{"id":194,"date":"2018-06-05T11:35:04","date_gmt":"2018-06-05T15:35:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/3-9-summary\/"},"modified":"2019-09-19T17:30:30","modified_gmt":"2019-09-19T21:30:30","slug":"3-12-summary","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/3-12-summary\/","title":{"raw":"3.12 Summary","rendered":"3.12 Summary"},"content":{"raw":"To use the principles of body mechanics effectively and safely, healthcare providers must have the required training to perform a risk assessment, knowledge about transfer assistive devices, and an understanding of the procedures for safe patient handling. In addition, knowing risk factors for positioning, transferring, and ambulation, along with understanding falls prevention, will help prevent injuries to staff and patients. The goal of this chapter has been to help reduce the incidence and severity of injuries related to patient-handling procedures.\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Patients' conditions and their ability to move will change over the course of their hospital stay. A patient risk assessment must be done prior to all patient-handling procedures.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>MSI can result from any type of handling procedure. The principles of proper body mechanics can be applied to all procedures related to positioning, transferring, and ambulation. Correct posture and keeping the patient close to your centre of gravity are essential to maintain balance during transfers, positioning, and ambulation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Educate yourself on standard procedures to protect yourself from injury. Retrain and keep current with new procedures and assistive devices.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The use of assistive devices can help a patient transfer safely and effectively.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Always seek additional assistance and help as required.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Keep yourself healthy with exercise and a proper diet, along with suitable footwear, to help prevent injury.\u00a0If a MSI is suspected, seek help immediately and report the incident.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Avoid trying to catch a falling patient. If possible, follow the guidelines to lower a falling patient to the floor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Be proactive to implement safe strategies and prevent hazards in the workplace related to patient handling.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Suggested Online Resources<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/professionals\/systems\/hospital\/fallpxtoolkit\/fallpxtk3.html\">Which Fall Prevention Practices Do You Want to Use?<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2013). These universal fall risk precautions review physiological, anticipated, unanticipated, and environmental hazards with a focus on identifying risk factors and prevention strategies.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>BC\u00a0Interior Health: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.interiorhealth.ca\/sites\/Partners\/WHSresources\/Pages\/SafePatientHandling.aspx\">Safe Patient Handling<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(n.d.). This website lists excellent resources, including brochures and videos, about topics related to body mechanics, transfers, positions, and performing risk assessments.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>BC Patient Safety &amp; Quality Council: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/bcpsqc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Key-Messages-for-48_6-24Sept2012-1.pdf\">Hospital Care for Seniors: 48\/6 Approach<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2012). This resource offers a model of care for hospitalized seniors (aged 70 and older) in British Columbia. It is an integrated care initiative that addresses\u00a0six care areas of functioning through patient screening and assessment (assessments are completed only where screening shows areas of concern) within the first\u00a048\u00a0hours of hospital admission.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Canadian Fall Prevention Education Collaborative: <em><a href=\"http:\/\/spph-prod.webi.it.ubc.ca\/cfpc-e-learning\/\">Canadian Fall Prevention Curriculum<\/a><\/em> (2017). This website provides\u00a0information and tool kits for preventing falls in the community and acute care settings.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2009-127\/pdfs\/2009-127.pdf\">Safe Patient Handling Training for Schools of Nursing<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>(2009). This resource was developed by the World Health Organization to create global awareness. It provides up-to-date algorithms for patient transfers.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Provincial Health Services Authority:\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/learn.phsa.ca\/phsa\/patienthandling\/\">Safe Patient Handling<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2010). These instructional video courses cover numerous topics including mechanical (ceiling) lifts, additional re-positioning techniques, transfers, and assisting a patient off the floor.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\nBerman, A., &amp; Snyder, S. J. (2016). <em>Skills in clinical nursing<\/em> (8th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson.\r\n\r\nBritish Columbia Patient Safety Learning System (BCPSLS) Central. (2015). Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bcpslscentral.ca\/\">http:\/\/bcpslscentral.ca\/<\/a>.\r\n\r\nCanadian Patient Safety Institute. (2015). <em>Reducing falls and injury from falls: Getting started kit<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca\/en\/toolsResources\/Documents\/Interventions\/Reducing%20Falls%20and%20Injury%20from%20Falls\/Falls%20Getting%20Started%20Kit.pdf\">http:\/\/www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca\/en\/toolsResources\/Documents\/Interventions\/Reducing%20Falls%20and%20Injury%20from%20Falls\/Falls%20Getting%20Started%20Kit.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nCleveland Clinic. (2018a). <em>Walkers<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15542-walkers\">https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15542-walkers<\/a>.\r\n\r\nCleveland Clinic. (2018b). <em>Crutches<\/em>. \u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15543-crutches\">https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15543-crutches<\/a>.\r\n\r\nCleveland Cinic. (2018c). <em>Canes<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15541-canes\">https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15541-canes<\/a>.\r\n\r\nGraf, C. (2006). Functional decline in hospitalized older adults. It's often a consequence of hospitalization, but it doesn't have to be.<em> American Journal of Nursing,<\/em> <em>101<\/em>(1), 58-67. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/232182376_Functional_Decline_in_Hospitalized_Older_Adults_Its_often_a_consequence_of_hospitalization_but_it_doesnt_have_to_be\">http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/232182376_Functional_Decline_in_Hospitalized_Older_Adults_Its_often_a_consequence_of_hospitalization_but_it_doesnt_have_to_be<\/a>.\r\n\r\nHandicare. (2018). How to choose the proper sling. Retrieved \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.handicare.ca\/blog\/2018\/08\/24\/how-to-choose-the-proper-sling\/\">https:\/\/www.handicare.ca\/blog\/2018\/08\/24\/how-to-choose-the-proper-sling\/<\/a>\r\n\r\nHook, M. L., &amp; Winchel, S. (2006). Fall related injuries in acute care: Reducing the risk of harm.\u00a0<em>Clinical Practice,<\/em> <em>15<\/em>(6), 370-377.\r\n\r\nHoverTech International. (2016). <em>HoverMatt air transfer system<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hovermatt.com\/hovermatt.html\">http:\/\/www.hovermatt.com\/hovermatt.html<\/a>.\r\n\r\nInterior Health. (2012). <em>Point-of-care risk assessment<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.interiorhealth.ca\/sites\/Partners\/WHSresources\/Documents\/Point%20of%20Care%20Risk%20Assessment%20Tool.pdf\">https:\/\/www.interiorhealth.ca\/sites\/Partners\/WHSresources\/Documents\/Point%20of%20Care%20Risk%20Assessment%20Tool.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nInterior Health. (2013). <em>Manual transfer: One person assist with help<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.interiorhealth.ca\/sites\/Partners\/WHSresources\/Documents\/Manual%20Transfers%20-%20One%20Person%20Assist%20with%20Help%20SWP.pdf\">https:\/\/www.interiorhealth.ca\/sites\/Partners\/WHSresources\/Documents\/Manual%20Transfers%20-%20One%20Person%20Assist%20with%20Help%20SWP.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nKalisch, B. J., Lee, S., &amp; Dabney, B. W. (2013). Outcomes of inpatient mobilization: A literature review.\u00a0<em>Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23<\/em>(11-12), 1486-501.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.12315\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.12315<\/a>\r\n\r\nNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2010). <em>Safe patient handling training for schools of nursing<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2009-127\/pdfs\/2009-127.pdf\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2009-127\/pdfs\/2009-127.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nPeninsula Health. (1999). <em>Falls risk assessment tool (FRAT)<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www2.health.vic.gov.au\/about\/publications\/policiesandguidelines\/falls-risk-assessment-tool\">https:\/\/www2.health.vic.gov.au\/about\/publications\/policiesandguidelines\/falls-risk-assessment-tool<\/a>.\r\n\r\nPerry, A. G., Potter, P. A., &amp; Ostendorf, W. R. (2018). <em>Clinical nursing skills and techniques <\/em>(9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby.\r\n\r\nPotter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., Hall, A., Astle, B., &amp; Duggleby, W. (2017). <em>Canadian fundamentals of nursing<\/em> (6th ed.). Milton, ON: Mosby.\r\n\r\nPotter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., &amp; Hall, A. (2011). <em>Basic nursing<\/em> (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby.\r\n\r\nProvincial Health Services Authority (PHSA). (2010). <em>Workplace health - Safe patient handling<\/em> [Online courses]. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/learn.phsa.ca\/phsa\/patienthandling\/\">http:\/\/learn.phsa.ca\/phsa\/patienthandling\/<\/a>.\r\n\r\nRegistered Nursing. (n.d.). <em>Ergonomic principles: NCLEX-RN<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.registerednursing.org\/nclex\/ergonomic-principles\/\">https:\/\/www.registerednursing.org\/nclex\/ergonomic-principles\/<\/a>.\r\n\r\nSanguineti, V. A., Wild, J. R., &amp; Fain, M. J. (2014). Management of postoperative complications: A general approach.\u00a0<em>Clinics in Geriatric Medicine,<\/em> <em>30<\/em>(2), 261-270.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2014.01.005\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2014.01.005<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">South Island Alliance. (n.d.).\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">Level of assistance definitions<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">. Retrieved from\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sialliance.health.nz\/UserFiles\/SouthIslandAlliance\/File\/LEVEL%20OF%20ASSISTANCE%20DEFINITIONS%202016.pdf\" style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">https:\/\/www.sialliance.health.nz\/UserFiles\/SouthIslandAlliance\/File\/LEVEL%20OF%20ASSISTANCE%20DEFINITIONS%202016.pdf<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">.<\/span>\r\n\r\nStewart, D. (2018). <em>Ceiling lift sling information<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/mobilitybasics.ca\/ceiling-lifts\/slings\">https:\/\/mobilitybasics.ca\/ceiling-lifts\/slings<\/a>.\r\n\r\nTitler, M. G., Shever, L. L., Kanak, M. F., Picone, D. M., &amp; Qin, R. (2011). Factors associated with falls during hospitalization in an older adult population. <em>Research and Theory for Nursing Practice: An International Journal,<\/em> <em>25<\/em>(2), 127-152. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1541-6577.25.2.127\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1541-6577.25.2.127<\/a>.\r\n\r\nWinnipeg Regional Health Authority (WRHA). (2015). <em>Safe patient handling assessment form<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wrha.mb.ca\/professionals\/safety\/files\/SafePatientHandling\/SafePatientHandlingAssessmentForm.pdf\">http:\/\/www.wrha.mb.ca\/professionals\/safety\/files\/SafePatientHandling\/SafePatientHandlingAssessmentForm.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nWinnipeg Regional Health Authority (WRHA). (2008). <em>Patient assessment procedures and screening tool<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wrha.mb.ca\/professionals\/safety\/files\/SafePatientHandling\/PatientAssessmentProcedure.pdf\">http:\/\/www.wrha.mb.ca\/professionals\/safety\/files\/SafePatientHandling\/PatientAssessmentProcedure.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">WorkSafeBC. (2006).\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">Handle with care: Patient handling and the application of ergonomics (MSI) requirements<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">. Retrieved from\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/en\/resources\/health-safety\/books-guides\/handle-with-care-patient-handling-application-ergonomics-musculoskeletal-msi-requirements?lang=en&amp;origin=s&amp;returnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worksafebc.com%2Fen%2Fsearch%23q%3Dtransfer%2520assist%2520devices%2520for%2520safer%26sort%3Drelevancy%26f%3Alanguage-facet%3D%5BEnglish%5D\" style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">https:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/en\/resources\/health-safety\/books-guides\/handle-with-care-patient-handling-application-ergonomics-musculoskeletal-msi-requirements?lang=en&amp;origin=s&amp;returnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worksafebc.com%2Fen%2Fsearch%23q%3Dtransfer%2520assist%2520devices%2520for%2520safer%26sort%3Drelevancy%26f%3Alanguage-facet%3D%5BEnglish%5D<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">.<\/span>\r\n\r\nWorkSafeBC. (2008). <em>Understanding the risks of musculoskeletal injury (MSI): An educational guide for workers on sprains, strains, and other MSIs<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/publications\/Health_and_Safety\/by_topic\/assets\/pdf\/msi_workers.pdf\">http:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/publications\/Health_and_Safety\/by_topic\/assets\/pdf\/msi_workers.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nWorkSafeBC. (2010). <em>Patient handling<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/en\/health-safety\/industries\/health-care-social-services\/topics\/patient-handling\">https:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/en\/health-safety\/industries\/health-care-social-services\/topics\/patient-handling<\/a>.\r\n\r\nWorkSafeBC. (2013).\u00a0<em>Preventing musculoskeletal injury (MSI)<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/publications\/health_and_safety\/by_topic\/assets\/pdf\/msi_employers.pdf\">http:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/publications\/health_and_safety\/by_topic\/assets\/pdf\/msi_employers.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nWorld Health Organization. (2018). <em>Assistive devices and technology<\/em>. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/disabilities\/technology\/en\/\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/disabilities\/technology\/en\/<\/a>.","rendered":"<p>To use the principles of body mechanics effectively and safely, healthcare providers must have the required training to perform a risk assessment, knowledge about transfer assistive devices, and an understanding of the procedures for safe patient handling. In addition, knowing risk factors for positioning, transferring, and ambulation, along with understanding falls prevention, will help prevent injuries to staff and patients. The goal of this chapter has been to help reduce the incidence and severity of injuries related to patient-handling procedures.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Patients&#8217; conditions and their ability to move will change over the course of their hospital stay. A patient risk assessment must be done prior to all patient-handling procedures.<\/li>\n<li>MSI can result from any type of handling procedure. The principles of proper body mechanics can be applied to all procedures related to positioning, transferring, and ambulation. Correct posture and keeping the patient close to your centre of gravity are essential to maintain balance during transfers, positioning, and ambulation.<\/li>\n<li>Educate yourself on standard procedures to protect yourself from injury. Retrain and keep current with new procedures and assistive devices.<\/li>\n<li>The use of assistive devices can help a patient transfer safely and effectively.<\/li>\n<li>Always seek additional assistance and help as required.<\/li>\n<li>Keep yourself healthy with exercise and a proper diet, along with suitable footwear, to help prevent injury.\u00a0If a MSI is suspected, seek help immediately and report the incident.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid trying to catch a falling patient. If possible, follow the guidelines to lower a falling patient to the floor.<\/li>\n<li>Be proactive to implement safe strategies and prevent hazards in the workplace related to patient handling.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Suggested Online Resources<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ahrq.gov\/professionals\/systems\/hospital\/fallpxtoolkit\/fallpxtk3.html\">Which Fall Prevention Practices Do You Want to Use?<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2013). These universal fall risk precautions review physiological, anticipated, unanticipated, and environmental hazards with a focus on identifying risk factors and prevention strategies.<\/li>\n<li>BC\u00a0Interior Health: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.interiorhealth.ca\/sites\/Partners\/WHSresources\/Pages\/SafePatientHandling.aspx\">Safe Patient Handling<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(n.d.). This website lists excellent resources, including brochures and videos, about topics related to body mechanics, transfers, positions, and performing risk assessments.<\/li>\n<li>BC Patient Safety &amp; Quality Council: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/bcpsqc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Key-Messages-for-48_6-24Sept2012-1.pdf\">Hospital Care for Seniors: 48\/6 Approach<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2012). This resource offers a model of care for hospitalized seniors (aged 70 and older) in British Columbia. It is an integrated care initiative that addresses\u00a0six care areas of functioning through patient screening and assessment (assessments are completed only where screening shows areas of concern) within the first\u00a048\u00a0hours of hospital admission.<\/li>\n<li>Canadian Fall Prevention Education Collaborative: <em><a href=\"http:\/\/spph-prod.webi.it.ubc.ca\/cfpc-e-learning\/\">Canadian Fall Prevention Curriculum<\/a><\/em> (2017). This website provides\u00a0information and tool kits for preventing falls in the community and acute care settings.<\/li>\n<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2009-127\/pdfs\/2009-127.pdf\">Safe Patient Handling Training for Schools of Nursing<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>(2009). This resource was developed by the World Health Organization to create global awareness. It provides up-to-date algorithms for patient transfers.<\/li>\n<li>Provincial Health Services Authority:\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/learn.phsa.ca\/phsa\/patienthandling\/\">Safe Patient Handling<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(2010). These instructional video courses cover numerous topics including mechanical (ceiling) lifts, additional re-positioning techniques, transfers, and assisting a patient off the floor.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>Berman, A., &amp; Snyder, S. J. (2016). <em>Skills in clinical nursing<\/em> (8th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson.<\/p>\n<p>British Columbia Patient Safety Learning System (BCPSLS) Central. (2015). Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/bcpslscentral.ca\/\">http:\/\/bcpslscentral.ca\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Canadian Patient Safety Institute. (2015). <em>Reducing falls and injury from falls: Getting started kit<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca\/en\/toolsResources\/Documents\/Interventions\/Reducing%20Falls%20and%20Injury%20from%20Falls\/Falls%20Getting%20Started%20Kit.pdf\">http:\/\/www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca\/en\/toolsResources\/Documents\/Interventions\/Reducing%20Falls%20and%20Injury%20from%20Falls\/Falls%20Getting%20Started%20Kit.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Cleveland Clinic. (2018a). <em>Walkers<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15542-walkers\">https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15542-walkers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Cleveland Clinic. (2018b). <em>Crutches<\/em>. \u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15543-crutches\">https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15543-crutches<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Cleveland Cinic. (2018c). <em>Canes<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15541-canes\">https:\/\/my.clevelandclinic.org\/health\/articles\/15541-canes<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Graf, C. (2006). Functional decline in hospitalized older adults. It&#8217;s often a consequence of hospitalization, but it doesn&#8217;t have to be.<em> American Journal of Nursing,<\/em> <em>101<\/em>(1), 58-67. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/232182376_Functional_Decline_in_Hospitalized_Older_Adults_Its_often_a_consequence_of_hospitalization_but_it_doesnt_have_to_be\">http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/232182376_Functional_Decline_in_Hospitalized_Older_Adults_Its_often_a_consequence_of_hospitalization_but_it_doesnt_have_to_be<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Handicare. (2018). How to choose the proper sling. Retrieved \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.handicare.ca\/blog\/2018\/08\/24\/how-to-choose-the-proper-sling\/\">https:\/\/www.handicare.ca\/blog\/2018\/08\/24\/how-to-choose-the-proper-sling\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hook, M. L., &amp; Winchel, S. (2006). Fall related injuries in acute care: Reducing the risk of harm.\u00a0<em>Clinical Practice,<\/em> <em>15<\/em>(6), 370-377.<\/p>\n<p>HoverTech International. (2016). <em>HoverMatt air transfer system<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hovermatt.com\/hovermatt.html\">http:\/\/www.hovermatt.com\/hovermatt.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Interior Health. (2012). <em>Point-of-care risk assessment<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.interiorhealth.ca\/sites\/Partners\/WHSresources\/Documents\/Point%20of%20Care%20Risk%20Assessment%20Tool.pdf\">https:\/\/www.interiorhealth.ca\/sites\/Partners\/WHSresources\/Documents\/Point%20of%20Care%20Risk%20Assessment%20Tool.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Interior Health. (2013). <em>Manual transfer: One person assist with help<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.interiorhealth.ca\/sites\/Partners\/WHSresources\/Documents\/Manual%20Transfers%20-%20One%20Person%20Assist%20with%20Help%20SWP.pdf\">https:\/\/www.interiorhealth.ca\/sites\/Partners\/WHSresources\/Documents\/Manual%20Transfers%20-%20One%20Person%20Assist%20with%20Help%20SWP.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Kalisch, B. J., Lee, S., &amp; Dabney, B. W. (2013). Outcomes of inpatient mobilization: A literature review.\u00a0<em>Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23<\/em>(11-12), 1486-501.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.12315\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.12315<\/a><\/p>\n<p>National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2010). <em>Safe patient handling training for schools of nursing<\/em>. 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St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby.<\/p>\n<p>Provincial Health Services Authority (PHSA). (2010). <em>Workplace health &#8211; Safe patient handling<\/em> [Online courses]. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/learn.phsa.ca\/phsa\/patienthandling\/\">http:\/\/learn.phsa.ca\/phsa\/patienthandling\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Registered Nursing. (n.d.). <em>Ergonomic principles: NCLEX-RN<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.registerednursing.org\/nclex\/ergonomic-principles\/\">https:\/\/www.registerednursing.org\/nclex\/ergonomic-principles\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Sanguineti, V. A., Wild, J. R., &amp; Fain, M. J. (2014). Management of postoperative complications: A general approach.\u00a0<em>Clinics in Geriatric Medicine,<\/em> <em>30<\/em>(2), 261-270.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2014.01.005\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2014.01.005<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">South Island Alliance. (n.d.).\u00a0<\/span><em style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">Level of assistance definitions<\/em><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">. Retrieved from\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sialliance.health.nz\/UserFiles\/SouthIslandAlliance\/File\/LEVEL%20OF%20ASSISTANCE%20DEFINITIONS%202016.pdf\" style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">https:\/\/www.sialliance.health.nz\/UserFiles\/SouthIslandAlliance\/File\/LEVEL%20OF%20ASSISTANCE%20DEFINITIONS%202016.pdf<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Stewart, D. (2018). <em>Ceiling lift sling information<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/mobilitybasics.ca\/ceiling-lifts\/slings\">https:\/\/mobilitybasics.ca\/ceiling-lifts\/slings<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Titler, M. G., Shever, L. L., Kanak, M. F., Picone, D. M., &amp; Qin, R. (2011). Factors associated with falls during hospitalization in an older adult population. <em>Research and Theory for Nursing Practice: An International Journal,<\/em> <em>25<\/em>(2), 127-152. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1541-6577.25.2.127\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1541-6577.25.2.127<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Winnipeg Regional Health Authority (WRHA). (2015). <em>Safe patient handling assessment form<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wrha.mb.ca\/professionals\/safety\/files\/SafePatientHandling\/SafePatientHandlingAssessmentForm.pdf\">http:\/\/www.wrha.mb.ca\/professionals\/safety\/files\/SafePatientHandling\/SafePatientHandlingAssessmentForm.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Winnipeg Regional Health Authority (WRHA). (2008). <em>Patient assessment procedures and screening tool<\/em>. 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Retrieved from\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/en\/resources\/health-safety\/books-guides\/handle-with-care-patient-handling-application-ergonomics-musculoskeletal-msi-requirements?lang=en&amp;origin=s&amp;returnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worksafebc.com%2Fen%2Fsearch%23q%3Dtransfer%2520assist%2520devices%2520for%2520safer%26sort%3Drelevancy%26f%3Alanguage-facet%3D%5BEnglish%5D\" style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">https:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/en\/resources\/health-safety\/books-guides\/handle-with-care-patient-handling-application-ergonomics-musculoskeletal-msi-requirements?lang=en&amp;origin=s&amp;returnurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worksafebc.com%2Fen%2Fsearch%23q%3Dtransfer%2520assist%2520devices%2520for%2520safer%26sort%3Drelevancy%26f%3Alanguage-facet%3D%5BEnglish%5D<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 18.6667px;text-indent: 18.6667px\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>WorkSafeBC. (2008). <em>Understanding the risks of musculoskeletal injury (MSI): An educational guide for workers on sprains, strains, and other MSIs<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/publications\/Health_and_Safety\/by_topic\/assets\/pdf\/msi_workers.pdf\">http:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/publications\/Health_and_Safety\/by_topic\/assets\/pdf\/msi_workers.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>WorkSafeBC. (2010). <em>Patient handling<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/en\/health-safety\/industries\/health-care-social-services\/topics\/patient-handling\">https:\/\/www.worksafebc.com\/en\/health-safety\/industries\/health-care-social-services\/topics\/patient-handling<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>WorkSafeBC. (2013).\u00a0<em>Preventing musculoskeletal injury (MSI)<\/em>. 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Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/disabilities\/technology\/en\/\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/disabilities\/technology\/en\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":397,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-194","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":141,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/194","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/397"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/194\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5084,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/194\/revisions\/5084"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/141"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/194\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=194"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=194"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=194"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=194"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}