{"id":807,"date":"2015-06-10T04:35:50","date_gmt":"2015-06-10T08:35:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/6-7-summary\/"},"modified":"2019-09-18T23:37:37","modified_gmt":"2019-09-19T03:37:37","slug":"6-7-summary","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/6-7-summary\/","title":{"raw":"6.8 Summary","rendered":"6.8 Summary"},"content":{"raw":"Nurses play an essential role in medical reconciliation; preparing, administering, monitoring, evaluating, teaching patients; and documenting responses to medications.\u00a0Medication administration requires good decision-making skills and clinical judgment, and the nurse is responsible for ensuring full understanding of medication administration and its implications for patient safety.\r\n\r\nThis chapter discusses guidelines to follow for mitigating medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs). Non-parenteral routes of medication administration are discussed, and the steps for following each of these processes safely is outlined.\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Safe and accurate medication administration is a key nursing responsibility.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Medication administration is a complex process that requires the full attention of the nurse to avoid medication errors and adverse drug events.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Nurses can reduce errors by following guidelines, knowing the types of medication errors that are most likely to occur and strategies for their prevention, and understanding the implications of the medication being given.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are several routes for medication administration. Knowing when it is appropriate to use each\u00a0route, and knowing the process for medication administration via that route, will help to mitigate medication errors.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The SEVEN rights and three checks provide a process for safe drug administration and are a collaborative effort of the nurse, the pharmacist, and the physician.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Accurate and timely documentation of medication administration and the effect of the medication on the patient is an important responsibility of the nurse and promotes patient safety.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Patient education is an extremely important factor in medication adherence and proper self-administration and is an important nursing responsibility.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>\u00a0Suggested Online Resources<\/h2>\r\n1. Canadian Patient Safety Institute's (CPSI)\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca\/en\/Topic\/Pages\/Medication-Safety.aspx\">Medication Safety<\/a><\/em>. This resource\u00a0explains how to reduce adverse drug events by following the medication reconciliation process.\r\n\r\n2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/medicationsafety\/basics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medication Safety Basics<\/a>. This website\u00a0outlines medication safety basics and provides several medication safety fact sheets.\r\n\r\n3. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp-canada.org\/index.htm\">Institute for Safe Medication Practices\u00a0Canada\u00a0(ISMP)<\/a>. This is the website for an independent, national, not-for-profit organization committed to the advancement of medication safety in all healthcare settings.\r\n\r\n4. Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada's (ISMP)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp-canada.org\/medrec\/\">Medication Reconciliation<\/a>.\u00a0This website provides a definition of medication reconciliation and resources to complete the medication reconciliation process to ensure safe and effective communication for all healthcare providers regarding use of all medications.\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\nAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2014). <em>Checklists<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/psnet.ahrq.gov\/primer.aspx?primerID=14\">http:\/\/psnet.ahrq.gov\/primer.aspx?primerID=14<\/a>.\r\n\r\nAgrawal, A. (2009). Medication errors: Prevention using information technology systems.\u00a0<em>Br J Clin Pharmacol<\/em>, <em>67<\/em>(6), 681.\r\n\r\nBaker, G. R.,\u00a0Norton, P., G., Flintoft, V., Blais, R., Brown, A., Cox, J., . . . Tamblyn, R. (2004). The Canadian adverse events study: The incidence of adverse events among hospital patients in Canada. <em>CMAJ<\/em>, <em>170<\/em>(11), 1678-1686. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.1040498\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.1040498<\/a>\r\n\r\nBell, C. M.,\u00a0Brener, S. S., Gunraj, N.,\u00a0Huo, C., Bierman, A. S., Scales, D. C., . . . Urbach, D. R. (2011). Association of ICU or hospital admission with unintentional discontinuation of medications for chronic diseases. <em>Journal of American Medical Association<\/em>, <em>306<\/em>(8), 840-847.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2011.1206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2011.1206<\/a>.\r\n\r\nBoullata, J. (2009). Drug administration through an enteral feeding tube: The rationale behind the guidelines. <em>American Journal of Nursing<\/em>, <em>109<\/em>(10), 34-42. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nursingcenter.com\/wkhlrp\/Handlers\/articleContent.pdf?key=pdf_00000446-200910000-00027\">https:\/\/www.nursingcenter.com\/wkhlrp\/Handlers\/articleContent.pdf?key=pdf_00000446-200910000-00027<\/a>.\r\n\r\nBritish Columbia Institue of Technology )(BCIT). (2015). In, NURS 1020: <em>Clinical techniques.<\/em> Vancouver, BC: BCIT\r\n\r\nButt, A. R. (2010). Medical error in Canada: Issues related to reporting of medical error and methods to increase reporting. <em>McMaster University\u00a0Medical Journal<\/em>, <em>7<\/em>(1), 15-18. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sghrp.ca\/reports\/open-report.php?id=23\">https:\/\/sghrp.ca\/reports\/open-report.php?id=23<\/a>.\r\n\r\nCanadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). (2013, March). <em>Adverse drug reaction\u2014Related hospitalizations among seniors,<\/em>\r\n<em>2006 to 2011<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/secure.cihi.ca\/free_products\/Hospitalizations%20for%20ADR-ENweb.pdf\">https:\/\/secure.cihi.ca\/free_products\/Hospitalizations%20for%20ADR-ENweb.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nCanadian Patient Safety Institute. (2012). <em>Canadian incident analysis framework<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca\/en\/toolsResources\/IncidentAnalysis\/Pages\/incidentanalysis.aspx\">http:\/\/www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca\/en\/toolsResources\/IncidentAnalysis\/Documents\/Canadian%20Incident%20Analysis%20Framework.PDF#search=canadian%20analysis%20incident%20framework<\/a>.\r\n\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). <em>Medication safety basics<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/medicationsafety\/basics.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/medicationsafety\/basics.html<\/a>.\r\n\r\nDebono, D. S., Greenfield, D., Travaglia, J. F., Long, J. C., Black, D., Johnson, J., &amp; Braithwaite, J. (2013). Nurses' workarounds in acute healthcare settings: A scoping review.\u00a0<em>BMC<\/em><em> Health Services Research,<\/em>\u00a0<em>13<\/em>(175).\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-13-175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-13-175<\/a>.\r\n\r\nInstitute for Healthcare Improvement. (2015). <em>High-alert medication safety<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ihi.org\/topics\/highalertmedicationsafety\/pages\/default.aspx\">http:\/\/www.ihi.org\/topics\/highalertmedicationsafety\/pages\/default.aspx<\/a>.\r\n\r\nInstitute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). (2011). <em>Guidelines for timely administration of scheduled medications (acute)<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/guidelines\/timely-administration-scheduled-medications-acute\">https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/guidelines\/timely-administration-scheduled-medications-acute<\/a>.\r\n\r\nInstitute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). (2017a). <em>List of error prone abbreviations<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/error-prone-abbreviations-list\">https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/error-prone-abbreviations-list<\/a>.\r\n\r\nInstitute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). (2017b). <em>High-alert medications in long-term care (LTC) settings<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/high-alert-medications-long-term-care-list\">https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/high-alert-medications-long-term-care-list<\/a>.\r\n\r\nInstitute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). (2018). <em>High-alert medications in acute care settings<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/high-alert-medications-acute-list\">https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/high-alert-medications-acute-list<\/a>.\r\n\r\nLilley,\u00a0L. L., Rainforth Collins, S., \u00a0Snyder, J. S., &amp; Swart, B. (2016). <em>Pharmacology for Canadian health care practice<\/em> (3rd ed.). Toronto, ON: Elsevier Canada.\r\n\r\nLung Association of Saskatchewan. (2018). <em>Inhalers<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sk.lung.ca\/lung-diseases\/inhalers\">https:\/\/sk.lung.ca\/lung-diseases\/inhalers<\/a>.\r\n\r\nLynn, P. (2011). <em>Photo atlas of medication administration<\/em> (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.\r\n\r\nMartindale Pharma. (n.d.) <em>Bisacodyl<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/3298\/smpc\">https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/3298\/smpc<\/a>.\r\n\r\nMunden, J. (Ed.). (2007). Nursing: Perfecting clinical procedures. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer: Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins.\r\n\r\nNational Patient Safety Agency. (2009). <em>Safety in doses. Improving the use of medication in NHS<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk\/resources\/?entryid45=61625\">http:\/\/www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk\/resources\/?entryid45=61625<\/a>.\r\n\r\nNational Priority Partnership. (2010). <em>Preventing medical errors: A $21 billion opportunity<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/psnet.ahrq.gov\/resource.aspx?resourceID=20529\">http:\/\/psnet.ahrq.gov\/resource.aspx?resourceID=20529<\/a>.\r\n\r\nPerry, A., Potter, P., &amp; Ostendorf, W. (2018). <em>Clinical skills and nursing techniques<\/em> (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby.\r\n\r\nPoon, E. G.,\u00a0Keohane, C. A., Yoon, C. S., Ditmore, M., Bane, A., Levtzion-Korach, O., . . . Gandhi, T. K. (2010). Effect of bar-code technology on the safety of medication administration.\u00a0<em>New England Journal of Medicine<\/em>, <em>362<\/em>(18), 1698-1707.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa0907115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa0907115<\/a>.\r\n\r\nPrakash, V., Koczmara, C., Savage, P., Trip, K., Stewart, J., McCurdie, T., . . . Trbovich, P. (2014). Mitigating errors caused by interruptions during medication verification and administration: Interventions in a simulated ambulatory chemotherapy setting.\u00a0<em>BMJ Quality and Safety<\/em>, <em>23<\/em>(11).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjqs-2013-002484\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjqs-2013-002484<\/a>.\r\n\r\nRamadan, W. H., &amp; Sarkis, A. T. (2017). Patterns of use of dry powder inhalers versus pressurized metered-dose inhalers devices in adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma: An observational comparative study. <em>Chronic Respiratory Disease,<\/em> <em>14<\/em>(3).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177%2F1479972316687209\">https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177%2F1479972316687209<\/a>.\r\n\r\nRoyal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne (RCH). (2017). <em>Enteral feeding and medication administration<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rch.org.au\/rchcpg\/hospital_clinical_guideline_index\/Enteral_feeding_and_medication_administration\/\">https:\/\/www.rch.org.au\/rchcpg\/hospital_clinical_guideline_index\/Enteral_feeding_and_medication_administration\/<\/a>.\r\n\r\nSaskatoon Health Region. (2017).\u00a0<em>Enteral tube feeding: Adult<\/em> [Number 1020]. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca\/about\/NursingManual\/1020.pdf\">https:\/\/www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca\/about\/NursingManual\/1020.pdf<\/a>.\r\n\r\nThe Joint Commission (TJC). (2012). <em>National patient safety goals.<\/em>\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jointcommission.org\/standards_information\/npsgs.aspx\">http:\/\/www.jointcommission.org\/standards_information\/npsgs.aspx<\/a>.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<p>Nurses play an essential role in medical reconciliation; preparing, administering, monitoring, evaluating, teaching patients; and documenting responses to medications.\u00a0Medication administration requires good decision-making skills and clinical judgment, and the nurse is responsible for ensuring full understanding of medication administration and its implications for patient safety.<\/p>\n<p>This chapter discusses guidelines to follow for mitigating medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs). Non-parenteral routes of medication administration are discussed, and the steps for following each of these processes safely is outlined.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Safe and accurate medication administration is a key nursing responsibility.<\/li>\n<li>Medication administration is a complex process that requires the full attention of the nurse to avoid medication errors and adverse drug events.<\/li>\n<li>Nurses can reduce errors by following guidelines, knowing the types of medication errors that are most likely to occur and strategies for their prevention, and understanding the implications of the medication being given.<\/li>\n<li>There are several routes for medication administration. Knowing when it is appropriate to use each\u00a0route, and knowing the process for medication administration via that route, will help to mitigate medication errors.<\/li>\n<li>The SEVEN rights and three checks provide a process for safe drug administration and are a collaborative effort of the nurse, the pharmacist, and the physician.<\/li>\n<li>Accurate and timely documentation of medication administration and the effect of the medication on the patient is an important responsibility of the nurse and promotes patient safety.<\/li>\n<li>Patient education is an extremely important factor in medication adherence and proper self-administration and is an important nursing responsibility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\u00a0Suggested Online Resources<\/h2>\n<p>1. Canadian Patient Safety Institute&#8217;s (CPSI)\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca\/en\/Topic\/Pages\/Medication-Safety.aspx\">Medication Safety<\/a><\/em>. This resource\u00a0explains how to reduce adverse drug events by following the medication reconciliation process.<\/p>\n<p>2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/medicationsafety\/basics.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medication Safety Basics<\/a>. This website\u00a0outlines medication safety basics and provides several medication safety fact sheets.<\/p>\n<p>3. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp-canada.org\/index.htm\">Institute for Safe Medication Practices\u00a0Canada\u00a0(ISMP)<\/a>. This is the website for an independent, national, not-for-profit organization committed to the advancement of medication safety in all healthcare settings.<\/p>\n<p>4. Institute for Safe Medication Practices Canada&#8217;s (ISMP)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp-canada.org\/medrec\/\">Medication Reconciliation<\/a>.\u00a0This website provides a definition of medication reconciliation and resources to complete the medication reconciliation process to ensure safe and effective communication for all healthcare providers regarding use of all medications.<\/p>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<p>Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2014). <em>Checklists<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/psnet.ahrq.gov\/primer.aspx?primerID=14\">http:\/\/psnet.ahrq.gov\/primer.aspx?primerID=14<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Agrawal, A. (2009). Medication errors: Prevention using information technology systems.\u00a0<em>Br J Clin Pharmacol<\/em>, <em>67<\/em>(6), 681.<\/p>\n<p>Baker, G. R.,\u00a0Norton, P., G., Flintoft, V., Blais, R., Brown, A., Cox, J., . . . Tamblyn, R. (2004). The Canadian adverse events study: The incidence of adverse events among hospital patients in Canada. <em>CMAJ<\/em>, <em>170<\/em>(11), 1678-1686. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.1040498\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cmaj.1040498<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bell, C. M.,\u00a0Brener, S. S., Gunraj, N.,\u00a0Huo, C., Bierman, A. S., Scales, D. C., . . . Urbach, D. R. (2011). Association of ICU or hospital admission with unintentional discontinuation of medications for chronic diseases. <em>Journal of American Medical Association<\/em>, <em>306<\/em>(8), 840-847.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2011.1206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2011.1206<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Boullata, J. (2009). Drug administration through an enteral feeding tube: The rationale behind the guidelines. <em>American Journal of Nursing<\/em>, <em>109<\/em>(10), 34-42. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nursingcenter.com\/wkhlrp\/Handlers\/articleContent.pdf?key=pdf_00000446-200910000-00027\">https:\/\/www.nursingcenter.com\/wkhlrp\/Handlers\/articleContent.pdf?key=pdf_00000446-200910000-00027<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>British Columbia Institue of Technology )(BCIT). (2015). In, NURS 1020: <em>Clinical techniques.<\/em> Vancouver, BC: BCIT<\/p>\n<p>Butt, A. R. (2010). Medical error in Canada: Issues related to reporting of medical error and methods to increase reporting. <em>McMaster University\u00a0Medical Journal<\/em>, <em>7<\/em>(1), 15-18. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sghrp.ca\/reports\/open-report.php?id=23\">https:\/\/sghrp.ca\/reports\/open-report.php?id=23<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). (2013, March). <em>Adverse drug reaction\u2014Related hospitalizations among seniors,<\/em><br \/>\n<em>2006 to 2011<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/secure.cihi.ca\/free_products\/Hospitalizations%20for%20ADR-ENweb.pdf\">https:\/\/secure.cihi.ca\/free_products\/Hospitalizations%20for%20ADR-ENweb.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Canadian Patient Safety Institute. (2012). <em>Canadian incident analysis framework<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca\/en\/toolsResources\/IncidentAnalysis\/Pages\/incidentanalysis.aspx\">http:\/\/www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca\/en\/toolsResources\/IncidentAnalysis\/Documents\/Canadian%20Incident%20Analysis%20Framework.PDF#search=canadian%20analysis%20incident%20framework<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). <em>Medication safety basics<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/medicationsafety\/basics.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/medicationsafety\/basics.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Debono, D. S., Greenfield, D., Travaglia, J. F., Long, J. C., Black, D., Johnson, J., &amp; Braithwaite, J. (2013). Nurses&#8217; workarounds in acute healthcare settings: A scoping review.\u00a0<em>BMC<\/em><em> Health Services Research,<\/em>\u00a0<em>13<\/em>(175).\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-13-175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-13-175<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2015). <em>High-alert medication safety<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ihi.org\/topics\/highalertmedicationsafety\/pages\/default.aspx\">http:\/\/www.ihi.org\/topics\/highalertmedicationsafety\/pages\/default.aspx<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). (2011). <em>Guidelines for timely administration of scheduled medications (acute)<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/guidelines\/timely-administration-scheduled-medications-acute\">https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/guidelines\/timely-administration-scheduled-medications-acute<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). (2017a). <em>List of error prone abbreviations<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/error-prone-abbreviations-list\">https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/error-prone-abbreviations-list<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). (2017b). <em>High-alert medications in long-term care (LTC) settings<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/high-alert-medications-long-term-care-list\">https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/high-alert-medications-long-term-care-list<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP). (2018). <em>High-alert medications in acute care settings<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/high-alert-medications-acute-list\">https:\/\/www.ismp.org\/recommendations\/high-alert-medications-acute-list<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Lilley,\u00a0L. L., Rainforth Collins, S., \u00a0Snyder, J. S., &amp; Swart, B. (2016). <em>Pharmacology for Canadian health care practice<\/em> (3rd ed.). Toronto, ON: Elsevier Canada.<\/p>\n<p>Lung Association of Saskatchewan. (2018). <em>Inhalers<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sk.lung.ca\/lung-diseases\/inhalers\">https:\/\/sk.lung.ca\/lung-diseases\/inhalers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Lynn, P. (2011). <em>Photo atlas of medication administration<\/em> (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.<\/p>\n<p>Martindale Pharma. (n.d.) <em>Bisacodyl<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/3298\/smpc\">https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/product\/3298\/smpc<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Munden, J. (Ed.). (2007). Nursing: Perfecting clinical procedures. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer: Lippincott, Williams &amp; Wilkins.<\/p>\n<p>National Patient Safety Agency. (2009). <em>Safety in doses. Improving the use of medication in NHS<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk\/resources\/?entryid45=61625\">http:\/\/www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk\/resources\/?entryid45=61625<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>National Priority Partnership. (2010). <em>Preventing medical errors: A $21 billion opportunity<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/psnet.ahrq.gov\/resource.aspx?resourceID=20529\">http:\/\/psnet.ahrq.gov\/resource.aspx?resourceID=20529<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Perry, A., Potter, P., &amp; Ostendorf, W. (2018). <em>Clinical skills and nursing techniques<\/em> (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier-Mosby.<\/p>\n<p>Poon, E. G.,\u00a0Keohane, C. A., Yoon, C. S., Ditmore, M., Bane, A., Levtzion-Korach, O., . . . Gandhi, T. K. (2010). Effect of bar-code technology on the safety of medication administration.\u00a0<em>New England Journal of Medicine<\/em>, <em>362<\/em>(18), 1698-1707.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa0907115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa0907115<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Prakash, V., Koczmara, C., Savage, P., Trip, K., Stewart, J., McCurdie, T., . . . Trbovich, P. (2014). Mitigating errors caused by interruptions during medication verification and administration: Interventions in a simulated ambulatory chemotherapy setting.\u00a0<em>BMJ Quality and Safety<\/em>, <em>23<\/em>(11).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjqs-2013-002484\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjqs-2013-002484<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Ramadan, W. H., &amp; Sarkis, A. T. (2017). Patterns of use of dry powder inhalers versus pressurized metered-dose inhalers devices in adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma: An observational comparative study. <em>Chronic Respiratory Disease,<\/em> <em>14<\/em>(3).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177%2F1479972316687209\">https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177%2F1479972316687209<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Royal Children\u2019s Hospital Melbourne (RCH). (2017). <em>Enteral feeding and medication administration<\/em>. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rch.org.au\/rchcpg\/hospital_clinical_guideline_index\/Enteral_feeding_and_medication_administration\/\">https:\/\/www.rch.org.au\/rchcpg\/hospital_clinical_guideline_index\/Enteral_feeding_and_medication_administration\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Saskatoon Health Region. (2017).\u00a0<em>Enteral tube feeding: Adult<\/em> [Number 1020]. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca\/about\/NursingManual\/1020.pdf\">https:\/\/www.saskatoonhealthregion.ca\/about\/NursingManual\/1020.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The Joint Commission (TJC). (2012). <em>National patient safety goals.<\/em>\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jointcommission.org\/standards_information\/npsgs.aspx\">http:\/\/www.jointcommission.org\/standards_information\/npsgs.aspx<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":397,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[50],"class_list":["post-807","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by"],"part":757,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/807","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/397"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/807\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5052,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/807\/revisions\/5052"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/757"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/807\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=807"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=807"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=807"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=807"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}