{"id":3495,"date":"2018-05-11T14:51:05","date_gmt":"2018-05-11T18:51:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3495"},"modified":"2019-05-13T18:14:41","modified_gmt":"2019-05-13T22:14:41","slug":"5-2-mass-terminology","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/chapter\/5-2-mass-terminology\/","title":{"raw":"5.1 Mass Terminology","rendered":"5.1 Mass Terminology"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Calculate formula masses for covalent and ionic compounds<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm28512\">We can argue that modern chemical science began when scientists started exploring the quantitative as well as the qualitative aspects of chemistry. For example, Dalton\u2019s atomic theory was an attempt to explain the results of measurements that allowed him to calculate the relative masses of elements combined in various compounds. Understanding the relationship between the masses of atoms and the chemical formulas of compounds allows us to quantitatively describe the composition of substances.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm30815968\">\r\n<h2>Formula Mass<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp76705136\">In an earlier chapter, we described the development of the atomic mass unit, the concept of average atomic masses, and the use of chemical formulas to represent the elemental makeup of substances. These ideas can be extended to calculate the <strong>formula mass<\/strong> of a substance by summing the average atomic masses of all the atoms represented in the substance\u2019s formula.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp16940464\">\r\n<h2>Formula Mass for Covalent Substances<\/h2>\r\nFor covalent substances, the formula represents the numbers and types of atoms composing a single molecule of the substance; therefore, the formula mass may be correctly referred to as a <strong>molecular mass<\/strong>. Consider chloroform (CHCl<sub>3<\/sub>), a covalent compound once used as a surgical anesthetic and now primarily used in the production of the \u201canti-stick\u201d polymer, Teflon. The molecular formula of chloroform indicates that a single molecule contains one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom, and three chlorine atoms. The average molecular mass of a chloroform molecule is therefore equal to the sum of the average atomic masses of these atoms. <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Chem_03_01_chloroform\">Figure 1<\/a> outlines the calculations used to derive the molecular mass of chloroform, which is 119.377 amu.\r\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\r\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left;height: 24px\">1 C mass<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">= 12.011 amu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">1 H masses<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">= <span class=\"token\">1.00794 amu<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">3 Cl masses = 3 x 35.4527 amu<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">= 106.3581<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 26px\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 26px\">Total<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"125\" height=\"89\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4502\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 26px\">= 119.377 amu = the molecular mass of CHCl<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_03_01_chloroform\"><figcaption><\/figcaption><figcaption><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The average mass of a chloroform molecule, CHCl<sub>3<\/sub>, is 119.377 amt, which is the sum of the average atomic masses of each of its constituent atoms. The molecular structure of chloroform.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\nLikewise, the molecular mass of an aspirin molecule, C<sub>9<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>, is the sum of the atomic masses of nine carbon atoms, eight hydrogen atoms, and four oxygen atoms, which amounts to 180.15 amu (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Chem_03_01_aspirin\">Figure 2<\/a>).\r\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\r\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">9 C mass\u00a0= 9 x 12.011 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 108.099 amu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>8 H masses\u00a0= 8 x 1.00794 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 8.06352\u00a0<span class=\"token\">amu<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4 O masses = 4 x 15.9994 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 63.9976 amu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Total<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.37-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"106\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4503 size-full\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td>= 180.160 amu = the molecular mass of C<sub>9<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub>O<sub>4\u00a0<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_03_01_aspirin\"><figcaption><\/figcaption><figcaption><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> The average mass of an aspirin molecule is 180.160 amu. The molecular structure of aspirin.<\/figcaption><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" id=\"fs-idp17719968\">\r\n<h3>Example 1<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp1127280\">Ibuprofen, C<sub>13<\/sub>H<sub>18<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub>, is a covalent compound and the active ingredient in several popular nonprescription pain medications, such as Advil and Motrin. What is the molecular mass for this compound?<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm3892496\"><strong>Solution<\/strong>\r\nMolecules of this compound are comprised of 13 carbon atoms, 18 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms. Following the approach described above, the average molecular mass for this compound is therefore:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\r\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">13 C mass\u00a0= 13 x 12.011 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 156.143 amu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>18 H masses\u00a0= 18 x 1.00794 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 18.14292\u00a0<span class=\"token\">amu<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2 O masses = 2 x 15.9994 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 31.9988 amu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Total<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.45-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"221\" height=\"125\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4504 size-full\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td>= 206.285 amu = the molecular mass of C<sub>13<\/sub>H<sub>18<\/sub>O<sub>2\u00a0<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm58442752\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em>\r\nAcetaminophen, C<sub>8<\/sub>H<sub>9<\/sub>NO<sub>2<\/sub>, is a covalent compound and the active ingredient in several popular nonprescription pain medications, such as Tylenol. What is the molecular mass for this compound?<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n151.16 amu\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm60917056\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 2<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p13\" class=\"para\">What is the molecular mass of each substance?<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\">a) NBr<sub class=\"subscript\">3 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/sub>b) C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"simpara\">a) Add one atomic mass of nitrogen and three atomic masses of bromine:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\r\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 N mass<\/td>\r\n<td>= 14.0067 amu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3 Br masses = 3 \u00d7 79.904 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= <span class=\"token\">239.712 amu<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Total<\/td>\r\n<td>= 253.719 amu = the molecular mass of NBr<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nb) Add two atomic masses of carbon and six atomic masses of hydrogen:\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\r\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2 C masses = 2 \u00d7 12.011 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 24.022 amu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6 H masses = 6 \u00d7 1.00794 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 6.04764<span class=\"token\">\u00a0amu<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Total<\/td>\r\n<td>= 30.070 amu = the molecular mass of C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p14\" class=\"para\">The compound C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub> also has a common name\u2014ethane.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong><em class=\"emphasis bolditalic\">Test Yourself<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p15\" class=\"para\">What is the molecular mass of each substance?<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"para\">a) SO<sub class=\"subscript\">2 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>b) PF<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong><em class=\"emphasis\">Answers<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"simpara\">a) 64.065 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b)\u00a087.969 amu<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Formula Mass for Ionic Compounds<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp13429376\">Ionic compounds are composed of discrete cations and anions combined in ratios to yield electrically neutral bulk matter. The formula mass for an ionic compound is calculated in the same way as the formula mass for covalent compounds: by summing the average atomic masses of all the atoms in the compound\u2019s formula. Keep in mind, however, that the formula for an ionic compound does not represent the composition of a discrete molecule, so it may not correctly be referred to as the \u201cmolecular mass.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm4173824\">As an example, consider sodium chloride, NaCl, the chemical name for common table salt. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound composed of sodium cations, Na<sup>+<\/sup>, and chloride anions, Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup>, combined in a 1:1 ratio. The formula mass for this compound is computed as 58.44 amu (Figure 3).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\r\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 127px\">1 Na mass<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 294px\">= 22.9898 amu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 127px\">1 Cl masses<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 294px\">= 35.4527<span class=\"token\">\u00a0amu<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 127px\">Total<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-07-at-12.31.40-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"125\" height=\"122\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4499\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 294px\">= 58.4425 amu = the molecular mass of NaCl<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_03_01_saltMass\"><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> Table salt, NaCl, contains an array of sodium and chloride ions combined in a 1:1 ratio. Its formula mass is 58.44 amu.<\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm31455504\">Note that the average masses of neutral sodium and chlorine atoms were used in this computation, rather than the masses for sodium cations and chlorine anions. This approach is perfectly acceptable when computing the formula mass of an ionic compound. Even though a sodium cation has a slightly smaller mass than a sodium atom (since it is missing an electron), this difference will be offset by the fact that a chloride anion is slightly more massive than a chloride atom (due to the extra electron). Moreover, the mass of an electron is negligibly small with respect to the mass of a typical atom. Even when calculating the mass of an isolated ion, the missing or additional electrons can generally be ignored, since their contribution to the overall mass is negligible, reflected only in the nonsignificant digits that will be lost when the computed mass is properly rounded. The few exceptions to this guideline are very light ions derived from elements with precisely known atomic masses.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" id=\"fs-idm73270640\">\r\n<h3>Example 3<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm19285728\">Aluminum sulfate, Al<sub>2<\/sub>(SO<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub>, is an ionic compound that is used in the manufacture of paper and in various water purification processes. What is the formula mass (amu) of this compound?<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Solution<\/strong>\r\nThe formula for this compound indicates it contains Al<sup>3+<\/sup> and SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2\u2212<\/sup> ions combined in a 2:3 ratio. For purposes of computing a formula mass, it is helpful to rewrite the formula in the simpler format, Al<sub>2<\/sub>S<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>12<\/sub>. Following the approach outlined above, the formula mass for this compound is calculated as follows:\r\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\r\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">2 Al mass\u00a0= 2 x 26.9815 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 53.9630 amu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3 S masses\u00a0= 3 x 32.066 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 96.198\u00a0<span class=\"token\">amu<\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>12 O masses = 12 x 15.9994 amu<\/td>\r\n<td>= 191.9928 amu<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Total<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.04.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"180\" height=\"108\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4500\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td>= 342.154 amu = the molecular mass of Al<sub>2<\/sub>S<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>12<\/sub><sub>\u00a0<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp70748048\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em>\r\nCalcium phosphate, Ca<sub>3<\/sub>(PO<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>, is an ionic compound and a common anti-caking agent added to food products. What is the formula mass (amu) of calcium phosphate?<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n310.18 amu\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section><section id=\"fs-idp3385536\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Example 4<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"Indent\">What is the molecular mass of Fe(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub>?<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"Solution\"><strong>Solution\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Indent\">There is 1 atom of Fe, 3 atoms of N and 3(3) = 9 atoms of O<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Indent\">Thus, the molecular mass:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"Indent\">1(55.847amu) + 3(14.0067amu) + 9(15.9994amu) = 241.862 amu<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"SelfTest\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\r\n<span>What is the mass, in amu\u2019s, of 5.292 x 10<sup>21 <\/sup>molecules of Ni(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>?\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em>\r\n\r\n<span>9.669 x 10<sup>23\u00a0<\/sup>amu<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03_n03\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03_n03\">\r\n<h3 class=\"title\">Chemistry Is Everywhere: Sulfur Hexafluoride<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p48\" class=\"para\">On March 20, 1995, the Japanese terrorist group Aum Shinrikyo (Sanskrit for \u201cSupreme Truth\u201d) released some sarin gas in the Tokyo subway system; twelve people were killed, and thousands were injured. Sarin (molecular formula C<sub class=\"subscript\">4<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">10<\/sub>FPO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>) is a nerve toxin that was first synthesized in 1938 (Figure 4). It is regarded as one of the most deadly toxins known, estimated to be about 500 times more potent than cyanide. Scientists and engineers who study the spread of chemical weapons such as sarin (yes, there are such scientists) would like to have a less dangerous chemical, indeed one that is nontoxic, so they are not at risk themselves.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4854\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"499\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Sarin.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Sarin.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"499\" height=\"182\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4854\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 4.<\/strong>\u00a0 The nerve toxin\u00a0Sarin (molecular formula C<sub class=\"subscript\">4<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">10<\/sub>FPO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>).[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p49\" class=\"para\">Sulfur hexafluoride is used as a model compound for sarin. SF<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub> (Figure 5) has a similar molecular mass (about 146 amu) as sarin (about 140 amu), so it has similar physical properties in the vapour phase. Sulfur hexafluoride is also very easy to accurately detect, even at low levels, and it is not a normal part of the atmosphere, so there is little potential for contamination from natural sources. Consequently, SF<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub> is also used as an aerial tracer for ventilation systems in buildings. It is nontoxic and very chemically inert, so workers do not have to take special precautions other than watching for asphyxiation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4855\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"251\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/SF6.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/SF6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"251\" height=\"125\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4855\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 5.<\/strong> Sulfur hexafluoride[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p50\" class=\"para\">Sulfur hexafluoride also has another interesting use: a spark suppressant in high-voltage electrical equipment. High-pressure SF<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub> gas is used in place of older oils that may have contaminants that are environmentally unfriendly (part (c) in the accompanying figure).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h2>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03\" lang=\"en\"><section id=\"fs-idp1413072\" class=\"summary\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp1202080\">Isotopic mass (the mass of an isotope of an element, expressed in amu) of naturally occurring isotopes of a given element, is used to calculate the atomic mass of that element (expressed in amu). \u00a0The formula mass of a substance is the sum of the average atomic masses of each atom represented in the chemical formula and is expressed in atomic mass units. The formula mass of a covalent compound is also called the molecular mass.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03_n04\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"qandaset block\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03_qs01\">1. a)\u00a0What is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom?<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 b) What is the molecular mass of oxygen in its elemental form (meaning in the form it naturally occurs in)?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">2. a) What is the atomic mass of bromine?<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n\r\n\u00a0 \u00a0 b) What is the molecular mass of bromine in its elemental form?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n3.\u00a0Determine the molecular mass of each substance.\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n\r\na) \u00a0F<sub class=\"subscript\">2 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/sub>b) \u00a0CO \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0c) \u00a0CO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n4<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">. \u00a0Determine the mass of each substance.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n\r\na) \u00a0Na \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0b) \u00a0B<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>O<sub class=\"subscript\">3 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>c) \u00a0S<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>Cl<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n5.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Determine the formula mass of each substance.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"question\">\r\n\r\na) \u00a0GeO<sub class=\"subscript\">2 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>b) \u00a0IF<sub class=\"subscript\">3 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>c) \u00a0XeF<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub>\r\n\r\n6. What is the total mass (amu) of carbon in each of the following molecules?\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp15394896\">a) CH<sub>4 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>b) CHCl<sub>3 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>c) C<sub>12<\/sub>H<sub>10<\/sub>O<sub>6 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>d) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\r\n7. Calculate the molecular or formula mass of each of the following:\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp75123488\">a) P<sub>4 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>b) H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0c) Ca(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>d) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CO<sub>2<\/sub>H (acetic acid)<\/p>\r\ne) C<sub>12<\/sub>H<sub>22<\/sub>O<sub>11<\/sub> (sucrose, cane sugar)\r\n\r\n8. Determine the molecular mass of the following compounds:\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp12831088\">a)<\/p>\r\n<img alt=\"A structure is shown. Two C atoms form double bonds with each other. The C atom on the left forms a single bond with two H atoms each. The C atom on the right forms a single bond with an H atom and with a C H subscript 2 C H subscript 3 group.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_06a_img-2.jpg\" width=\"242\" height=\"91\" class=\"\" \/>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp76139456\">b)<\/p>\r\n<img alt=\"A structure is shown. There is a C atom which forms single bonds with three H atoms each. This C atom is bonded to another C atom. This second C atom forms a triple bond with another C atom which forms a single bond with a fourth C atom. The fourth C atom forms single bonds with three H atoms each.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_06b_img-2.jpg\" width=\"252\" height=\"104\" class=\"\" \/>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp55882592\">c)<\/p>\r\n<img alt=\"A structure is shown. An S i atom forms a single bond with a C l atom, a single bond with a C l atom, a single bond with an H atom, and a single bond with another S i atom. The second S i atom froms a single bond with a C l atom, a single bond with a C l atom, and a single bond with an H atom.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_06c_img-2.jpg\" width=\"257\" height=\"106\" class=\"\" \/>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp17404336\">d)<\/p>\r\n<img alt=\"A structure is shown. A P atom forms a double bond with an O atom. It also forms a single bond with an O atom which forms a single bond with an H atom. It also forms a single bond with another O atom which forms a single bond with an H atom. It also forms a single bond with another O atom which forms a single bond with an H atom.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_06d_img-2.jpg\" width=\"262\" height=\"109\" class=\"\" \/>\r\n\r\n9. Which molecule has a molecular mass of 28.05 amu?\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp50214144\">a)<\/p>\r\n<img alt=\"A structure is shown. A C atom forms a triple bond with another C atom. Each C atom also forms a single bond with an H atom.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_07a_img-2.jpg\" width=\"271\" height=\"30\" class=\"\" \/>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp66877424\">b)<\/p>\r\n<img alt=\"A structure is shown. Two C atoms form a double bond with each other. Each C atom also forms a single bond with two H atoms.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_07b_img-2.jpg\" width=\"273\" height=\"99\" class=\"\" \/>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp49595584\">c)<\/p>\r\n<img alt=\"A structure is shown. A C atom forms a single bond with three H atoms each and with another C atom. The second C atom also forms a single bond with three H atoms each.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_07c_img-2.jpg\" width=\"274\" height=\"112\" class=\"\" \/>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03_n04\">\r\n\r\n<b>Answers<\/b>\r\n\r\n1.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) \u00a015.999 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span>b)\u00a0 The elemental for of oxygen is O<sub>2<\/sub>.\u00a0 Its moleculass mass is 31.998 amu.\r\n\r\n2. \u00a0a) 79.904 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b) 159.808 amu\r\n\r\n3. a) \u00a037.997 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0b) \u00a028.010 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0c) \u00a044.010 amu\r\n\r\n4.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>a) \u00a022.9898 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0b) \u00a069.620 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0c) \u00a0135.037 amu\r\n\r\n5.\u00a0a) \u00a0104.59 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0b) \u00a0183.900 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0c) \u00a0245.280 amu\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0a) 12.011 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0b) 12.011 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 c) 144.132 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d) 60.055 amu\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm15352224\">7. a) 123.895 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b) 18.015 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 c) 164.088 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d) 60.052 amu\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0e) 342.300 amu<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp18584256\">8. a) 56.108 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b) 54.092 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 c) 199.9977 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d) 97.9952 amu<\/p>\r\n9. B\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<strong>formula mass:\u00a0<\/strong>sum of the average masses for all atoms represented in a chemical formula; for covalent compounds, this is also the molecular mass\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Calculate formula masses for covalent and ionic compounds<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm28512\">We can argue that modern chemical science began when scientists started exploring the quantitative as well as the qualitative aspects of chemistry. For example, Dalton\u2019s atomic theory was an attempt to explain the results of measurements that allowed him to calculate the relative masses of elements combined in various compounds. Understanding the relationship between the masses of atoms and the chemical formulas of compounds allows us to quantitatively describe the composition of substances.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idm30815968\">\n<h2>Formula Mass<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp76705136\">In an earlier chapter, we described the development of the atomic mass unit, the concept of average atomic masses, and the use of chemical formulas to represent the elemental makeup of substances. These ideas can be extended to calculate the <strong>formula mass<\/strong> of a substance by summing the average atomic masses of all the atoms represented in the substance\u2019s formula.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idp16940464\">\n<h2>Formula Mass for Covalent Substances<\/h2>\n<p>For covalent substances, the formula represents the numbers and types of atoms composing a single molecule of the substance; therefore, the formula mass may be correctly referred to as a <strong>molecular mass<\/strong>. Consider chloroform (CHCl<sub>3<\/sub>), a covalent compound once used as a surgical anesthetic and now primarily used in the production of the \u201canti-stick\u201d polymer, Teflon. The molecular formula of chloroform indicates that a single molecule contains one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom, and three chlorine atoms. The average molecular mass of a chloroform molecule is therefore equal to the sum of the average atomic masses of these atoms. <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Chem_03_01_chloroform\">Figure 1<\/a> outlines the calculations used to derive the molecular mass of chloroform, which is 119.377 amu.<\/p>\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"text-align: left;height: 24px\">1 C mass<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">= 12.011 amu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">1 H masses<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">= <span class=\"token\">1.00794 amu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">3 Cl masses = 3 x 35.4527 amu<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px\">= 106.3581<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 26px\">\n<td style=\"height: 26px\">Total<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"125\" height=\"89\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.26-PM.png 151w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.26-PM-150x108.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.26-PM-65x46.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 26px\">= 119.377 amu = the molecular mass of CHCl<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_03_01_chloroform\"><figcaption><\/figcaption><figcaption><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The average mass of a chloroform molecule, CHCl<sub>3<\/sub>, is 119.377 amt, which is the sum of the average atomic masses of each of its constituent atoms. The molecular structure of chloroform.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Likewise, the molecular mass of an aspirin molecule, C<sub>9<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>, is the sum of the atomic masses of nine carbon atoms, eight hydrogen atoms, and four oxygen atoms, which amounts to 180.15 amu (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#CNX_Chem_03_01_aspirin\">Figure 2<\/a>).<\/p>\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">9 C mass\u00a0= 9 x 12.011 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 108.099 amu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8 H masses\u00a0= 8 x 1.00794 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 8.06352\u00a0<span class=\"token\">amu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4 O masses = 4 x 15.9994 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 63.9976 amu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Total<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.37-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"106\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4503 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.37-PM.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.37-PM-65x46.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/td>\n<td>= 180.160 amu = the molecular mass of C<sub>9<\/sub>H<sub>8<\/sub>O<sub>4\u00a0<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_03_01_aspirin\"><figcaption><\/figcaption><figcaption><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> The average mass of an aspirin molecule is 180.160 amu. The molecular structure of aspirin.<\/figcaption><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" id=\"fs-idp17719968\">\n<h3>Example 1<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp1127280\">Ibuprofen, C<sub>13<\/sub>H<sub>18<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub>, is a covalent compound and the active ingredient in several popular nonprescription pain medications, such as Advil and Motrin. What is the molecular mass for this compound?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm3892496\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><br \/>\nMolecules of this compound are comprised of 13 carbon atoms, 18 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms. Following the approach described above, the average molecular mass for this compound is therefore:<\/p>\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">13 C mass\u00a0= 13 x 12.011 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 156.143 amu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18 H masses\u00a0= 18 x 1.00794 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 18.14292\u00a0<span class=\"token\">amu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2 O masses = 2 x 15.9994 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 31.9988 amu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Total<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.45-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"221\" height=\"125\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4504 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.45-PM.png 221w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.08.45-PM-65x37.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 221px) 100vw, 221px\" \/><\/td>\n<td>= 206.285 amu = the molecular mass of C<sub>13<\/sub>H<sub>18<\/sub>O<sub>2\u00a0<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm58442752\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\nAcetaminophen, C<sub>8<\/sub>H<sub>9<\/sub>NO<sub>2<\/sub>, is a covalent compound and the active ingredient in several popular nonprescription pain medications, such as Tylenol. What is the molecular mass for this compound?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>151.16 amu<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm60917056\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 2<\/h3>\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p13\" class=\"para\">What is the molecular mass of each substance?<\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">a) NBr<sub class=\"subscript\">3 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/sub>b) C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\">a) Add one atomic mass of nitrogen and three atomic masses of bromine:<\/p>\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1 N mass<\/td>\n<td>= 14.0067 amu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3 Br masses = 3 \u00d7 79.904 amu<\/td>\n<td>= <span class=\"token\">239.712 amu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Total<\/td>\n<td>= 253.719 amu = the molecular mass of NBr<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>b) Add two atomic masses of carbon and six atomic masses of hydrogen:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>2 C masses = 2 \u00d7 12.011 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 24.022 amu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6 H masses = 6 \u00d7 1.00794 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 6.04764<span class=\"token\">\u00a0amu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Total<\/td>\n<td>= 30.070 amu = the molecular mass of C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p14\" class=\"para\">The compound C<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub> also has a common name\u2014ethane.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong><em class=\"emphasis bolditalic\">Test Yourself<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p15\" class=\"para\">What is the molecular mass of each substance?<\/p>\n<p class=\"para\">a) SO<sub class=\"subscript\">2 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>b) PF<sub class=\"subscript\">3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\"><strong><em class=\"emphasis\">Answers<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"simpara\">a) 64.065 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b)\u00a087.969 amu<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Formula Mass for Ionic Compounds<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp13429376\">Ionic compounds are composed of discrete cations and anions combined in ratios to yield electrically neutral bulk matter. The formula mass for an ionic compound is calculated in the same way as the formula mass for covalent compounds: by summing the average atomic masses of all the atoms in the compound\u2019s formula. Keep in mind, however, that the formula for an ionic compound does not represent the composition of a discrete molecule, so it may not correctly be referred to as the \u201cmolecular mass.\u201d<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm4173824\">As an example, consider sodium chloride, NaCl, the chemical name for common table salt. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound composed of sodium cations, Na<sup>+<\/sup>, and chloride anions, Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup>, combined in a 1:1 ratio. The formula mass for this compound is computed as 58.44 amu (Figure 3).<\/p>\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 127px\">1 Na mass<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 294px\">= 22.9898 amu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 127px\">1 Cl masses<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 294px\">= 35.4527<span class=\"token\">\u00a0amu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 127px\">Total<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-07-at-12.31.40-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"125\" height=\"122\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4499\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-07-at-12.31.40-PM.png 144w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-05-07-at-12.31.40-PM-65x63.png 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 294px\">= 58.4425 amu = the molecular mass of NaCl<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"CNX_Chem_03_01_saltMass\"><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> Table salt, NaCl, contains an array of sodium and chloride ions combined in a 1:1 ratio. Its formula mass is 58.44 amu.<\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idm31455504\">Note that the average masses of neutral sodium and chlorine atoms were used in this computation, rather than the masses for sodium cations and chlorine anions. This approach is perfectly acceptable when computing the formula mass of an ionic compound. Even though a sodium cation has a slightly smaller mass than a sodium atom (since it is missing an electron), this difference will be offset by the fact that a chloride anion is slightly more massive than a chloride atom (due to the extra electron). Moreover, the mass of an electron is negligibly small with respect to the mass of a typical atom. Even when calculating the mass of an isolated ion, the missing or additional electrons can generally be ignored, since their contribution to the overall mass is negligible, reflected only in the nonsignificant digits that will be lost when the computed mass is properly rounded. The few exceptions to this guideline are very light ions derived from elements with precisely known atomic masses.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" id=\"fs-idm73270640\">\n<h3>Example 3<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm19285728\">Aluminum sulfate, Al<sub>2<\/sub>(SO<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub>, is an ionic compound that is used in the manufacture of paper and in various water purification processes. What is the formula mass (amu) of this compound?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Solution<\/strong><br \/>\nThe formula for this compound indicates it contains Al<sup>3+<\/sup> and SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2\u2212<\/sup> ions combined in a 2:3 ratio. For purposes of computing a formula mass, it is helpful to rewrite the formula in the simpler format, Al<sub>2<\/sub>S<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>12<\/sub>. Following the approach outlined above, the formula mass for this compound is calculated as follows:<\/p>\n<div class=\"informaltable\">\n<table style=\"border-spacing: 0px\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left\">2 Al mass\u00a0= 2 x 26.9815 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 53.9630 amu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3 S masses\u00a0= 3 x 32.066 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 96.198\u00a0<span class=\"token\">amu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12 O masses = 12 x 15.9994 amu<\/td>\n<td>= 191.9928 amu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Total<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.04.26-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"180\" height=\"108\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.04.26-PM.png 276w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.04.26-PM-65x39.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Screen-Shot-2018-06-08-at-6.04.26-PM-225x135.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 180px) 100vw, 180px\" \/><\/td>\n<td>= 342.154 amu = the molecular mass of Al<sub>2<\/sub>S<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>12<\/sub><sub>\u00a0<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp70748048\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em><br \/>\nCalcium phosphate, Ca<sub>3<\/sub>(PO<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>, is an ionic compound and a common anti-caking agent added to food products. What is the formula mass (amu) of calcium phosphate?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>310.18 amu<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp3385536\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Example 4<\/h3>\n<p class=\"Indent\">What is the molecular mass of Fe(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub>?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"Solution\"><strong>Solution\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"Indent\">There is 1 atom of Fe, 3 atoms of N and 3(3) = 9 atoms of O<\/p>\n<p class=\"Indent\">Thus, the molecular mass:<\/p>\n<p class=\"Indent\">1(55.847amu) + 3(14.0067amu) + 9(15.9994amu) = 241.862 amu<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"SelfTest\"><em><strong>Test Yourself<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>What is the mass, in amu\u2019s, of 5.292 x 10<sup>21 <\/sup>molecules of Ni(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Answer<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>9.669 x 10<sup>23\u00a0<\/sup>amu<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03_n03\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"callout block\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03_n03\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Chemistry Is Everywhere: Sulfur Hexafluoride<\/h3>\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p48\" class=\"para\">On March 20, 1995, the Japanese terrorist group Aum Shinrikyo (Sanskrit for \u201cSupreme Truth\u201d) released some sarin gas in the Tokyo subway system; twelve people were killed, and thousands were injured. Sarin (molecular formula C<sub class=\"subscript\">4<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">10<\/sub>FPO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>) is a nerve toxin that was first synthesized in 1938 (Figure 4). It is regarded as one of the most deadly toxins known, estimated to be about 500 times more potent than cyanide. Scientists and engineers who study the spread of chemical weapons such as sarin (yes, there are such scientists) would like to have a less dangerous chemical, indeed one that is nontoxic, so they are not at risk themselves.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4854\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4854\" style=\"width: 499px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Sarin.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Sarin.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"499\" height=\"182\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4854\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Sarin.png 499w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Sarin-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Sarin-65x24.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Sarin-225x82.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/Sarin-350x128.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4854\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4.<\/strong>\u00a0 The nerve toxin\u00a0Sarin (molecular formula C<sub class=\"subscript\">4<\/sub>H<sub class=\"subscript\">10<\/sub>FPO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p49\" class=\"para\">Sulfur hexafluoride is used as a model compound for sarin. SF<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub> (Figure 5) has a similar molecular mass (about 146 amu) as sarin (about 140 amu), so it has similar physical properties in the vapour phase. Sulfur hexafluoride is also very easy to accurately detect, even at low levels, and it is not a normal part of the atmosphere, so there is little potential for contamination from natural sources. Consequently, SF<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub> is also used as an aerial tracer for ventilation systems in buildings. It is nontoxic and very chemically inert, so workers do not have to take special precautions other than watching for asphyxiation.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4855\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4855\" style=\"width: 251px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/SF6.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/SF6.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"251\" height=\"125\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4855\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/SF6.png 251w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/SF6-65x32.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/05\/SF6-225x112.png 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4855\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 5.<\/strong> Sulfur hexafluoride<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"ball-ch03_s03_p50\" class=\"para\">Sulfur hexafluoride also has another interesting use: a spark suppressant in high-voltage electrical equipment. High-pressure SF<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub> gas is used in place of older oils that may have contaminants that are environmentally unfriendly (part (c) in the accompanying figure).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"section\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03\" lang=\"en\">\n<section id=\"fs-idp1413072\" class=\"summary\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp1202080\">Isotopic mass (the mass of an isotope of an element, expressed in amu) of naturally occurring isotopes of a given element, is used to calculate the atomic mass of that element (expressed in amu). \u00a0The formula mass of a substance is the sum of the average atomic masses of each atom represented in the chemical formula and is expressed in atomic mass units. The formula mass of a covalent compound is also called the molecular mass.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03_n04\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<div class=\"qandaset block\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03_qs01\">1. a)\u00a0What is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom?<\/div>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 b) What is the molecular mass of oxygen in its elemental form (meaning in the form it naturally occurs in)?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">2. a) What is the atomic mass of bromine?<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 b) What is the molecular mass of bromine in its elemental form?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>3.\u00a0Determine the molecular mass of each substance.<\/p>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p>a) \u00a0F<sub class=\"subscript\">2 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/sub>b) \u00a0CO \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0c) \u00a0CO<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>4<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">. \u00a0Determine the mass of each substance.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p>a) \u00a0Na \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0b) \u00a0B<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>O<sub class=\"subscript\">3 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>c) \u00a0S<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub>Cl<sub class=\"subscript\">2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>5.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Determine the formula mass of each substance.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"question\">\n<p>a) \u00a0GeO<sub class=\"subscript\">2 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>b) \u00a0IF<sub class=\"subscript\">3 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>c) \u00a0XeF<sub class=\"subscript\">6<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>6. What is the total mass (amu) of carbon in each of the following molecules?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp15394896\">a) CH<sub>4 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>b) CHCl<sub>3 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>c) C<sub>12<\/sub>H<sub>10<\/sub>O<sub>6 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>d) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>7. Calculate the molecular or formula mass of each of the following:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp75123488\">a) P<sub>4 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>b) H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0c) Ca(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>d) CH<sub>3<\/sub>CO<sub>2<\/sub>H (acetic acid)<\/p>\n<p>e) C<sub>12<\/sub>H<sub>22<\/sub>O<sub>11<\/sub> (sucrose, cane sugar)<\/p>\n<p>8. Determine the molecular mass of the following compounds:<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp12831088\">a)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A structure is shown. Two C atoms form double bonds with each other. The C atom on the left forms a single bond with two H atoms each. The C atom on the right forms a single bond with an H atom and with a C H subscript 2 C H subscript 3 group.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_06a_img-2.jpg\" width=\"242\" height=\"91\" class=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp76139456\">b)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A structure is shown. There is a C atom which forms single bonds with three H atoms each. This C atom is bonded to another C atom. This second C atom forms a triple bond with another C atom which forms a single bond with a fourth C atom. The fourth C atom forms single bonds with three H atoms each.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_06b_img-2.jpg\" width=\"252\" height=\"104\" class=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp55882592\">c)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A structure is shown. An S i atom forms a single bond with a C l atom, a single bond with a C l atom, a single bond with an H atom, and a single bond with another S i atom. The second S i atom froms a single bond with a C l atom, a single bond with a C l atom, and a single bond with an H atom.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_06c_img-2.jpg\" width=\"257\" height=\"106\" class=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp17404336\">d)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A structure is shown. A P atom forms a double bond with an O atom. It also forms a single bond with an O atom which forms a single bond with an H atom. It also forms a single bond with another O atom which forms a single bond with an H atom. It also forms a single bond with another O atom which forms a single bond with an H atom.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_06d_img-2.jpg\" width=\"262\" height=\"109\" class=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>9. Which molecule has a molecular mass of 28.05 amu?<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp50214144\">a)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A structure is shown. A C atom forms a triple bond with another C atom. Each C atom also forms a single bond with an H atom.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_07a_img-2.jpg\" width=\"271\" height=\"30\" class=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp66877424\">b)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A structure is shown. Two C atoms form a double bond with each other. Each C atom also forms a single bond with two H atoms.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_07b_img-2.jpg\" width=\"273\" height=\"99\" class=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp49595584\">c)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"A structure is shown. A C atom forms a single bond with three H atoms each and with another C atom. The second C atom also forms a single bond with three H atoms each.\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/387\/2018\/04\/CNX_Chem_03_01_Ex01_07c_img-2.jpg\" width=\"274\" height=\"112\" class=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"key_takeaways editable block\" id=\"ball-ch03_s03_n04\">\n<p><b>Answers<\/b><\/p>\n<p>1.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em\">a) \u00a015.999 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span>b)\u00a0 The elemental for of oxygen is O<sub>2<\/sub>.\u00a0 Its moleculass mass is 31.998 amu.<\/p>\n<p>2. \u00a0a) 79.904 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b) 159.808 amu<\/p>\n<p>3. a) \u00a037.997 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0b) \u00a028.010 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0c) \u00a044.010 amu<\/p>\n<p>4.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong>a) \u00a022.9898 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0b) \u00a069.620 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0c) \u00a0135.037 amu<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0a) \u00a0104.59 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0b) \u00a0183.900 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0c) \u00a0245.280 amu<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0a) 12.011 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0b) 12.011 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 c) 144.132 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d) 60.055 amu<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm15352224\">7. a) 123.895 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b) 18.015 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 c) 164.088 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d) 60.052 amu\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0e) 342.300 amu<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp18584256\">8. a) 56.108 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 b) 54.092 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 c) 199.9977 amu \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d) 97.9952 amu<\/p>\n<p>9. B<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<p><strong>formula mass:\u00a0<\/strong>sum of the average masses for all atoms represented in a chemical formula; for covalent compounds, this is also the molecular mass<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":330,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"5.1 Mass Terminology","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[50],"class_list":["post-3495","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by"],"part":1354,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3495","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/330"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3495\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4857,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3495\/revisions\/4857"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1354"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3495\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3495"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3495"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3495"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3495"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}