{"id":1952,"date":"2018-04-11T23:47:29","date_gmt":"2018-04-12T03:47:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/chapter\/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters\/"},"modified":"2018-07-09T16:37:24","modified_gmt":"2018-07-09T20:37:24","slug":"20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/chapter\/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters\/","title":{"raw":"10.6 Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides","rendered":"10.6 Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the structure and properties of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Name and draw structures for\u00a0aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp53896496\">Another class of organic molecules contains a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom by a double bond, commonly called a carbonyl group. The carbonyl group can attach to two other substituents leading to several subfamilies, some of which are: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp48202688\">\r\n<h2>Naming of Aldehydes and Ketones<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp50721744\">Both <strong>aldehydes<\/strong> and <strong>ketones<\/strong> contain a carbonyl group. <span>In an aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. In a ketone, the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms. \u00a0<\/span>The names for aldehyde and ketone compounds are derived using similar nomenclature rules as for alkanes and alcohols, and include the class-identifying suffixes <em>-al<\/em> and <em>-one<\/em>, respectively:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp69169072\">Therefore when naming aldehydes following IUPAC, you follow these rules:<\/p>\r\n<strong>Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-AN<del>E<\/del>+AL). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.\r\n\r\n<strong>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large block\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/aldehydes.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/aldehydes-1.png\" alt=\"aldehydes\" class=\" wp-image-2853 aligncenter\" height=\"118\" width=\"409\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Methanal has a common name with which you may be familiar: formaldehyde.<\/p>\r\nWhen naming ketones following IUPAC, you follow these rules:\r\n\r\n<strong>Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-#-AN<del>E<\/del>+ONE). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number. \u00a0In the smaller ketones (propanone and butanone), the locant number is not used because there is no alternative placement in these smaller ketones.\r\n\r\n<strong>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/propanone.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/propanone-1.png\" alt=\"propanone\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2854\" height=\"106\" width=\"123\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/pentan-3-one.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/pentan-3-one-1.png\" alt=\"pentan-3-one\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2855\" height=\"89\" width=\"133\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp48202688\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large block\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/propanone.png\"><\/a><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">The common name for propanone is acetone. <a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/pentan-3-one.png\"><\/a>There is a non-IUPAC\u00a0way to name ketones that is commonly used as well: name the alkyl groups that are attached to the carbonyl group and add the word <em class=\"emphasis\">ketone<\/em> to the name. So propanone can also be called dimethyl ketone, while butan-2-one is called methyl ethyl ketone.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp15639776\">In condensed structure, an aldehyde group is represented as \u2013CHO; a ketone is represented as \u2013C(O)\u2013 or \u2013CO\u2013.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp61186848\" class=\"summary\">\r\n<div><section id=\"fs-idm30613248\"><section id=\"fs-idm10005664\">\r\n<div class=\"example textbox shaded\" id=\"fs-idm9024448\">\r\n<h3>Example 1<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p08\" class=\"para\">Draw the structures of: \u00a0a) pentan-2-one; \u00a0 b)\u00a0hexan-2-one; \u00a0 \u00a0c) butane<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p09\" class=\"para\">a) This molecule has five C atoms in a chain, with the carbonyl group on the second C atom. Its structure is:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/pentan-2-one.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/pentan-2-one-1.png\" alt=\"pentan-2-one\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2856\" height=\"100\" width=\"157\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nb)\u00a0This molecule has six C atoms in a chain, with the carbonyl group on the second C atom. Its structure is:\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/methyl_butyl_ketone.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/methyl_butyl_ketone-1.png\" alt=\"methyl_butyl_ketone\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2857\" height=\"89\" width=\"187\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\nc) This molecule has four C atoms in a chain, with the carbonyl group on the first C atom since it is an aldehyde (ends with -al). Its structure is:\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-1.49.08-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"174\" height=\"87\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3993\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm65417856\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em>\r\nGive the condensed structure of the following amines:<span id=\"fs-idm39569728\">\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) propanone \u00a0 b) propanal \u00a0 c) heptan-3-one \u00a0 d) octanal<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">a) CH<sub>3<\/sub>COCH<sub><span style=\"font-size: small\">3<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0 b) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CHO\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">c) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>COCH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0or \u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub>COCH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub> <\/span>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">d)\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CHO \u00a0 or \u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>6<\/sub>CHO\r\n<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section><section id=\"fs-idm24652464\"><\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2 id=\"fs-idm19232784\"><span style=\"font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\">Naming Carboxylic Acids and Esters<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm22470576\">\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_20_03_CarboxEst1_img\"><\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp44521216\">Both <strong>carboxylic acids<\/strong> and <strong>esters<\/strong> contain a carbonyl group with a second oxygen atom bonded to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group by a single bond. In a carboxylic acid, the second oxygen atom also bonds to a hydrogen atom. In an ester, the second oxygen atom bonds to another carbon atom. The names for carboxylic acids and esters include prefixes that denote the lengths of the carbon chains in the molecules.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp50721744\">The names for carboxylic acid and ester compounds are derived using similar nomenclature rules as seen previously with aldehydes, and include the class-identifying suffixes <em>-oic acid<\/em>\u00a0and <em>-oate<\/em>, respectively:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp69169072\">Therefore when naming carboxylic acids following IUPAC, you follow these rules:<\/p>\r\n<strong>Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-AN<del>E<\/del>+OIC ACID). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.\r\n\r\n<strong>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp69169072\">When naming esters following IUPAC, you follow these rules:<\/p>\r\n<strong>Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-AN<del>E<\/del>+OATE). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name. \u00a0<strong>AND then <\/strong>name the other carbon chain <strong>(PREFIX+YL).<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"fs-idm75981808\">\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_20_03_CarboxEst2_img.jpg\" alt=\"Two structures are shown. The first structure is labeled, \u201cethanoic acid,\u201d and, \u201cacetic acid.\u201d This structure indicates a C atom to which H atoms are bonded above, below and to the left. To the right of this in red is a bonded group comprised of a C atom to which an O atom is double bonded above. To the right of the red C atom, an O atom is bonded which has an H atom bonded to its right. Both O atoms have two sets of electron dots. The second structure is labeled, \u201cmethyl ethanoate,\u201d and, \u201cmethyl acetate.\u201d This structure indicates a C atom to which H atoms are bonded above, below and to the left. In red, bonded to the right is a C atom with a double bonded O atom above and a single bonded O atom to the right. To the right of this last O atom in black is another C atom to which H atoms are bonded above, below and to the right. Both O atoms have two pairs of electron dots.\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"448\" height=\"153\" \/><\/span>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp7408\">The functional groups for an acid and for an ester are shown in red in these formulas. \u00a0In brackets you have the common names for ethanoic acid and methyl ethanoate.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp57794672\">The hydrogen atom in the functional group of a carboxylic acid will react with a base to form an ionic salt:<span id=\"fs-idp25667904\">\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_20_03_carboxylic_img.jpg\" alt=\"A chemical reaction is shown. On the left, a structure of propionic acid is indicated. This structure includes a 2 carbon hydrocarbon group on the left end in black. Above, below, and to the left, H atoms are bonded. This group is bonded to a red group comprised of a C atom to which an O atom is double bonded above. To the right of the red C atom, an O atom is connected with a single bond. To the right of the O atom, an H atom is bonded. To the right of this structure appears a plus and N a O H. Following the reaction arrow, the propionate ion is shown. This structure is in brackets. Appearing inside the brackets, is a 2 carbon hydrocarbon group on the left end. Above, below, and to the left, H atoms are bonded. To the right of this group, a group in red is attached comprised of a C atom to which an O atom is double bonded above and a second O atom is single bonded to the right. Outside the brackets appears a superscript minus symbol. This is followed by a plus sign, N a superscript plus another plus sign and H subscript 2 O. The singly bonded O atom in the propionate ion structure has 3 pairs of electron dots. All other O atoms have two pairs of electron dots.\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm12686144\">Carboxylic acids are weak acids (see the chapter on acids and bases), meaning they are not 100% ionized in water. Generally only about 1% of the molecules of a carboxylic acid dissolved in water are ionized at any given time. The remaining molecules are undissociated in solution.<\/p>\r\nIn condensed structure, the carboxylic acid group is represented as \u2013COOH; an ester is represented as \u2013COO\u2013 .\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp61186848\" class=\"summary\"><section id=\"fs-idm30613248\"><section id=\"fs-idm10005664\">\r\n<div class=\"example textbox shaded\" id=\"fs-idm9024448\">\r\n<h3>Example 2<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p08\" class=\"para\">Draw the structures of: \u00a0a) 3-methylpentanoic acid; \u00a0 b)\u00a0ethyl ethanoate; \u00a0 \u00a0c) propyl 2-chlorobutanoate<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p09\" class=\"para\">a) Its structure is:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.09-PM-300x154.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"203\" height=\"104\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4001\" \/><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nb)Its structure is:\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.32-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"124\" height=\"73\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4002\" \/><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><\/div>\r\nc) Its structure is:\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.37.09-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"190\" height=\"115\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4003\" \/>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm65417856\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em>\r\nName the following compounds:<span id=\"fs-idm39569728\">\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) <span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>COOH<\/span> \u00a0b) <span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>COOCH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/span> \u00a0c) Br<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>2<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>COCH<sub>3<\/sub><\/span> \u00a0d)\u00a0(<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>CH(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>6<\/sub>COOH<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">a) propanoic acid\u00a0 \u00a0b) ethyl pentanoate \u00a0 c) methyl 4-bromobutanoate \u00a0 \u00a0d) 9-methylnonanoic acid\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section><\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 3<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p17\" class=\"para\">Complete the chemical reaction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/example_10a.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/example_10a-1.png\" alt=\"example_10a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2863\" height=\"83\" width=\"320\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p18\" class=\"para\">The OH<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2013<\/sup> ion removes the H atom that is part of the carboxyl group:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/example_10_solution.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/example_10_solution-e1411667835919-1.png\" alt=\"example_10_solution\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2866 \" height=\"89\" width=\"499\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p19\" class=\"para\">The carboxylate ion, which has the condensed structural formula CH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>CO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup>, is the ethanoate ion, but it is commonly called the acetate ion.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong><em class=\"emphasis bolditalic\">Test Yourself<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p20\" class=\"para\">Complete the chemical reaction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/example_10_test_yourself_a.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/example_10_test_yourself_a-1.png\" alt=\"example_10_test_yourself_a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2867\" height=\"97\" width=\"344\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong><em class=\"emphasis\">Answer<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/example_10_test_yourself_solution.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/example_10_test_yourself_solution-e1411667844839-1.png\" alt=\"example_10_test_yourself_solution\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2868 \" height=\"80\" width=\"490\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p21\" class=\"para\">The ion is the methanoate ion, which is commonly called the formate ion.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp47391040\" class=\"summary\">\r\n<h2>Naming Simple Amides<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp60237616\"><strong>Amides<\/strong> are molecules that contain nitrogen atoms connected to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group. \u00a0The names for amide compounds are derived using similar nomenclature rules as seen previously with aldehydes and carboxylic acids, and include the class-identifying suffixes <em>-amide<\/em>:<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp69169072\">Therefore when naming amides following IUPAC, you follow these rules:<\/p>\r\n<strong>Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-AN<del>E<\/del>+AMIDE). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.\r\n\r\n<strong>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nIn condensed structure, the amide group is represented as \u2013CONH<sub>2\u00a0<\/sub>or \u2013CONHR or \u2013CONR<sub>2<\/sub>.\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp61186848\" class=\"summary\"><section id=\"fs-idm30613248\"><section id=\"fs-idm10005664\">\r\n<div class=\"example textbox shaded\" id=\"fs-idm9024448\">\r\n<h3>Example 4<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p08\" class=\"para\">Give the condensed structures of: \u00a0a) decanamide; \u00a0 b) hexanamide; \u00a0 \u00a0c) 2-chloroethanamide<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p09\" class=\"para\">a) Its condensed structure is: CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>8<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nb)\u00a0Its condensed structure is: CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>4<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub>\r\n\r\nc) Its condensed structure is: ClCH<sub>2<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm65417856\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em>\r\nName the following compounds:<span id=\"fs-idm39569728\">\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0 b) Br<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>2<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub><\/span> \u00a0d)\u00a0(<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>CH(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>5<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">a) butanamide \u00a0b) 5-bromopentanamide \u00a0 c) 7-ethylnonanamide<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section><\/section><section id=\"fs-idp47391040\" class=\"summary\">\r\n<h2>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp6338256\">Functional groups related to the carbonyl group include the \u2013CHO group of an aldehyde, the \u2013CO\u2013 group of a ketone, the \u2013CO<sub>2<\/sub>H group of a carboxylic acid, the \u2013CO<sub>2<\/sub>R group of an ester and the \u2013CONH<sub>2\u00a0<\/sub>group of an amide.<\/p>\r\nThe systematic methods of naming these carbonyl containing functional groups follow a similar procedure and the names have three main parts:\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>1)<\/strong><\/span> specifying the information about the substituents,\r\n\r\n<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\"><strong>2)<\/strong><\/span> specifying the information about the parent chain, and\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>3)<\/strong><\/span> the ending which specifies what functional group is present in the structure being named.\r\n\r\n<strong>Aldehydes: \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">#-substituents<span style=\"color: #000000\">-<\/span><\/span><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">PREFIX<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">-<span style=\"color: #008000\">AN<del>E<\/del>+AL<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ketones: \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">#-substituents<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">-<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">PREFIX<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">-<span style=\"color: #008000\">AN<del>E<\/del>+ONE<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Carboxylic Acids: \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">#-substituents<\/span>-<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">PREFIX<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">-<span style=\"color: #008000\">AN<del>E<\/del>+OIC ACID<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Esters: \u00a0 ALKYL\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">#-substituents<\/span>-<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">PREFIX<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">-<span style=\"color: #008000\">AN<del>E<\/del>+OATE<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<strong>Amides: \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">#-substituents<\/span>-<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">PREFIX<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">-<span style=\"color: #008000\">AN<del>E<\/del>+AMIDE<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp47523392\" class=\"exercises\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n1. Write a condensed structural formula of the following compounds.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp49869984\">a) 2-propanol<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp28582368\">b) acetone<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm34340304\">c) dimethyl ether<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp58569952\">d) acetic acid<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp45560032\">e) 3-methyl-1-hexene<\/p>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">2. A <\/span><em class=\"emphasis\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">peptide<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> is a short chain of amino acids connected by amide bonds. How many amide bonds are present in this peptide?<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_9.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_9-1.png\" alt=\"ex_9\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2916\" height=\"198\" width=\"285\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">3. How many amide bonds are present in this peptide? (See Exercise 2 for the definition of a peptide.)<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_10.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_10-1.png\" alt=\"ex_10\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2918\" height=\"164\" width=\"288\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_qs01_p01\" class=\"para\">4. Name a similarity between the functional groups found in aldehydes and ketones. Can you name a difference between them?<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">5. Name each molecule.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p class=\"para\">a) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_3a.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_3a-1.png\" alt=\"ex_3a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2875\" height=\"68\" width=\"83\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0b) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_3b.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_3b-1.png\" alt=\"ex_3b\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2876\" height=\"68\" width=\"98\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">6. Name each molecule.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p class=\"para\">a) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_4a.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_4a-1.png\" alt=\"ex_4a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2877\" height=\"69\" width=\"137\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 b) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_4b.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_4b-1.png\" alt=\"ex_4b\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2878\" height=\"65\" width=\"155\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">7. Name each molecule.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p class=\"para\">a) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_5a.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_5a-1.png\" alt=\"ex_5a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2879\" height=\"68\" width=\"137\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 b) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_5b.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_5b-1.png\" alt=\"ex_5b\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2880\" height=\"69\" width=\"142\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">8. Name each molecule.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<p class=\"para\">a) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_6a.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_6a-1.png\" alt=\"ex_6a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2881\" height=\"83\" width=\"108\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 b) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_6b.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_6b-1.png\" alt=\"ex_6b\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2882\" height=\"75\" width=\"154\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">9. Name this molecule.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_7.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_7-1.png\" alt=\"ex_7\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2883\" height=\"49\" width=\"154\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_qs01_p21\" class=\"para\">10. The drug known as aspirin is shown here. \u00a0Identify the functional group(s) in this molecule.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_13.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_13-1.png\" alt=\"ex_13\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2887\" height=\"101\" width=\"134\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_qs01_p22\" class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">11. The drug known as naproxen sodium is the sodium salt of the molecule shown here. Identify the functional group(s) in this molecule.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_14.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_14-1.png\" alt=\"ex_14\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2888\" height=\"108\" width=\"249\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div><strong>Answers<\/strong><\/div>\r\n<div>1. a) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH(OH)CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/div>\r\n<div>b) $latex \\text{CH}_3\\text{COCH}_3$:<\/div>\r\n<div>c) CH<sub>3<\/sub>OCH<sub>3<\/sub><\/div>\r\n<div>d) CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH<\/div>\r\n<div>e) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH(CH<sub>3<\/sub>)CHCH<sub>2<\/sub><\/div>\r\n<div>2. two amide bonds<\/div>\r\n<div>3. one amide bond<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0They both have a carbonyl group, but an aldehyde has the carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain, and a ketone's carbonyl carbon is surrounded by two other carbons.\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0a) \u00a0proposal\u00a0b) \u00a0butanone\r\n\r\n6. a) 3-chloro-3-methylbutanal \u00a0b) heptan-4-one\r\n\r\n7.\u00a0a)\u00a0\u00a03-methylbutanoic acid \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0b)\u00a0\u00a0ethyl propionate\r\n\r\n8. a) 2,2,2-trichlroethanoic acid \u00a0 \u00a0b) butyl ethanoate\r\n\r\n9.\u00a0ethyl propyl ether\r\n\r\n10. carboxylic acid, arene and ester\r\n\r\n11. carboxylic\u00a0acid, arene and ether\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<strong>aldehyde:<\/strong>\u00a0organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two hydrogen atoms or a hydrogen atom and a carbon substituent\r\n\r\n<strong>carbonyl group:\u00a0<\/strong>carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom\r\n\r\n<strong>carboxylic acid:\u00a0<\/strong>organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached hydroxyl group\r\n\r\n<strong>ester:\u00a0<\/strong>organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon substituent\r\n\r\n<strong>ketone:\u00a0<\/strong>organic compound containing a carbonyl group with two carbon substituents attached to it\r\n<dl id=\"fs-idm20899104\" class=\"definition\">\r\n \t<dt><span id=\"fs-idp56224320\"><\/span><\/dt>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the structure and properties of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides<\/li>\n<li>Name and draw structures for\u00a0aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp53896496\">Another class of organic molecules contains a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom by a double bond, commonly called a carbonyl group. The carbonyl group can attach to two other substituents leading to several subfamilies, some of which are: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters and amides.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idp48202688\">\n<h2>Naming of Aldehydes and Ketones<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp50721744\">Both <strong>aldehydes<\/strong> and <strong>ketones<\/strong> contain a carbonyl group. <span>In an aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. In a ketone, the carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms. \u00a0<\/span>The names for aldehyde and ketone compounds are derived using similar nomenclature rules as for alkanes and alcohols, and include the class-identifying suffixes <em>-al<\/em> and <em>-one<\/em>, respectively:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp69169072\">Therefore when naming aldehydes following IUPAC, you follow these rules:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-AN<del>E<\/del>+AL). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large block\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/aldehydes.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/aldehydes-1.png\" alt=\"aldehydes\" class=\"wp-image-2853 aligncenter\" height=\"118\" width=\"409\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p04\" class=\"para editable block\">Methanal has a common name with which you may be familiar: formaldehyde.<\/p>\n<p>When naming ketones following IUPAC, you follow these rules:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-#-AN<del>E<\/del>+ONE). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number. \u00a0In the smaller ketones (propanone and butanone), the locant number is not used because there is no alternative placement in these smaller ketones.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/propanone.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/propanone-1.png\" alt=\"propanone\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2854\" height=\"106\" width=\"123\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/pentan-3-one.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/pentan-3-one-1.png\" alt=\"pentan-3-one\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2855\" height=\"89\" width=\"133\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp48202688\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large block\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/propanone.png\"><\/a><\/div>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p06\" class=\"para editable block\">The common name for propanone is acetone. <a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/pentan-3-one.png\"><\/a>There is a non-IUPAC\u00a0way to name ketones that is commonly used as well: name the alkyl groups that are attached to the carbonyl group and add the word <em class=\"emphasis\">ketone<\/em> to the name. So propanone can also be called dimethyl ketone, while butan-2-one is called methyl ethyl ketone.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp15639776\">In condensed structure, an aldehyde group is represented as \u2013CHO; a ketone is represented as \u2013C(O)\u2013 or \u2013CO\u2013.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idp61186848\" class=\"summary\">\n<div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm30613248\">\n<section id=\"fs-idm10005664\">\n<div class=\"example textbox shaded\" id=\"fs-idm9024448\">\n<h3>Example 1<\/h3>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p08\" class=\"para\">Draw the structures of: \u00a0a) pentan-2-one; \u00a0 b)\u00a0hexan-2-one; \u00a0 \u00a0c) butane<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p09\" class=\"para\">a) This molecule has five C atoms in a chain, with the carbonyl group on the second C atom. Its structure is:<\/p>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/pentan-2-one.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/pentan-2-one-1.png\" alt=\"pentan-2-one\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2856\" height=\"100\" width=\"157\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>b)\u00a0This molecule has six C atoms in a chain, with the carbonyl group on the second C atom. Its structure is:<\/p>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/methyl_butyl_ketone.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/methyl_butyl_ketone-1.png\" alt=\"methyl_butyl_ketone\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2857\" height=\"89\" width=\"187\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>c) This molecule has four C atoms in a chain, with the carbonyl group on the first C atom since it is an aldehyde (ends with -al). Its structure is:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-1.49.08-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"174\" height=\"87\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3993\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-1.49.08-PM.png 174w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-1.49.08-PM-65x33.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 174px) 100vw, 174px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm65417856\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\nGive the condensed structure of the following amines:<span id=\"fs-idm39569728\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) propanone \u00a0 b) propanal \u00a0 c) heptan-3-one \u00a0 d) octanal<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">a) CH<sub>3<\/sub>COCH<sub><span style=\"font-size: small\">3<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0 b) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CHO\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">c) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>COCH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0or \u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub>COCH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub> <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">d)\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CHO \u00a0 or \u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>6<\/sub>CHO<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm24652464\"><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<h2 id=\"fs-idm19232784\"><span style=\"font-family: Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\">Naming Carboxylic Acids and Esters<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm22470576\">\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_20_03_CarboxEst1_img\"><\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idp44521216\">Both <strong>carboxylic acids<\/strong> and <strong>esters<\/strong> contain a carbonyl group with a second oxygen atom bonded to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group by a single bond. In a carboxylic acid, the second oxygen atom also bonds to a hydrogen atom. In an ester, the second oxygen atom bonds to another carbon atom. The names for carboxylic acids and esters include prefixes that denote the lengths of the carbon chains in the molecules.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp50721744\">The names for carboxylic acid and ester compounds are derived using similar nomenclature rules as seen previously with aldehydes, and include the class-identifying suffixes <em>-oic acid<\/em>\u00a0and <em>-oate<\/em>, respectively:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp69169072\">Therefore when naming carboxylic acids following IUPAC, you follow these rules:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-AN<del>E<\/del>+OIC ACID). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp69169072\">When naming esters following IUPAC, you follow these rules:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-AN<del>E<\/del>+OATE). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name. \u00a0<strong>AND then <\/strong>name the other carbon chain <strong>(PREFIX+YL).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"fs-idm75981808\"><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_20_03_CarboxEst2_img.jpg\" alt=\"Two structures are shown. The first structure is labeled, \u201cethanoic acid,\u201d and, \u201cacetic acid.\u201d This structure indicates a C atom to which H atoms are bonded above, below and to the left. To the right of this in red is a bonded group comprised of a C atom to which an O atom is double bonded above. To the right of the red C atom, an O atom is bonded which has an H atom bonded to its right. Both O atoms have two sets of electron dots. The second structure is labeled, \u201cmethyl ethanoate,\u201d and, \u201cmethyl acetate.\u201d This structure indicates a C atom to which H atoms are bonded above, below and to the left. In red, bonded to the right is a C atom with a double bonded O atom above and a single bonded O atom to the right. To the right of this last O atom in black is another C atom to which H atoms are bonded above, below and to the right. Both O atoms have two pairs of electron dots.\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"448\" height=\"153\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp7408\">The functional groups for an acid and for an ester are shown in red in these formulas. \u00a0In brackets you have the common names for ethanoic acid and methyl ethanoate.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp57794672\">The hydrogen atom in the functional group of a carboxylic acid will react with a base to form an ionic salt:<span id=\"fs-idp25667904\"><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_20_03_carboxylic_img.jpg\" alt=\"A chemical reaction is shown. On the left, a structure of propionic acid is indicated. This structure includes a 2 carbon hydrocarbon group on the left end in black. Above, below, and to the left, H atoms are bonded. This group is bonded to a red group comprised of a C atom to which an O atom is double bonded above. To the right of the red C atom, an O atom is connected with a single bond. To the right of the O atom, an H atom is bonded. To the right of this structure appears a plus and N a O H. Following the reaction arrow, the propionate ion is shown. This structure is in brackets. Appearing inside the brackets, is a 2 carbon hydrocarbon group on the left end. Above, below, and to the left, H atoms are bonded. To the right of this group, a group in red is attached comprised of a C atom to which an O atom is double bonded above and a second O atom is single bonded to the right. Outside the brackets appears a superscript minus symbol. This is followed by a plus sign, N a superscript plus another plus sign and H subscript 2 O. The singly bonded O atom in the propionate ion structure has 3 pairs of electron dots. All other O atoms have two pairs of electron dots.\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm12686144\">Carboxylic acids are weak acids (see the chapter on acids and bases), meaning they are not 100% ionized in water. Generally only about 1% of the molecules of a carboxylic acid dissolved in water are ionized at any given time. The remaining molecules are undissociated in solution.<\/p>\n<p>In condensed structure, the carboxylic acid group is represented as \u2013COOH; an ester is represented as \u2013COO\u2013 .<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idp61186848\" class=\"summary\">\n<section id=\"fs-idm30613248\">\n<section id=\"fs-idm10005664\">\n<div class=\"example textbox shaded\" id=\"fs-idm9024448\">\n<h3>Example 2<\/h3>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p08\" class=\"para\">Draw the structures of: \u00a0a) 3-methylpentanoic acid; \u00a0 b)\u00a0ethyl ethanoate; \u00a0 \u00a0c) propyl 2-chlorobutanoate<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p09\" class=\"para\">a) Its structure is:<\/p>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.09-PM-300x154.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"203\" height=\"104\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4001\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.09-PM-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.09-PM-65x33.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.09-PM-225x115.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.09-PM.png 302w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 203px) 100vw, 203px\" \/><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>b)Its structure is:<\/p>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.32-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"124\" height=\"73\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4002\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.32-PM.png 274w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.32-PM-65x38.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.36.32-PM-225x132.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 124px) 100vw, 124px\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><\/div>\n<p>c) Its structure is:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.37.09-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"190\" height=\"115\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-4003\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.37.09-PM.png 190w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-30-at-2.37.09-PM-65x39.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 190px) 100vw, 190px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm65417856\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\nName the following compounds:<span id=\"fs-idm39569728\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) <span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>COOH<\/span> \u00a0b) <span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>COOCH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/span> \u00a0c) Br<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>2<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>COCH<sub>3<\/sub><\/span> \u00a0d)\u00a0(<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>CH(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>6<\/sub>COOH<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">a) propanoic acid\u00a0 \u00a0b) ethyl pentanoate \u00a0 c) methyl 4-bromobutanoate \u00a0 \u00a0d) 9-methylnonanoic acid\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 3<\/h3>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p17\" class=\"para\">Complete the chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/example_10a.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/example_10a-1.png\" alt=\"example_10a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2863\" height=\"83\" width=\"320\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p18\" class=\"para\">The OH<sup class=\"superscript\">\u2013<\/sup> ion removes the H atom that is part of the carboxyl group:<\/p>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/example_10_solution.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/example_10_solution-e1411667835919-1.png\" alt=\"example_10_solution\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2866\" height=\"89\" width=\"499\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p19\" class=\"para\">The carboxylate ion, which has the condensed structural formula CH<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub>CO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><sup class=\"superscript\">\u2212<\/sup>, is the ethanoate ion, but it is commonly called the acetate ion.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong><em class=\"emphasis bolditalic\">Test Yourself<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p20\" class=\"para\">Complete the chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/example_10_test_yourself_a.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/example_10_test_yourself_a-1.png\" alt=\"example_10_test_yourself_a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2867\" height=\"97\" width=\"344\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong><em class=\"emphasis\">Answer<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/example_10_test_yourself_solution.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/example_10_test_yourself_solution-e1411667844839-1.png\" alt=\"example_10_test_yourself_solution\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2868\" height=\"80\" width=\"490\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p21\" class=\"para\">The ion is the methanoate ion, which is commonly called the formate ion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp47391040\" class=\"summary\">\n<h2>Naming Simple Amides<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp60237616\"><strong>Amides<\/strong> are molecules that contain nitrogen atoms connected to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group. \u00a0The names for amide compounds are derived using similar nomenclature rules as seen previously with aldehydes and carboxylic acids, and include the class-identifying suffixes <em>-amide<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp69169072\">Therefore when naming amides following IUPAC, you follow these rules:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-AN<del>E<\/del>+AMIDE). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In condensed structure, the amide group is represented as \u2013CONH<sub>2\u00a0<\/sub>or \u2013CONHR or \u2013CONR<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp61186848\" class=\"summary\">\n<section id=\"fs-idm30613248\">\n<section id=\"fs-idm10005664\">\n<div class=\"example textbox shaded\" id=\"fs-idm9024448\">\n<h3>Example 4<\/h3>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p08\" class=\"para\">Give the condensed structures of: \u00a0a) decanamide; \u00a0 b) hexanamide; \u00a0 \u00a0c) 2-chloroethanamide<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_p09\" class=\"para\">a) Its condensed structure is: CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>8<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>b)\u00a0Its condensed structure is: CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>4<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>c) Its condensed structure is: ClCH<sub>2<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm65417856\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\nName the following compounds:<span id=\"fs-idm39569728\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0 b) Br<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>2<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub><\/span> \u00a0d)\u00a0(<span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>CH(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>5<\/sub>CONH<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"fs-idm20720800\">a) butanamide \u00a0b) 5-bromopentanamide \u00a0 c) 7-ethylnonanamide<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp47391040\" class=\"summary\">\n<h2>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp6338256\">Functional groups related to the carbonyl group include the \u2013CHO group of an aldehyde, the \u2013CO\u2013 group of a ketone, the \u2013CO<sub>2<\/sub>H group of a carboxylic acid, the \u2013CO<sub>2<\/sub>R group of an ester and the \u2013CONH<sub>2\u00a0<\/sub>group of an amide.<\/p>\n<p>The systematic methods of naming these carbonyl containing functional groups follow a similar procedure and the names have three main parts:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\"><strong>1)<\/strong><\/span> specifying the information about the substituents,<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\"><strong>2)<\/strong><\/span> specifying the information about the parent chain, and<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000\"><strong>3)<\/strong><\/span> the ending which specifies what functional group is present in the structure being named.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aldehydes: \u00a0 \u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">#-substituents<span style=\"color: #000000\">&#8211;<\/span><\/span><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">PREFIX<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #008000\">AN<del>E<\/del>+AL<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ketones: \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">#-substituents<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">&#8211;<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">PREFIX<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #008000\">AN<del>E<\/del>+ONE<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Carboxylic Acids: \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">#-substituents<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">PREFIX<\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #008000\">AN<del>E<\/del>+OIC ACID<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Esters: \u00a0 ALKYL\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff\">#-substituents<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">PREFIX<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #008000\">AN<del>E<\/del>+OATE<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Amides: \u00a0 <span style=\"color: #0000ff\">#-substituents<\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00\">PREFIX<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">&#8211;<span style=\"color: #008000\">AN<del>E<\/del>+AMIDE<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp47523392\" class=\"exercises\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>1. Write a condensed structural formula of the following compounds.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp49869984\">a) 2-propanol<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp28582368\">b) acetone<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm34340304\">c) dimethyl ether<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp58569952\">d) acetic acid<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp45560032\">e) 3-methyl-1-hexene<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">2. A <\/span><em class=\"emphasis\" style=\"font-size: 1em\">peptide<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 1em\"> is a short chain of amino acids connected by amide bonds. How many amide bonds are present in this peptide?<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_9.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_9-1.png\" alt=\"ex_9\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2916\" height=\"198\" width=\"285\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">3. How many amide bonds are present in this peptide? (See Exercise 2 for the definition of a peptide.)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_10.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_10-1.png\" alt=\"ex_10\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2918\" height=\"164\" width=\"288\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_qs01_p01\" class=\"para\">4. Name a similarity between the functional groups found in aldehydes and ketones. Can you name a difference between them?<\/p>\n<p class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">5. Name each molecule.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p class=\"para\">a) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_3a.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_3a-1.png\" alt=\"ex_3a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2875\" height=\"68\" width=\"83\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0b) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_3b.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_3b-1.png\" alt=\"ex_3b\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2876\" height=\"68\" width=\"98\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">6. Name each molecule.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p class=\"para\">a) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_4a.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_4a-1.png\" alt=\"ex_4a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2877\" height=\"69\" width=\"137\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 b) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_4b.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_4b-1.png\" alt=\"ex_4b\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2878\" height=\"65\" width=\"155\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">7. Name each molecule.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p class=\"para\">a) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_5a.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_5a-1.png\" alt=\"ex_5a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2879\" height=\"68\" width=\"137\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 b) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_5b.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_5b-1.png\" alt=\"ex_5b\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2880\" height=\"69\" width=\"142\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">8. Name each molecule.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p class=\"para\">a) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_6a.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_6a-1.png\" alt=\"ex_6a\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2881\" height=\"83\" width=\"108\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 b) \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_6b.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_6b-1.png\" alt=\"ex_6b\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2882\" height=\"75\" width=\"154\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">9. Name this molecule.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_7.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_7-1.png\" alt=\"ex_7\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2883\" height=\"49\" width=\"154\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_qs01_p21\" class=\"para\">10. The drug known as aspirin is shown here. \u00a0Identify the functional group(s) in this molecule.<\/p>\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_13.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_13-1.png\" alt=\"ex_13\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2887\" height=\"101\" width=\"134\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<p id=\"ball-ch16_s04_qs01_p22\" class=\"para\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">11. The drug known as naproxen sodium is the sodium salt of the molecule shown here. Identify the functional group(s) in this molecule.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<div class=\"informalfigure large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/introductorychemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/17\/2014\/07\/ex_14.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/ex_14-1.png\" alt=\"ex_14\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2888\" height=\"108\" width=\"249\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><strong>Answers<\/strong><\/div>\n<div>1. a) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH(OH)CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/div>\n<div>b) [latex]\\text{CH}_3\\text{COCH}_3[\/latex]:<\/div>\n<div>c) CH<sub>3<\/sub>OCH<sub>3<\/sub><\/div>\n<div>d) CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH<\/div>\n<div>e) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH(CH<sub>3<\/sub>)CHCH<sub>2<\/sub><\/div>\n<div>2. two amide bonds<\/div>\n<div>3. one amide bond<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>4.\u00a0They both have a carbonyl group, but an aldehyde has the carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain, and a ketone&#8217;s carbonyl carbon is surrounded by two other carbons.<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0a) \u00a0proposal\u00a0b) \u00a0butanone<\/p>\n<p>6. a) 3-chloro-3-methylbutanal \u00a0b) heptan-4-one<\/p>\n<p>7.\u00a0a)\u00a0\u00a03-methylbutanoic acid \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0b)\u00a0\u00a0ethyl propionate<\/p>\n<p>8. a) 2,2,2-trichlroethanoic acid \u00a0 \u00a0b) butyl ethanoate<\/p>\n<p>9.\u00a0ethyl propyl ether<\/p>\n<p>10. carboxylic acid, arene and ester<\/p>\n<p>11. carboxylic\u00a0acid, arene and ether<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<p><strong>aldehyde:<\/strong>\u00a0organic compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two hydrogen atoms or a hydrogen atom and a carbon substituent<\/p>\n<p><strong>carbonyl group:\u00a0<\/strong>carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom<\/p>\n<p><strong>carboxylic acid:\u00a0<\/strong>organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached hydroxyl group<\/p>\n<p><strong>ester:\u00a0<\/strong>organic compound containing a carbonyl group with an attached oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon substituent<\/p>\n<p><strong>ketone:\u00a0<\/strong>organic compound containing a carbonyl group with two carbon substituents attached to it<\/p>\n<dl id=\"fs-idm20899104\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt><span id=\"fs-idp56224320\"><\/span><\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":330,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"10.6 Nomenclature of Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-1952","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":1829,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1952","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/330"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1952\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4841,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1952\/revisions\/4841"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1829"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1952\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1952"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1952"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1952"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1952"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}