{"id":3184,"date":"2018-04-25T16:03:02","date_gmt":"2018-04-25T20:03:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3184"},"modified":"2018-06-22T23:09:00","modified_gmt":"2018-06-23T03:09:00","slug":"1-3-laboratory-techniques-for-separation-of-mixtures","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/chapter\/1-3-laboratory-techniques-for-separation-of-mixtures\/","title":{"raw":"1.4 Laboratory Techniques for Separation of Mixtures","rendered":"1.4 Laboratory Techniques for Separation of Mixtures"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe different methods of separation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify which separation method is most suited for a given mixture.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify what physical change occurs during the separation process.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nA mixture is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be physically separated by using methods that use physical properties to separate the components of the mixture, such as evaporation, distillation, filtration and chromatography.\r\n\r\n<strong>Evaporation<\/strong> can be used as a separation method to separate components of a mixture with a dissolved solid in a liquid. \u00a0The liquid is evaporated, meaning it is convert from its liquid state to gaseous state. \u00a0This often requires heat. \u00a0Once the liquid is completely evaporated, the solid is all that is left behind.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3243\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Evaporation-Method.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Evaporation-Method-300x117.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"117\" class=\"wp-image-3243 size-medium\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Evaporation can be used as a separation technique.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Distillation<\/strong> is a separation technique used to separate components of a liquid mixture by a process of heating and cooling, which exploits the differences in the volatility of each of the components.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3242\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/DistillationApparatus.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/DistillationApparatus-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" class=\"wp-image-3242 size-medium\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Distillation apparatus.[\/caption]\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Distillation procedure: 1) the round bottom flask contains the liquid mixture which must be heated to a vigorous boil, 2) the component with the lower boiling point will change into its gaseous state, 3) upon contact with the water-cooled condenser, the gas will condense, 4) trickle down into the graduated cylinder where the chemist can them recuperate the final distilled liquid, and \u00a05) the other liquid component remains in the round bottom flask.<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div><strong>Filtration<\/strong> is a separation technique used to separate the components of a mixture containing an undissolved solid in a liquid. \u00a0Filtration may be done cold or hot, using gravity or applying vacuum, using a Buchner or Hirsch funnel or a simple glass funnel . \u00a0The exact method used depends on the purpose of the filtration, whether it is for the isolation of a solid from a mixture or removal of impurities from a mixture.<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3244\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"267\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Filtration.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Filtration.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"267\" height=\"205\" class=\"wp-image-3244 size-full\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> \u00a0Filtration apparatus.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFiltration procedure: 1) the mixture is pored through a funnel lined with a filter paper, 2) the filtrate (liquid) drips through to the filter flask, 3) the solid remains in the funnel.\r\n\r\nThough <strong>chromatography<\/strong> is a simple technique in principle, it remains the most important method for the separation of mixtures into its components. It is quite versatile for it can be used to separate mixtures of solids, or of liquids, or mixtures of solids and liquids combined, or in the case of gas chromatography, can separate mixtures of\u00a0gases. \u00a0The two elements of chromatography are the stationary phase and the mobile phase. \u00a0There are many choices of stationary phases, some being alumina, silica, and even paper. \u00a0The mobile phase, in liquid chromatography, can also vary. \u00a0It is often either a solvent or a mixture of solvents and is often referred to as the\u00a0eluant.. \u00a0A\u00a0careful choice of eluting solvent helps to make the separation more successful. \u00a0The mixture is placed on the stationary phase. \u00a0The eluant passes over the mixture and continues to pass through the stationary phase carrying along the components of the mixture. \u00a0If a component in the mixture has greater affinity for the mobile phase (eluant) than the stationary phase, it will tend to be carried along easily with the eluant. If another component in the mixture has a greater affinity for the stationary phase than the mobile phase then it will not be carried along so easily. \u00a0A separation is thus obtained when the different components in a mixture have different affinity for the stationary and mobile phase. \u00a0Three important types of chromatography based on the principles discussed above are: 1) thin layer chromatography (TLC), 2) column chromatography, and 3) gas chromatography.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4632\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-1.17.30-PM.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-1.17.30-PM-300x166.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-4632 size-medium\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 4.<\/strong> Thin layer chromatography is a one type of chromatography. a) The stationary phase can be a thin film of alumina or silica on glass or even paper. \u00a0The plate is placed in a developing tank which contains the mobile phase (eluant) which travels up the plate by capillary action. \u00a0b) \u00a0A separation is obtained because the component of the mixture that has a stronger affinity for the eland (compound 2) travels faster up the plate, than the component that has a strong affinity to the stationary phase (compound 1).[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div id=\"pageContainer2\" class=\"page\">\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 1<\/h3>\r\nIdentify which separation method is most suited for the following mixtures:\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Separation methods:<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of solids<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of liquids<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of a solid dissolved in a liquid<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">A mixture of solid and liquid<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Evaporation<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Distillation<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Filtration<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Chromatography<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"Solution\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Separation methods:<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of solids<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of liquids<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of a solid dissolved in a liquid<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">A mixture of solid and liquid<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Evaporation<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px;text-align: center\">\u00a0NO<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0NO<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES**<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Distillation<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px;text-align: center\">\u00a0\u00a0NO<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0NO<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Filtration<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px;text-align: center\">\u00a0\u00a0NO<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0NO<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0NO<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Chromatography<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px;text-align: center\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n* Success depends on the physical properties of the components in the mixture.\r\n\r\n** Would work but filtration is so much faster.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"SelfTest\"><strong><em>Test Yourself<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\">What method of separation would be most effective on the following mixtures:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\">a)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Sea water\r\nb)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Gold nuggets in water.\r\nc)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>A solution of alcohol (liquid) and water.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Answers<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<p class=\"Answers\">a) evaporation or distillation (chromatography not effective here)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Answers\">b) filtration<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Answers\">c) distillation<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_01_03_PeriodicPU\"><\/figure>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp74996960\" class=\"summary\">\r\n<h2>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp236281408\">Mixtures can be physically separated by using methods that use differences in physical properties to separate the components of the mixture, such as evaporation, distillation, filtration and chromatography. \u00a0Which separation method used when attempting to separate a mixture depends on what kind of mixture it is (what states of matter are present) and on the physical properties of the components.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp111561136\" class=\"exercises\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">1. \u00a0What method of separation would be most effective on the following mixtures:<\/span>\r\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\">a)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Vinegar (a solution of acetic acid (liquid) in water)\r\nb)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Loose tea leaves in tea.\r\nc)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Copper sulfate (solid) in water.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\">2. \u00a0Identify what physical change occurs during the following separation processes.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\">a)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Distillation of a solution comprising of 50:50 acetone and water\r\nb)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Filtration to remove tea leaves from tea.\r\nc)<span>\u00a0 Evaporation for water from a sugar solution to obtain sugar crystals.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\"><span>d) Taking a sand and salt mixing, mixing it with water, followed by filtration to remove the sand, then evaporating the salt solution to retrieve salt crystals.<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"Indentpoints hanging-indent\"><span><\/span>3. \u00a0Propose a method of separate the following complex mixtures:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Indentpoints hanging-indent\">a) A mixture of sand, sea water (water and salt)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Indentpoints hanging-indent\">b) A mixture of \u00a0marbles, small gold nuggets, and sugar<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Answers<\/strong>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp167334304\">1. a) distillation; \u00a0 b) filtration; \u00a0 c) evaporation<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) \u00a0The lower boiling liquid (acetone) would undergo a phase change (evaporation) upon heating, then once the gaseous acetone comes in contact with the condenser it would under another phase change (condensation). \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">b) \u00a0No phase changes, this simply involves physical removal of the leaves via filtration. \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">c)\u00a0Water\u00a0would undergo a phase change (evaporation) upon heating.<\/span>\r\n\r\nc) The salt would dissolve in the water, then during the evaporation step,\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">water\u00a0would undergo a phase change (evaporation) upon heating.<\/span>\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) <span>Filtration to remove the sand, then evaporating the salt solution to retrieve salt crystals.<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">b) Manual separation of the marbles (removing by using your fingers), dissolve the rest in water, then f<span>iltration to remove the gold nuggets, and then evaporation of the water to retrieve sugar crystals.<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"hanging-indent indent\"><strong>Glossary<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<strong>chromatography:\u00a0<\/strong>is a separation technique\u00a0based on how the different components in a mixture have different affinity for the stationary and mobile phase\r\n\r\n<strong>distillation:\u00a0<\/strong>is a separation technique used to separate components of a liquid mixture by a process of heating and cooling\r\n\r\n<strong>evaporation:\u00a0<\/strong>is a separation method used to separate of a mixture of a liquid with a dissolved solid, involving removal of a \u00a0 liquid by evaporating it and leaving behind a solid\r\n\r\n<strong>filtration:\u00a0<\/strong>is a separation technique used to separate the components of a mixture containing an undissolved solid in a liquid by using a funnel lined with filter paper to retain the solids while letting the liquid through.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe different methods of separation.<\/li>\n<li>Identify which separation method is most suited for a given mixture.<\/li>\n<li>Identify what physical change occurs during the separation process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>A mixture is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be physically separated by using methods that use physical properties to separate the components of the mixture, such as evaporation, distillation, filtration and chromatography.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Evaporation<\/strong> can be used as a separation method to separate components of a mixture with a dissolved solid in a liquid. \u00a0The liquid is evaporated, meaning it is convert from its liquid state to gaseous state. \u00a0This often requires heat. \u00a0Once the liquid is completely evaporated, the solid is all that is left behind.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3243\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3243\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Evaporation-Method.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Evaporation-Method-300x117.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"117\" class=\"wp-image-3243 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Evaporation-Method-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Evaporation-Method-65x25.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Evaporation-Method-225x88.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Evaporation-Method-350x137.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Evaporation-Method.png 604w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3243\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Evaporation can be used as a separation technique.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Distillation<\/strong> is a separation technique used to separate components of a liquid mixture by a process of heating and cooling, which exploits the differences in the volatility of each of the components.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3242\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3242\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/DistillationApparatus.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/DistillationApparatus-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" class=\"wp-image-3242 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/DistillationApparatus-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/DistillationApparatus-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/DistillationApparatus-65x65.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/DistillationApparatus-225x225.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/DistillationApparatus-350x350.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/DistillationApparatus.jpg 476w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Distillation apparatus.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Distillation procedure: 1) the round bottom flask contains the liquid mixture which must be heated to a vigorous boil, 2) the component with the lower boiling point will change into its gaseous state, 3) upon contact with the water-cooled condenser, the gas will condense, 4) trickle down into the graduated cylinder where the chemist can them recuperate the final distilled liquid, and \u00a05) the other liquid component remains in the round bottom flask.<strong>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<div><strong>Filtration<\/strong> is a separation technique used to separate the components of a mixture containing an undissolved solid in a liquid. \u00a0Filtration may be done cold or hot, using gravity or applying vacuum, using a Buchner or Hirsch funnel or a simple glass funnel . \u00a0The exact method used depends on the purpose of the filtration, whether it is for the isolation of a solid from a mixture or removal of impurities from a mixture.<\/div>\n<div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3244\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3244\" style=\"width: 267px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Filtration.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Filtration.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"267\" height=\"205\" class=\"wp-image-3244 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Filtration.png 267w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Filtration-65x50.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Filtration-225x173.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 267px) 100vw, 267px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3244\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> \u00a0Filtration apparatus.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Filtration procedure: 1) the mixture is pored through a funnel lined with a filter paper, 2) the filtrate (liquid) drips through to the filter flask, 3) the solid remains in the funnel.<\/p>\n<p>Though <strong>chromatography<\/strong> is a simple technique in principle, it remains the most important method for the separation of mixtures into its components. It is quite versatile for it can be used to separate mixtures of solids, or of liquids, or mixtures of solids and liquids combined, or in the case of gas chromatography, can separate mixtures of\u00a0gases. \u00a0The two elements of chromatography are the stationary phase and the mobile phase. \u00a0There are many choices of stationary phases, some being alumina, silica, and even paper. \u00a0The mobile phase, in liquid chromatography, can also vary. \u00a0It is often either a solvent or a mixture of solvents and is often referred to as the\u00a0eluant.. \u00a0A\u00a0careful choice of eluting solvent helps to make the separation more successful. \u00a0The mixture is placed on the stationary phase. \u00a0The eluant passes over the mixture and continues to pass through the stationary phase carrying along the components of the mixture. \u00a0If a component in the mixture has greater affinity for the mobile phase (eluant) than the stationary phase, it will tend to be carried along easily with the eluant. If another component in the mixture has a greater affinity for the stationary phase than the mobile phase then it will not be carried along so easily. \u00a0A separation is thus obtained when the different components in a mixture have different affinity for the stationary and mobile phase. \u00a0Three important types of chromatography based on the principles discussed above are: 1) thin layer chromatography (TLC), 2) column chromatography, and 3) gas chromatography.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4632\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4632\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-1.17.30-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-1.17.30-PM-300x166.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"166\" class=\"wp-image-4632 size-medium\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-1.17.30-PM-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-1.17.30-PM-768x425.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-1.17.30-PM-65x36.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-1.17.30-PM-225x124.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-1.17.30-PM-350x194.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-14-at-1.17.30-PM.png 844w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4632\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4.<\/strong> Thin layer chromatography is a one type of chromatography. a) The stationary phase can be a thin film of alumina or silica on glass or even paper. \u00a0The plate is placed in a developing tank which contains the mobile phase (eluant) which travels up the plate by capillary action. \u00a0b) \u00a0A separation is obtained because the component of the mixture that has a stronger affinity for the eland (compound 2) travels faster up the plate, than the component that has a strong affinity to the stationary phase (compound 1).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div id=\"pageContainer2\" class=\"page\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 1<\/h3>\n<p>Identify which separation method is most suited for the following mixtures:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Separation methods:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of solids<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of liquids<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of a solid dissolved in a liquid<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">A mixture of solid and liquid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Evaporation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Distillation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Filtration<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Chromatography<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"Solution\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Separation methods:<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of solids<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of liquids<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><em>A mixture of a solid dissolved in a liquid<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">A mixture of solid and liquid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Evaporation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px;text-align: center\">\u00a0NO<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0NO<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES**<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Distillation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px;text-align: center\">\u00a0\u00a0NO<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0NO<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Filtration<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px;text-align: center\">\u00a0\u00a0NO<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0NO<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0NO<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 19px\">\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\"><strong>Chromatography<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px;text-align: center\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20%;height: 19px\">\u00a0YES*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>* Success depends on the physical properties of the components in the mixture.<\/p>\n<p>** Would work but filtration is so much faster.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"SelfTest\"><strong><em>Test Yourself<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\">What method of separation would be most effective on the following mixtures:<\/p>\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\">a)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Sea water<br \/>\nb)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Gold nuggets in water.<br \/>\nc)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>A solution of alcohol (liquid) and water.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Answers<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"Answers\">a) evaporation or distillation (chromatography not effective here)<\/p>\n<p class=\"Answers\">b) filtration<\/p>\n<p class=\"Answers\">c) distillation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_01_03_PeriodicPU\"><\/figure>\n<section id=\"fs-idp74996960\" class=\"summary\">\n<h2>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp236281408\">Mixtures can be physically separated by using methods that use differences in physical properties to separate the components of the mixture, such as evaporation, distillation, filtration and chromatography. \u00a0Which separation method used when attempting to separate a mixture depends on what kind of mixture it is (what states of matter are present) and on the physical properties of the components.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp111561136\" class=\"exercises\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">1. \u00a0What method of separation would be most effective on the following mixtures:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\">a)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Vinegar (a solution of acetic acid (liquid) in water)<br \/>\nb)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Loose tea leaves in tea.<br \/>\nc)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Copper sulfate (solid) in water.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\">2. \u00a0Identify what physical change occurs during the following separation processes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\">a)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Distillation of a solution comprising of 50:50 acetone and water<br \/>\nb)<span>\u00a0 <\/span>Filtration to remove tea leaves from tea.<br \/>\nc)<span>\u00a0 Evaporation for water from a sugar solution to obtain sugar crystals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Indentpoints\"><span>d) Taking a sand and salt mixing, mixing it with water, followed by filtration to remove the sand, then evaporating the salt solution to retrieve salt crystals.<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"Indentpoints hanging-indent\"><span><\/span>3. \u00a0Propose a method of separate the following complex mixtures:<\/p>\n<p class=\"Indentpoints hanging-indent\">a) A mixture of sand, sea water (water and salt)<\/p>\n<p class=\"Indentpoints hanging-indent\">b) A mixture of \u00a0marbles, small gold nuggets, and sugar<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Answers<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp167334304\">1. a) distillation; \u00a0 b) filtration; \u00a0 c) evaporation<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>2.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) \u00a0The lower boiling liquid (acetone) would undergo a phase change (evaporation) upon heating, then once the gaseous acetone comes in contact with the condenser it would under another phase change (condensation). \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">b) \u00a0No phase changes, this simply involves physical removal of the leaves via filtration. \u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">c)\u00a0Water\u00a0would undergo a phase change (evaporation) upon heating.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>c) The salt would dissolve in the water, then during the evaporation step,\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">water\u00a0would undergo a phase change (evaporation) upon heating.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) <span>Filtration to remove the sand, then evaporating the salt solution to retrieve salt crystals.<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">b) Manual separation of the marbles (removing by using your fingers), dissolve the rest in water, then f<span>iltration to remove the gold nuggets, and then evaporation of the water to retrieve sugar crystals.<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"hanging-indent indent\"><strong>Glossary<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>chromatography:\u00a0<\/strong>is a separation technique\u00a0based on how the different components in a mixture have different affinity for the stationary and mobile phase<\/p>\n<p><strong>distillation:\u00a0<\/strong>is a separation technique used to separate components of a liquid mixture by a process of heating and cooling<\/p>\n<p><strong>evaporation:\u00a0<\/strong>is a separation method used to separate of a mixture of a liquid with a dissolved solid, involving removal of a \u00a0 liquid by evaporating it and leaving behind a solid<\/p>\n<p><strong>filtration:\u00a0<\/strong>is a separation technique used to separate the components of a mixture containing an undissolved solid in a liquid by using a funnel lined with filter paper to retain the solids while letting the liquid through.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":330,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"1.4 Laboratory Techniques for Separation of 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