{"id":1202,"date":"2015-05-04T02:34:57","date_gmt":"2015-05-04T06:34:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/5-9-summary-2\/"},"modified":"2019-09-19T17:42:15","modified_gmt":"2019-09-19T21:42:15","slug":"5-10-summary","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/5-10-summary\/","title":{"raw":"5.10 Summary","rendered":"5.10 Summary"},"content":{"raw":"Oxygen\u00a0is essential to life. The main goal of oxygen therapy is to prevent hypoxemia, thereby preventing hypoxia that\u00a0could result in tissue damage and cell death. Hypoxia, if caused by certain medical conditions, can be managed and prevented by oxygen therapy. In other instances, such as with anemia and decreased cardiac output, the effects of oxygen therapy will be limited.\r\n\r\nAlways follow the guiding principles of the oxygen therapy protocols of your local health authority to administer oxygen safely to manage hypoxia and prevent the side effects and hazards of oxygen therapy.\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Understand the pathophysiological factors affecting the gas exchange of oxygen. Understanding how the respiratory system works is key to knowing how to prevent and manage hypoxia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Hypoxia is a medical emergency. Be aware of the signs and symptoms of hypoxia, and of patients who are at risk for hypoxia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Oxygen therapy is a medical intervention. Ensure correct patient, correct flow rate, and correct connection to oxygen source.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>RN regulation in BC allows RNs to practice within their independent scope of practice and to diagnose hypoxia and begin oxygen administrion without orders from an authorized prescriber.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Care should be taken to avoid interruptionof oxygen therapy in situations including ambulation or transport for procedures. If using a portable tank during transport or ambulation, ensure that the tank is full.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">For adults, the recommended target range for oxygen saturation is 92% to\u00a098%. Oxygen levels decrease slightly with age, especially in patients over 70 years. A saturation of 92% to 94% may be considered normal in a patient with heart failure or underlying lung disease.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">For most patients with COPD, the target oxygen saturation range is 88% to 92%.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Be aware of the causes of hypoxemia and treatments related to managing and preventing hypoxia.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Oxygen therapy has benefits and hazards. Be aware of how to handle the administration of oxygen safely and monitor for side effects.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Contact the respiratory therapist in the health care agency with questions or concerns related to oxygen therapy.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Suggested Online Resources<\/h2>\r\n1.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ccohs.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety<\/a>.\u00a0This website provides standards for the safe use of oxygen in the hospital and home.\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lung.ca\/health-professionals\/clinical-tools-and-resources\">Canadian Thoracic Society: Canadian respiratory\u00a0guidelines.<\/a> This website provides Canadian guidelines related to respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchitis, infectious respiratory diseases, and sleep apnea, as well as home ventilation.\r\n\r\n3.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.crto.on.ca\/pdf\/PPG\/Oxygen_Therapy_CBPG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">College of Respiratory Therapists of Ontario: Oxygen therapy. Clinical best practice guidelines<\/a>.\u00a0This document reviews Canadian standards for the management of oxygen therapy. This resource provides information on oxygen equipment, describes how oxygen works in the body, lists oxygen guidelines according to Canadian law, and gives a review of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.\r\n\r\n4. British Medical Journal (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/363\/bmj.k4169\">Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: A clinical practice<\/a> guideline.\u00a0<span>doi:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k4169\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k4169<\/a>\r\n\r\n5. <a href=\"https:\/\/thorax.bmj.com\/content\/63\/Suppl_6\/vi1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thorax: Guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients<\/a>.\u00a0This British journal article provides the most current evidence-based material related to oxygen therapy.\r\n\r\n6. PHSA.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/learninghub.phsa.ca\/Learner\/Home\">Learning Hub<\/a>.\u00a0This system offers over 600 online and classroom health-related courses from\u00a0Vancouver Coastal Health, Providence Health Care, Fraser Health\u00a0Authority, and Island Health. You must create an account to access this system of free courses (select the \"New User\" button).\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: Times New Roman\">AARC. (2004). Nasotracheal suctioning\u20142004 revision and update. <em>Respiratory Care<\/em>, <em>49<\/em>(9), 1080-1084. Retrieved from\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aarc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/09.04.1080.pdf\">https:\/\/www.aarc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/09.04.1080.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nAbdo, W., &amp; Heunks, L. (2012). Oxygen induced hypercapnia in COPD: myths and facts. <em>Critical Care, 16<\/em>(5). <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fcc11475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc11475<\/a>\r\n\r\nAlberta Health Services. (2015). <em>Oxygen therapy for acute adult inpatients. Learning module for Allied Health staff (category 1 and 2)<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0 from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.albertahealthservices.ca\/assets\/info\/hp\/edu\/if-hp-edu-ahc-oxygen-therapy-learning-module-cat-1and2.pdf\">http:\/\/www.albertahealthservices.ca\/assets\/info\/hp\/edu\/if-hp-edu-ahc-oxygen-therapy-learning-module-cat-1and2.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nAstle, B., &amp; Duggleby, W. (Eds.). (2019). <em>Canadian fundamentals of nursing<\/em> (6th ed.). Milton, ON: Elsevier.\r\n\r\nBritish Columbia College of Nursing Professionals (BCCNP). (2019). <em>RN scope of practice \u2013 inhalation<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bccnp.ca\/Standards\/RN_NP\/RNScopePractice\/part4\/section6\/Pages\/inhalation.aspx\">https:\/\/www.bccnp.ca\/Standards\/RN_NP\/RNScopePractice\/part4\/section6\/Pages\/inhalation.aspx<\/a>\r\n\r\nBritish Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. (2017). BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in health care and emergency settings. <em>Thorax<\/em>, <em>72<\/em>(1), i1-i90. Retrieved <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brit-thoracic.org.uk\/document-library\/clinical-information\/oxygen\/2017-emergency-oxygen-guideline\/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings\/\">https:\/\/www.brit-thoracic.org.uk\/document-library\/clinical-information\/oxygen\/2017-emergency-oxygen-guideline\/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings\/<\/a>\r\n\r\nCigna, J. A., &amp; Turner-Cigna, L. M. (2005). Rehabilitation for the home care patient with COPD. <em>Home Healthcare Nurse,<\/em> <em>23<\/em>(9), 578-584.\r\n\r\nConsidine, J. (2007). <em>Emergency assessment of oxygenation<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/acutecaretesting.org\/en\/articles\/emergency-assessment-of-oxygenation\">https:\/\/acutecaretesting.org\/en\/articles\/emergency-assessment-of-oxygenation<\/a>.\r\n\r\nFisher &amp; Paykel Health Care. (2018). <em>Optiflow\u2122 provides respiratory support via nasal cannula<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fphcare.com\/nz\/hospital\/adult-respiratory\/optiflow\/mechanisms-of-action\/\">https:\/\/www.fphcare.com\/nz\/hospital\/adult-respiratory\/optiflow\/mechanisms-of-action\/<\/a>.\r\n\r\nFournier,\u00a0 M. (2014). Caring for patients in respiratory failure. <em>American Nurse Today<\/em>, <em>9<\/em>(11). Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.americannursetoday.com\/caring-patients-respiratory-failure\/\">https:\/\/www.americannursetoday.com\/caring-patients-respiratory-failure\/<\/a>\r\n\r\nHenderson, R., &amp; Bonsall, A. (2014). Cheyne-Stokes and Abnormal Patterns of Respiration. Retrieved <a href=\"https:\/\/patient.info\/doctor\/Cheyne-Stokes-and-Abnormal-Patterns-of-Respiration#nav-5\">https:\/\/patient.info\/doctor\/Cheyne-Stokes-and-Abnormal-Patterns-of-Respiration#nav-5<\/a>\r\n\r\nHowell, M. (2002, March). The correct use of pulse oximetry in measuring oxygen status. <em>Nursing Times<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nursingtimes.net\/the-correct-use-of-pulse-oximetry-in-measuring-oxygen-status\/199984.article\">http:\/\/www.nursingtimes.net\/the-correct-use-of-pulse-oximetry-in-measuring-oxygen-status\/199984.article<\/a>\r\n\r\nJardins, T., &amp; Burton, G. G. (2011). <em>Clinical manifestations and assessment of respiratory diseases<\/em> (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby.\r\n\r\nKane, B., Decalmer, S., &amp; O'Driscoll, B. R. (2013). Emergency oxygen therapy: From guideline to implementation. <em>Breathe<\/em>, <em>9<\/em>(4), 246-253. doi:\u00a010.1183\/20734735.025212l.\r\n\r\nKarius, D. (n.d.). <em>Respiratory adaptations in health and disease:\u00a0Ventilation-perfusion (V\/Q) ratio<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/courses.kcumb.edu\/physio\/adaptations\/vq.htm\">http:\/\/courses.kcumb.edu\/physio\/adaptations\/vq.htm<\/a>.\r\n\r\nMaurer, J., Rebbapragada, V., Borson, S., Goldstein, R., Kunik, M., Yohannes, A., &amp; Hanania, N. (2008). Understanding depression and COPD. Current understanding, unanswered questions and research needs. <em>Chest<strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>134<\/em>(4), 43s-56s. doi: 10.1378\/chest.08-0342.\r\n\r\nMcCance, K., Huether, S., Brashers, V., &amp; Rote, N. (2014). <em>Pathophysiology: The biological basis for disease in adults and children<\/em> (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.\r\n\r\n<span>Me\u0161trovi\u0107<\/span>, T. (2014). <em>What is hypoxemia?<\/em> Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/What-is-Hypoxemia.aspx\">http:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/What-is-Hypoxemia.aspx<\/a>.\r\n\r\nMoore T. (2003) Suctioning techniques for the removal of respiratory secretions. <em>Nursing Standard,<\/em> <em>18<\/em>(9), 47-55.\r\n\r\nO\u2019Driscoll, B. R., Howard, L. S., &amp; Davison, A. G. (2008). Guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. <em>Thorax, 63<\/em>(6). Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/thorax.bmj.com\/content\/63\/Suppl_6\/vi1\">https:\/\/thorax.bmj.com\/content\/63\/Suppl_6\/vi1<\/a>.\r\n\r\nPerry, A. G., Potter, P. A., &amp; Elkin, M. K. (2007). <em>Nursing interventions and clinical skills<\/em> (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby.\r\n\r\nPerry, A. G., Potter, P. A., &amp; Ostendorf, W. R. (2014). <em>Clinical skills and nursing techniques<\/em>\u00a0(8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby.\r\n\r\nPerry, A. G., Potter, P. A., &amp; Ostendorf, W. R. (2018). <em>Clinical nursing skills &amp; techniques<\/em>\u00a0(9th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier-Mosby.\r\n\r\nPotter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Ross-Kerr, J. C., &amp; Wood, M. J. (Eds.). (2010). <em>Canadian fundamentals of nursing<\/em> (4th ed.). Toronto: Elsevier Canada.\r\n\r\nProvidence Health Care. (2008). <em>Nursing care standards: Oxygen therapy protocol<\/em>. Vancouver, BC: Providence Health Care.\r\n\r\nShackell, E., &amp; Gillespie, M. (2009). The oxygen supply and demand framework: A tool to support integrative learning. <em>Journal of the\u00a0Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses, 20<\/em>(4), 15-19. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.caccn.ca\/pdfs\/L2%20Oxygen%20Supply%20&amp;%20Demand%20Framework%20(E%20Shackell,%20M%20Gillespie).pdf\">https:\/\/www.caccn.ca\/pdfs\/L2%20Oxygen%20Supply%20&amp;%20Demand%20Framework%20(E%20Shackell,%20M%20Gillespie).pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nSimpson, H. (2004). Interpretation of arterial blood gases: A clinical guide\u00a0for nurses. <em>British Journal of Nursing<\/em>, <em>13<\/em>(9), 522-528.\r\n\r\nStrickland, S. L., Rubin, B. K.,\u00a0Drescher, G. S., Haas, C. F., O\u2019Malley, C. A.,\u00a0Volsko, T. A., ... Hess, D. R. (2013). <em>AARC clinical practice guideline: Effectiveness of nonpharmacologic airway clearance therapies in hospitalized patients<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aarc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/nonpharmacologic_2013.pdf\">https:\/\/www.aarc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/nonpharmacologic_2013.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nWorld Health Organization. (2011). <em>Pulse oximetry training manual<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/patientsafety\/safesurgery\/pulse_oximetry\/who_ps_pulse_oxymetry_training_manual_en.pdf\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/patientsafety\/safesurgery\/pulse_oximetry\/who_ps_pulse_oxymetry_training_manual_en.pdf<\/a>.","rendered":"<p>Oxygen\u00a0is essential to life. The main goal of oxygen therapy is to prevent hypoxemia, thereby preventing hypoxia that\u00a0could result in tissue damage and cell death. Hypoxia, if caused by certain medical conditions, can be managed and prevented by oxygen therapy. In other instances, such as with anemia and decreased cardiac output, the effects of oxygen therapy will be limited.<\/p>\n<p>Always follow the guiding principles of the oxygen therapy protocols of your local health authority to administer oxygen safely to manage hypoxia and prevent the side effects and hazards of oxygen therapy.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Understand the pathophysiological factors affecting the gas exchange of oxygen. Understanding how the respiratory system works is key to knowing how to prevent and manage hypoxia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Hypoxia is a medical emergency. Be aware of the signs and symptoms of hypoxia, and of patients who are at risk for hypoxia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Oxygen therapy is a medical intervention. Ensure correct patient, correct flow rate, and correct connection to oxygen source.<\/li>\n<li>RN regulation in BC allows RNs to practice within their independent scope of practice and to diagnose hypoxia and begin oxygen administrion without orders from an authorized prescriber.<\/li>\n<li>Care should be taken to avoid interruptionof oxygen therapy in situations including ambulation or transport for procedures. If using a portable tank during transport or ambulation, ensure that the tank is full.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">For adults, the recommended target range for oxygen saturation is 92% to\u00a098%. Oxygen levels decrease slightly with age, especially in patients over 70 years. A saturation of 92% to 94% may be considered normal in a patient with heart failure or underlying lung disease.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">For most patients with COPD, the target oxygen saturation range is 88% to 92%.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Be aware of the causes of hypoxemia and treatments related to managing and preventing hypoxia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Oxygen therapy has benefits and hazards. Be aware of how to handle the administration of oxygen safely and monitor for side effects.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Contact the respiratory therapist in the health care agency with questions or concerns related to oxygen therapy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Suggested Online Resources<\/h2>\n<p>1.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ccohs.ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety<\/a>.\u00a0This website provides standards for the safe use of oxygen in the hospital and home.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lung.ca\/health-professionals\/clinical-tools-and-resources\">Canadian Thoracic Society: Canadian respiratory\u00a0guidelines.<\/a> This website provides Canadian guidelines related to respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchitis, infectious respiratory diseases, and sleep apnea, as well as home ventilation.<\/p>\n<p>3.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.crto.on.ca\/pdf\/PPG\/Oxygen_Therapy_CBPG.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">College of Respiratory Therapists of Ontario: Oxygen therapy. Clinical best practice guidelines<\/a>.\u00a0This document reviews Canadian standards for the management of oxygen therapy. This resource provides information on oxygen equipment, describes how oxygen works in the body, lists oxygen guidelines according to Canadian law, and gives a review of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.<\/p>\n<p>4. British Medical Journal (2018). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/363\/bmj.k4169\">Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: A clinical practice<\/a> guideline.\u00a0<span>doi:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k4169\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k4169<\/a><\/p>\n<p>5. <a href=\"https:\/\/thorax.bmj.com\/content\/63\/Suppl_6\/vi1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thorax: Guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients<\/a>.\u00a0This British journal article provides the most current evidence-based material related to oxygen therapy.<\/p>\n<p>6. PHSA.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/learninghub.phsa.ca\/Learner\/Home\">Learning Hub<\/a>.\u00a0This system offers over 600 online and classroom health-related courses from\u00a0Vancouver Coastal Health, Providence Health Care, Fraser Health\u00a0Authority, and Island Health. You must create an account to access this system of free courses (select the &#8220;New User&#8221; button).<\/p>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;font-family: Times New Roman\">AARC. (2004). Nasotracheal suctioning\u20142004 revision and update. <em>Respiratory Care<\/em>, <em>49<\/em>(9), 1080-1084. Retrieved from\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aarc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/09.04.1080.pdf\">https:\/\/www.aarc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/09.04.1080.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Abdo, W., &amp; Heunks, L. (2012). Oxygen induced hypercapnia in COPD: myths and facts. <em>Critical Care, 16<\/em>(5). <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1186%2Fcc11475\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc11475<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Alberta Health Services. (2015). <em>Oxygen therapy for acute adult inpatients. Learning module for Allied Health staff (category 1 and 2)<\/em>. Retrieved\u00a0 from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.albertahealthservices.ca\/assets\/info\/hp\/edu\/if-hp-edu-ahc-oxygen-therapy-learning-module-cat-1and2.pdf\">http:\/\/www.albertahealthservices.ca\/assets\/info\/hp\/edu\/if-hp-edu-ahc-oxygen-therapy-learning-module-cat-1and2.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Astle, B., &amp; Duggleby, W. (Eds.). (2019). <em>Canadian fundamentals of nursing<\/em> (6th ed.). Milton, ON: Elsevier.<\/p>\n<p>British Columbia College of Nursing Professionals (BCCNP). (2019). <em>RN scope of practice \u2013 inhalation<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bccnp.ca\/Standards\/RN_NP\/RNScopePractice\/part4\/section6\/Pages\/inhalation.aspx\">https:\/\/www.bccnp.ca\/Standards\/RN_NP\/RNScopePractice\/part4\/section6\/Pages\/inhalation.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n<p>British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. (2017). BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in health care and emergency settings. <em>Thorax<\/em>, <em>72<\/em>(1), i1-i90. Retrieved <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brit-thoracic.org.uk\/document-library\/clinical-information\/oxygen\/2017-emergency-oxygen-guideline\/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings\/\">https:\/\/www.brit-thoracic.org.uk\/document-library\/clinical-information\/oxygen\/2017-emergency-oxygen-guideline\/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cigna, J. A., &amp; Turner-Cigna, L. M. (2005). Rehabilitation for the home care patient with COPD. <em>Home Healthcare Nurse,<\/em> <em>23<\/em>(9), 578-584.<\/p>\n<p>Considine, J. (2007). <em>Emergency assessment of oxygenation<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/acutecaretesting.org\/en\/articles\/emergency-assessment-of-oxygenation\">https:\/\/acutecaretesting.org\/en\/articles\/emergency-assessment-of-oxygenation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Fisher &amp; Paykel Health Care. (2018). <em>Optiflow\u2122 provides respiratory support via nasal cannula<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.fphcare.com\/nz\/hospital\/adult-respiratory\/optiflow\/mechanisms-of-action\/\">https:\/\/www.fphcare.com\/nz\/hospital\/adult-respiratory\/optiflow\/mechanisms-of-action\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Fournier,\u00a0 M. (2014). Caring for patients in respiratory failure. <em>American Nurse Today<\/em>, <em>9<\/em>(11). Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.americannursetoday.com\/caring-patients-respiratory-failure\/\">https:\/\/www.americannursetoday.com\/caring-patients-respiratory-failure\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Henderson, R., &amp; Bonsall, A. (2014). Cheyne-Stokes and Abnormal Patterns of Respiration. Retrieved <a href=\"https:\/\/patient.info\/doctor\/Cheyne-Stokes-and-Abnormal-Patterns-of-Respiration#nav-5\">https:\/\/patient.info\/doctor\/Cheyne-Stokes-and-Abnormal-Patterns-of-Respiration#nav-5<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Howell, M. (2002, March). The correct use of pulse oximetry in measuring oxygen status. <em>Nursing Times<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nursingtimes.net\/the-correct-use-of-pulse-oximetry-in-measuring-oxygen-status\/199984.article\">http:\/\/www.nursingtimes.net\/the-correct-use-of-pulse-oximetry-in-measuring-oxygen-status\/199984.article<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Jardins, T., &amp; Burton, G. G. (2011). <em>Clinical manifestations and assessment of respiratory diseases<\/em> (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby.<\/p>\n<p>Kane, B., Decalmer, S., &amp; O&#8217;Driscoll, B. R. (2013). Emergency oxygen therapy: From guideline to implementation. <em>Breathe<\/em>, <em>9<\/em>(4), 246-253. doi:\u00a010.1183\/20734735.025212l.<\/p>\n<p>Karius, D. (n.d.). <em>Respiratory adaptations in health and disease:\u00a0Ventilation-perfusion (V\/Q) ratio<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/courses.kcumb.edu\/physio\/adaptations\/vq.htm\">http:\/\/courses.kcumb.edu\/physio\/adaptations\/vq.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Maurer, J., Rebbapragada, V., Borson, S., Goldstein, R., Kunik, M., Yohannes, A., &amp; Hanania, N. (2008). Understanding depression and COPD. Current understanding, unanswered questions and research needs. <em>Chest<strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>134<\/em>(4), 43s-56s. doi: 10.1378\/chest.08-0342.<\/p>\n<p>McCance, K., Huether, S., Brashers, V., &amp; Rote, N. (2014). <em>Pathophysiology: The biological basis for disease in adults and children<\/em> (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.<\/p>\n<p><span>Me\u0161trovi\u0107<\/span>, T. (2014). <em>What is hypoxemia?<\/em> Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/What-is-Hypoxemia.aspx\">http:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/What-is-Hypoxemia.aspx<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Moore T. (2003) Suctioning techniques for the removal of respiratory secretions. <em>Nursing Standard,<\/em> <em>18<\/em>(9), 47-55.<\/p>\n<p>O\u2019Driscoll, B. R., Howard, L. S., &amp; Davison, A. G. (2008). Guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. <em>Thorax, 63<\/em>(6). Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/thorax.bmj.com\/content\/63\/Suppl_6\/vi1\">https:\/\/thorax.bmj.com\/content\/63\/Suppl_6\/vi1<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., &amp; Elkin, M. K. (2007). <em>Nursing interventions and clinical skills<\/em> (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby.<\/p>\n<p>Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., &amp; Ostendorf, W. R. 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(2011). <em>Pulse oximetry training manual<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/patientsafety\/safesurgery\/pulse_oximetry\/who_ps_pulse_oxymetry_training_manual_en.pdf\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/patientsafety\/safesurgery\/pulse_oximetry\/who_ps_pulse_oxymetry_training_manual_en.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":397,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[50],"class_list":["post-1202","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by"],"part":744,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1202","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/397"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1202\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5088,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1202\/revisions\/5088"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/744"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1202\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1202"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1202"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1202"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1202"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}