{"id":4017,"date":"2018-05-30T23:12:04","date_gmt":"2018-05-31T03:12:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/?post_type=chapter&p=4017"},"modified":"2019-05-14T17:51:57","modified_gmt":"2019-05-14T21:51:57","slug":"9-7-summary-of-nomenclature-rules-me","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/chapter\/9-7-summary-of-nomenclature-rules-me\/","title":{"raw":"10.7 Summary of Nomenclature Rules","rendered":"10.7 Summary of Nomenclature Rules"},"content":{"raw":"It is important to note that to be able to name an organic compounds, you must be able to easily identify the functional groups: alkane, alkene, alkyne, arene, alcohol, ether, amine, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amide.\r\n\r\nThe IUPAC systematic methods of naming most of the functional groups seen follow a similar procedure described in the nomenclature guide.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2773\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"431\"]\"Figure<\/a> Figure 1.<\/strong> IUPAC Nomenclature Guide[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe names are made of three main parts:\u00a01)<\/strong><\/span> specifying the information about the substituents;\u00a02)<\/strong><\/span> specifying the information about the parent chain (or ring); and\u00a03)<\/strong><\/span> the ending which specifies what functional group is present in the structure being named.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
<\/td>\r\nTwo Rules<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Alkanes:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\u00a0#-substituents<\/span>-PREFIX<\/span>+ANE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRule 2. Names and position of the substituents. ***<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Alkenes:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

#-substituents<\/span>-PREFIX<\/span>-#-ENE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the double bond and its position. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the main chain, the double gets the lowest possible number.<\/span>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n <\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\r\n

Alkynes:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

#-substituents<\/span>-PREFIX<\/span>-#-YNE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u00a0Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the triple bond and its position. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the main chain, the triple gets the lowest possible number.<\/span>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Arenes (specifically benzene\u00a0derivatives):<\/strong>\r\n\r\n #-substituents<\/span>-BENZ<\/span>ENE<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\nRule 1. Identify the\u00a0arene ring (BENZENE).<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRule 2. Names and position (if more than one) of the substituents:\u00a0<\/strong>If there are two or more substituents on a benzene molecule, the relative positions must be numbered. The substituent that is first alphabetically is assigned position 1, and the ring is numbered in a circle to give the other substituents the lowest possible number(s).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Alcohols:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n#-substituents<\/span>-PREFIX<\/span>-#-ANE<\/del>+OL<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\nRule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the OH group and its position. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the hydroxyl group gets the lowest possible number.\r\n\r\nRule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ethers:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nPREFIX+OXY<\/span>-PREFIX<\/span>-ANE<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\nRule 1. Identify the longest carbon branch\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRule 2. Names of the substituent, the other carbon branch (PREFIX+OXY)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Aldehydes:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n#-substituents<\/span>-PREFIX<\/span>-ANE<\/del>+AL<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\nRule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-ANE<\/del>+AL). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.\r\n\r\nRule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ketones:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n#-substituents<\/span>-PREFIX<\/span><\/span>-ANE<\/del>+ONE<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\nRule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the carbonyl group. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number. \u00a0In the smaller ketones (propanone and butanone), the locant number is not used because there is no alternative placement in these smaller ketones.\r\n\r\nRule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Carboxylic Acids:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n#-substituents<\/span>-PREFIX<\/span>-ANE<\/del>+OIC ACID<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\nRule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the carbonyl group. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.\r\n\r\nRule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Esters:<\/strong>\r\n\r\nALKYL\u00a0#-substituents<\/span>-PREFIX<\/span>-ANE<\/del>+OATE<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\r\nRule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the carbonyl group. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name. \u00a0AND then <\/strong>name the other carbon chain (PREFIX+YL).<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Amides:<\/strong>\r\n

#-substituents<\/span>-PREFIX<\/span>-ANE<\/del>+AMIDE<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n

\u00a0Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-ANE<\/del>+AMIDE). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.<\/span>\r\n\r\nRule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n***<\/strong>If there are substituents on the parent chain, their names and position on the chain must be included at the front of the name.\u00a0The position of a substituent or branch is identified by the number of the carbon atom it is bonded to in the chain. Multiple substituents are named individually and placed in alphabetical order at the front of the name.\r\n\r\nIt is helpful to recognize the similarities between the rules of alkenes and alkynes, and between the rules of alcohols \u00a0and the carbonyl functional groups. \u00a0Ethers and amines have their own unique naming procedures.\r\n\r\n
The systematic methods of naming amines follows a different format:<\/section>
<\/section>
primary amines: <\/strong><\/section>
ALKYLamine<\/span> \u00a0<\/strong><\/section>
<\/section>
<\/section>
<\/section>
______________<\/section>
secondary amines: <\/strong><\/section>
ALKYLALKYLamine<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0or \u00a0 diALKYLamine<\/span><\/strong><\/section>
<\/section>
<\/section>
<\/section>
______________<\/section>
tertiary amines: <\/strong><\/section>
ALKYLALKYLALKYLamine<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0or \u00a0 triALKYLamine<\/span><\/strong><\/section>
<\/section>
<\/section>
<\/section>
<\/section>
______________<\/section>
Remember: there are two ways that are commonly used to name ethers. \u00a0The common method is also important to know.<\/section>
<\/section>
<\/section>
<\/section>
Common method of naming ethers:<\/strong><\/section>
ALKYLALKYL ether<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0or \u00a0 diALKYL ether<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/section>","rendered":"

It is important to note that to be able to name an organic compounds, you must be able to easily identify the functional groups: alkane, alkene, alkyne, arene, alcohol, ether, amine, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amide.<\/p>\n

The IUPAC systematic methods of naming most of the functional groups seen follow a similar procedure described in the nomenclature guide.<\/p>\n

\"Figure<\/a>
Figure 1.<\/strong> IUPAC Nomenclature Guide<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The names are made of three main parts:\u00a01)<\/strong><\/span> specifying the information about the substituents;\u00a02)<\/strong><\/span> specifying the information about the parent chain (or ring); and\u00a03)<\/strong><\/span> the ending which specifies what functional group is present in the structure being named.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nTwo Rules<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Alkanes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0#-substituents<\/span>–PREFIX<\/span>+ANE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents. ***<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Alkenes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

#-substituents<\/span>–PREFIX<\/span>–#-ENE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the double bond and its position. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the main chain, the double gets the lowest possible number.<\/span>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Alkynes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

#-substituents<\/span>–PREFIX<\/span>–#-YNE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u00a0Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the triple bond and its position. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the main chain, the triple gets the lowest possible number.<\/span>Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arenes (specifically benzene\u00a0derivatives):<\/strong><\/p>\n

#-substituents<\/span>–BENZ<\/span>ENE<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n

Rule 1. Identify the\u00a0arene ring (BENZENE).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rule 2. Names and position (if more than one) of the substituents:\u00a0<\/strong>If there are two or more substituents on a benzene molecule, the relative positions must be numbered. The substituent that is first alphabetically is assigned position 1, and the ring is numbered in a circle to give the other substituents the lowest possible number(s).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Alcohols:<\/strong><\/p>\n

#-substituents<\/span>–PREFIX<\/span>–#-ANE<\/del>+OL<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n

Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the OH group and its position. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the hydroxyl group gets the lowest possible number.<\/p>\n

Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Ethers:<\/strong><\/p>\n

PREFIX+OXY<\/span>–PREFIX<\/span>–ANE<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n

Rule 1. Identify the longest carbon branch\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rule 2. Names of the substituent, the other carbon branch (PREFIX+OXY)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Aldehydes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

#-substituents<\/span>–PREFIX<\/span>–ANE<\/del>+AL<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n

Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-ANE<\/del>+AL). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.<\/p>\n

Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Ketones:<\/strong><\/p>\n

#-substituents<\/span>–PREFIX<\/span><\/span>–ANE<\/del>+ONE<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n

Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the carbonyl group. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number. \u00a0In the smaller ketones (propanone and butanone), the locant number is not used because there is no alternative placement in these smaller ketones.<\/p>\n

Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Carboxylic Acids:<\/strong><\/p>\n

#-substituents<\/span>–PREFIX<\/span>–ANE<\/del>+OIC ACID<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n

Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the carbonyl group. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.<\/p>\n

Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Esters:<\/strong><\/p>\n

ALKYL\u00a0#-substituents<\/span>–PREFIX<\/span>–ANE<\/del>+OATE<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n

Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the carbonyl group. \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name. \u00a0AND then <\/strong>name the other carbon chain (PREFIX+YL).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Amides:<\/strong><\/p>\n

#-substituents<\/span>–PREFIX<\/span>–ANE<\/del>+AMIDE<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u00a0Rule 1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains<\/span> the carbonyl group (PREFIX-ANE<\/del>+AMIDE). \u00a0<\/strong>And\u00a0when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.***<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

***<\/strong>If there are substituents on the parent chain, their names and position on the chain must be included at the front of the name.\u00a0The position of a substituent or branch is identified by the number of the carbon atom it is bonded to in the chain. Multiple substituents are named individually and placed in alphabetical order at the front of the name.<\/p>\n

It is helpful to recognize the similarities between the rules of alkenes and alkynes, and between the rules of alcohols \u00a0and the carbonyl functional groups. \u00a0Ethers and amines have their own unique naming procedures.<\/p>\n

The systematic methods of naming amines follows a different format:<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
primary amines: <\/strong><\/section>\n
ALKYLamine<\/span> \u00a0<\/strong><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
______________<\/section>\n
secondary amines: <\/strong><\/section>\n
ALKYLALKYLamine<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0or \u00a0 diALKYLamine<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
______________<\/section>\n
tertiary amines: <\/strong><\/section>\n
ALKYLALKYLALKYLamine<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0or \u00a0 triALKYLamine<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
______________<\/section>\n
Remember: there are two ways that are commonly used to name ethers. \u00a0The common method is also important to know.<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
<\/section>\n
Common method of naming ethers:<\/strong><\/section>\n
ALKYLALKYL ether<\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0or \u00a0 diALKYL ether<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":330,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"10.7 Summary of Nomenclature Rules","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by-nc-sa"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[54],"class_list":["post-4017","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by-nc-sa"],"part":1829,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4017","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/330"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4017\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4908,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4017\/revisions\/4908"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1829"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4017\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4017"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4017"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4017"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/chem1114langaracollege\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4017"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}