex]\\hat{H} = \\hat{U} + P\\hat{V}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\Delta\\hat{H} = \\Sigma_{i}\\Delta\\hat{H}_{i}[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Heat Capacity (closed system)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">[latex]C_{V}(T) = \\bigg(\\frac{\\delta\\hat{U}}{\\delta T}\\bigg)_{V}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Internal Energy (closed system)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]d\\hat{U} = C_{V}(T)dT[\/latex]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\Delta\\hat{U} = \\int^{T_{2}}_{T_{1}}C_{V}dT[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Heat Capacity (open system)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]C_{P}(T) = \\bigg(\\frac{\\delta\\hat{H}}{\\delta T}\\bigg)_{P}[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\">Enthalpy (open system)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 15px\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\Delta\\hat{H} = \\int^{T_{2}}_{T_{1}}C_{P}dT[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 47px\">Heat of Reaction Method<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 47px\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\Delta\\dot{H} = \\xi\\Delta\\dot{H}_{r} + \\Sigma\\dot{n}_{out}*\\int^{T_{out}}_{T_{ref}}C_{P}dT - \\Sigma\\dot{n}_{in}*\\int^{T_{in}}_{T_{ref}}C_{P}dT[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 47px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 47px\">Heat of Formation Method<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 47px\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">[latex]\\xi\\Delta\\dot{H}^{\\circ}_{r} = \\Sigma\\dot{n}_{out}*\\hat{H}^{\\circ}_{f,i} - \\Sigma\\dot{n}_{in}*\\hat{H}^{\\circ}_{f,i}[\/latex]<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Terms to Know<\/h2>\n<div id=\"h5p-5\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-5\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"5\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Energy Balances\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>Chapter Exercises<\/h1>\n<p>A section consisting of extra practice problems is included at the end of each chapter. The purpose of this section is to give you more practice problems to work on as well as get more confident with the course material. The exercises consist of 3 question types: multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and long answer questions. This allows you to practice solving different question types and timing yourself. The solutions to the questions are posted below the question in a different text box. We would highly recommend solving the problem before looking over the solution.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise (Multiple Choice)<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"cell border-box-sizing text_cell rendered\">\n<div class=\"inner_cell\">\n<div class=\"text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html\">\n<div class=\"alert alert-block alert-warning\">\n<p>Consider a reactor in which an endothermic reaction takes place and 15.8 kJ are absorbed. A mixer is used in the reactor and provides 6.3 kJ of work on the system. What is the overall heat that needs to be provided to the system?<\/p>\n<p>a) -22.1 kJ<\/p>\n<p>b) 9.5 kJ<\/p>\n<p>c) 22.1 kJ<\/p>\n<p>d) -9.5 kJ<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<p><strong>b) 9.5 kJ<\/strong><br \/>\nPerforming an energy balance on the system, we know that [latex]\\Delta H = Q + W[\/latex]. Since this is an endothermic reaction and work is done on the system, both the enthalpy of the reaction and the work are positive:<br \/>\n\\begin{align*}<br \/>\nQ&amp;= \\Delta H -W \\\\<br \/>\n&amp;= 15.8 kJ &#8211; 6.3 kJ\\\\<br \/>\n&amp;=9.5kJ<br \/>\n\\end{align*}<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise (Short Answer)<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>You have a feed stream of methanol at 1 atm and [latex]25^{\\circ}C[\/latex]. You&#8217;d like to bring it to a temperature of [latex]100^{\\circ}C[\/latex] so that it enters a reactor as a gas. The boiling point of methanol is [latex]65^{\\circ}C[\/latex] at 1 atm. What process path (with enthalpy changes) can you take to achieve this change and calculate the overall enthalpy?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<p>The following steps can be taken to calculate the overall change in enthalpy of going from liquid methanol at 1 atm and [latex]25^{\\circ}C[\/latex] to gas methanol at 1 atm and [latex]100^{\\circ}C[\/latex].<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Enthalpy change from [latex]25^{\\circ}C[\/latex] to [latex]65^{\\circ}C[\/latex] using the liquid state heat capacity of methanol<\/li>\n<li>Heat of vapourization of methanol at a constant temperature of [latex]65^{\\circ}C[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>Enthalpy change from [latex]65^{\\circ}C[\/latex] to [latex]100^{\\circ}C[\/latex] using the gas state heat capacity of methanol<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The enthalpy change of the process will be the sum of steps 1-3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Exercise (Long Answer)<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Consider the combustion of ethylene:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">4 <\/sub>(g) + 3 O<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub> (g) \u2192 2 CO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub> (g) + 2 H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>O (g)<\/p>\n<p>The enthalpy of combustion can be determined using the enthalpies of the following reactions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reaction 1: C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0+\u00a0H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192\u00a0C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">4\u00a0<\/sub>[latex]\\Delta H_{r1} = -174.19 kJ[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>Reaction 2: 2 C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0+\u00a05 O<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192\u00a04 CO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0+\u00a02 H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>O [latex]\\Delta H_{r2} = -2511 kJ[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>Reaction 3: 2 CO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0+\u00a0H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192\u00a02 O<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\u00a0+\u00a0C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub> [latex]\\Delta H_{r3} = 1013.7 kJ[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Determine the enthalpy of the combustion of ethylene from reactions 1, 2, and 3 using Hess&#8217;s Law at standard temperature and pressure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h3>Solution<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Step 1:<\/strong> Determine the combination of reactions that will give us the desired combustion reaction.<\/p>\n<p>We know that we need <span id=\"MathJax-Span-123\" class=\"msubsup\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-124\" class=\"mtext\">C<span id=\"MathJax-Span-125\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-126\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-127\" class=\"mspace\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><sub><span id=\"MathJax-Span-128\" class=\"texatom\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-129\" class=\"mrow\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-130\" class=\"mn\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><span id=\"MathJax-Span-131\" class=\"msubsup\"><span id=\"MathJax-Span-132\" class=\"mtext\">H<sub>4<\/sub> in the reactants, so we multiply reaction 1 by -1. We notice that by adding the other 2 reactions to reaction 1 (multiplied by -1), we get our desired reaction:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2071 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ProblemEnergyBalance-300x95.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"546\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ProblemEnergyBalance-300x95.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ProblemEnergyBalance-768x244.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ProblemEnergyBalance-65x21.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ProblemEnergyBalance-225x71.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ProblemEnergyBalance-350x111.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/ProblemEnergyBalance.png 908w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 546px) 100vw, 546px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 2:<\/strong> Calculate the heat of combustion from the reaction enthalpies.<\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\Delta H^{\\circ} =-1*\\Delta H^{\\circ}_{r1} + \\Delta H^{\\circ}_{r2} + \\Delta H^{\\circ}_{r3}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\Delta H^{\\circ} = -1* (-174.19 kJ) + (-2511 kJ) + 1013.7 kJ[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><strong>[latex]\\Delta H^{\\circ} = -1323.11 kJ[\/latex]<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1>Appendix and Glossary<\/h1>\n<p>The appendix introduces some sites and software for finding useful data or perform certain types of calculations. Each session contains a guide to walk through the site or software, and some can be found with a worked example when the site or software is used.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"entry-title\">Appendix: Finding Chemical Pricing Data<\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<p>Finding this data can be very challenging. Companies typically want to keep pricing information secret (for competition reasons). The best way I have found to search for chemical pricing data is as follows:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Go to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/tamu.libguides.com\/chemicalengineering\/cpd\">Texas A&amp;M Chemical Pricing Database<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Enter a chemical name (i.e. Ethylene) or CAS number (Chemical Abstracts Services; can be found on Wikipedia), chick \u201cEXECUTE QUERY\u201d.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2663 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-1-300x107.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"507\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-1-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-1-1024x365.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-1-768x274.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-1-65x23.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-1-225x80.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-1-350x125.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-1.png 1037w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 507px) 100vw, 507px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Find a citation from \u201cICIS Chemical Business\u201d and note the edition and page number (i.e. 2018, April 6; 19). Make sure the chemical name matches the one you are searching for.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2675 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-2-update2-300x164.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"514\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-2-update2-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-2-update2-1024x560.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-2-update2-768x420.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-2-update2-65x36.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-2-update2-225x123.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-2-update2-350x192.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-2-update2.png 1206w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 514px) 100vw, 514px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Go to\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/search.library.ubc.ca\/\">UBC Library<\/a>\u00a0and type in \u201cICIS Chemical Business\u201d into the search bar and search<\/li>\n<li>Click on the source by Factiva, Business Source Ultimate<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2665 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-3-300x117.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"498\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-3-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-3-1024x399.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-3-768x299.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-3-65x25.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-3-225x88.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-3-350x136.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-3.png 1038w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 498px) 100vw, 498px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Click on \u201cBrowse Journal\u201d. Find the issue of the journal from the list on the right.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2672 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-4-291x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"239\" height=\"246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-4-291x300.png 291w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-4-65x67.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-4-225x232.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-4-350x361.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-4.png 379w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 239px) 100vw, 239px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Find the specific article you found from the Texas A&amp;M Database citation using the dates<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2673 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-5-300x55.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"562\" height=\"103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-5-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-5-1024x188.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-5-768x141.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-5-65x12.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-5-225x41.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-5-350x64.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/find-pricing-5.png 1293w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 562px) 100vw, 562px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Once you find your article, click \u201cUBC eLink\u201d. This should take you to a new page where you can access the full text<\/li>\n<li>Search through the article for the chemical of interest\u2019s price<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>This process is tedious and often takes some time, even for people experienced in this process. So don\u2019t get discouraged when looking for this data and feel free to ask questions (through the discussion board, in tutorials or office hours, etc.).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The &#8220;Glossary&#8221; session in the appendix summarizes the important terms in this course arranged in alphabetical order. You can find a short definition of each term and a link to the section that the term is introduced.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2746 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/glossary-300x153.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"659\" height=\"336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/glossary-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/glossary-1024x523.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/glossary-768x392.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/glossary-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/glossary-225x115.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/glossary-350x179.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1010\/2020\/07\/glossary.png 1028w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 659px) 100vw, 659px\" \/><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":949,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"front-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2227","front-matter","type-front-matter","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/2227","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/front-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/949"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2227"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/2227\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2771,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/2227\/revisions\/2771"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/2227\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2227"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"front-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter-type?post=2227"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2227"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chbe220\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2227"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}