{"id":989,"date":"2015-06-22T23:26:58","date_gmt":"2015-06-23T03:26:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-8\/"},"modified":"2019-09-30T14:29:01","modified_gmt":"2019-09-30T18:29:01","slug":"8-12-parenteral-nutrition-pn","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-12-parenteral-nutrition-pn\/","title":{"raw":"8.12 Parenteral Nutrition (PN)","rendered":"8.12 Parenteral Nutrition (PN)"},"content":{"raw":"<strong>Parenteral nutrition (PN)\u00a0<\/strong>is a form of nutritional support given intravenously. PN includes proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It aims to prevent and restore nutritional deficits, allowing bowel rest while supplying adequate caloric intake and essential nutrients, and removing antigenic mucosal stimuli (Perry et al., 2018; Triantafillidis &amp; Papalois, 2014 ).\u00a0PN may be short-term or long-term nutritional therapy, and it may be administered in hospital or even at home following extensive patient education. The caloric requirements of each patient are individualized according to the degree of stress, organ failure, and percentage of ideal body weight. PN may be administered as peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) or via a central line, depending on the components and osmolality. Central veins are\u00a0 the veins of choice because there is less\u00a0risk of thrombophlebitis and vessel damage (Chowdary &amp; Reddy, 2010). According to\u00a0Chowdary &amp; Reddy (2010), candidates for PN are:\r\n<ul class=\"unordered\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div>Patients with paralyzed or nonfunctional GI tract, or conditions that require bowel rest, such as small bowel obstruction, ulcerative colitis, or pancreatitis<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div>Patients who have had\u00a0nothing by mouth (NPO) for seven\u00a0days or longer<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Critically ill patients<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div>Babies with an immature gastrointestinal system or congenital malformations<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Patients with chronic or extreme malnutrition, or chronic diarrhea or vomiting with a need for surgery or chemotherapy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Patients in hyperbolic states, such as burns, sepsis, or trauma<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPN is made up of two components: amino acid\/dextrose solution and a lipid emulsion solution (see Figure 8.33). The ratios are determined by the dietitian in consultation with the physician and vary depending on the patient's metabolic needs, clinical history, and blood work. Medications can be added depending on compatibility (for example heparin and insulin are common additives). The solutions are available premixed by the manufacturer. Orders are reviewed daily to ensure the patient receives the solution best suited to their changing needs. The specific mixture, strength, volumes, and any additives must be confirmed by the health care provider every time a new bag is hung.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6806\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/82\/2015\/10\/Oct-2-2015-060.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-060-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Oct 2, 2015 060\" class=\"wp-image-987 size-medium\" height=\"300\" width=\"300\" \/><\/a> Figure 8.33 Types of PN (amino acids and lipids)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6807\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/82\/2015\/10\/Oct-2-2015-061.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-300x80.jpg\" alt=\"TPN tubing with special filter\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-988\" height=\"80\" width=\"300\" \/><\/a> Figure 8.34 PN tubing with special filter[\/caption]\r\n\r\nPN is not compatible with other IV solutions, nor is it compatible with many medications. As such, PN should have a dedicated IV line. PN must be administered using an EID (IV pump), and requires special IV filter tubing (see Figure 8.34) for the amino acids and lipid emulsion to reduce the risk of particles entering the patient. Agency policy may allow amino acids and lipid emulsions to be infused together above the filters. PN tubing will not have any access ports and must be changed according to agency policy (usually every 24 hours). Always review agency policy on setup and equipment required to infuse PN.\r\n\r\nA prescriber may order a total fluid intake (TFI) for the amount of fluid to be infused per hour to prevent fluid overload in patients receiving PN. It is important to keep track of all the fluids infusing (IV fluids, IV medications, and PN) in order to determine intake and anticipate risk of\u00a0 fluid overload (Perry et al., 2018).\u00a0Do not abruptly discontinue PN (especially in patients who are on insulin) because this may lead to hypoglycemia. If, for whatever reason, the PN solution runs out while awaiting another bag, hang D5W at the same rate of infusion while waiting for the new PN bag to arrive (North York General Hospital, 2013). Do not obtain blood samples or central venous pressure readings from the\u00a0same port as PN infusions.\u00a0To prevent severe electrolyte and other metabolic abnormalities, the infusion rate of PN should be increased gradually, starting at a rate of no more than 50% of the energy requirements (Mehanna, Nankivell, Moledina, &amp; Travis, 2009). Likewise when discontinuing PN, the prescriber might order it to be \"weaned\" or the rate reduced slowly to prevent hypoglycemia.\r\n<h2>Complications Related to PN<\/h2>\r\nThere are many complications related to the administration of PN (Perry et al., 2018). Because PN is administered primarily via a CVC, complications associated with CVADs must be considered. See table\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-2-intravenous-therapy-guidelines-and-potential-complications\/\">Table 8.3<\/a>\u00a0Potential Systemic Complications of IV Therapy and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-2-intravenous-therapy-guidelines-and-potential-complications\/\">Table 8.4<\/a> Potential Complications Associated Specifically with CVADs.\r\n\r\nTable 8.13 lists PN specific potential complications, rationale, and interventions.\r\n<table style=\"height: 571px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\">\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><a id=\"table8.13\"><\/a>Table 8.13 PN Specific Potential Complications, Rationale, and Interventions<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">Complication<\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0Rationale and Interventions<\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI), also known as sepsis<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0There's an increased risk of CR-BSI with PN, due to the high dextrose concentration of PN. Symptoms include tachycardia, hypotension, elevated or decreased temperature, increased breathing, decreased urine output, and disorientation.\r\n\r\nInterventions: Strict adherence to aseptic technique with insertion, care, and maintenance; avoid hyperglycemia to prevent infection complications; closely monitor vital signs and temperature. IV antibiotic therapy is required. Monitor white blood cell count and patient for malaise. Replace IV tubing\u00a0 as per agency policy (usually every 24 hours).<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Hyperglycemia<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Related to sudden increase in glucose after recent malnourished state.\u00a0After starvation, glucose intake suppresses gluconeogenesis by leading to the release of insulin and the suppression of glycogen. Excessive glucose may lead to hyperglycemia, with osmotic diuresis, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and ketoacidosis. Excess glucose also leads to lipogenesis (again caused by insulin stimulation). This may cause fatty liver, increased CO<sub>2<\/sub> production, hypercapnea, and respiratory failure.\r\n\r\nInterventions: Monitor blood sugar frequently QID (four times per day), then less frequently when blood sugars are stable. Follow agency policy for glucose monitoring with PN. Be alert to changes in dextrose levels in amino acids and the addition\/removal of insulin to PN solution.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Refeeding syndrome<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Refeeding syndrome<\/strong> is caused by rapid refeeding after a period of malnutrition. It can result in metabolic and hormonal changes, and it is characterized by electrolyte shifts (decreased phosphate, magnesium, and potassium in serum levels) that may lead to widespread cellular dysfunction. Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, glucose, vitamin, sodium, nitrogen, and fluid imbalances can be life-threatening.\r\n\r\nHigh-risk patients include the chronically undernourished and those with little intake for more than 10 days. Patients with dysphagia are at higher risk.\r\n\r\nThe syndrome usually occurs 24 to 48 hours after refeeding has started. The shift of water, glucose, potassium, phosphate, and magnesium back into the cells may lead to muscle weakness, respiratory failure, paralysis, coma, cranial nerve palsies, and rebound hypoglycemia.\r\n\r\nInterventions: PN infusion rate should be based on the severity of undernourishment for moderate- to high-risk patients. PN should be initiated slowly\u00a0and titrated up for four to seven\u00a0days. All patients require close monitoring of electrolytes (daily for one week, then usually three times\/week). Always follow agency policy. Blood work may be more frequent depending on the severity of the malnourishment.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"4\">Data sources:\u00a0Chowdary &amp; Reddy, 2010; Mehanna et al., 2009;\u00a0O'Connor et al., 2013; Perry et al., 2018<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nAgencies should have a PN protocol to follow for blood work and other monitoring. Common blood work includes CBC (complete blood count), electrolytes (with special attention to magnesium, potassium, and phosphate), liver enzymes (total and direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], total protein, albumin), and renal function tests (creatinine and urea). It is important to compare daily values to baseline values, and investigate and report any rapid changes in any values (Chowdary &amp; Reddy, 2010; Perry et al., 2018).\u00a0Table 8.14 outlines a plan of care for someone receiving PN.\r\n<a id=\"table8.9\"><\/a>\r\n<table style=\"height: 571px\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\">\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Table 8.14 Plan of Care for Someone Receiving PN<\/h3>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">Assessment<\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0Additional Information<\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">CVC\/peripheral IV line<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Intravenous line should remain patent, free from infection.\r\n\r\nDextrose in PN increases risk of infection. Assess for signs and symptoms of infections at site (redness, tenderness, discharge) and systemically (fever, increased WBC, malaise). Dressing should be dry and intact.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Daily or biweekly weights<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Monitor for evidence of edema or fluid overload.\u00a0Over time, measurements will reflect weight loss\/gain from caloric intake or fluid retention.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Capillary or serum blood glucose levels<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">QID (4 times a day) capillary blood glucose initially to monitor glycemic control, then reduce monitoring when blood sugars are stable or as per agency policy. May be done more frequently if glycemic control is difficult. Indicates metabolic tolerance to dextrose in PN solution and patient\u2019s glycemic status.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Monitor intake and output<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Monitor and record every eight\u00a0hours or as per agency policy. Monitor for signs and symptoms of fluid overload (excessive weight gain) by completing a cardiovascular and respiratory assessment. Assess intakes such as IV (intravenous fluids), PO (oral intake), NG (nasogastric tube feeds).\u00a0Assess outputs:\u00a0NG (removed gastric content through the nasogastic tube), fistula drainage, BM (liquid bowel movements), colostomy\/ileostomy drainage, closed suction drainage devices (Penrose or Jackson-Pratt drainage) and chest tube drainage.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Daily to weekly blood work<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Review lab values for increases and decreases out of normal range. Lab values include CBC, electrolytes,\u00a0calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, glucose, albumin, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), creatinine, triglycerides, and transferrin.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Mouth care<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Most patients will be NPO. Proper oral care is required as per agency policy. Some patients may have a diet order.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Vital signs<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Vital signs are more frequently monitored initially in patients with PN.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"4\">Data sources: BCIT, 2015a; Perry et al., 2018<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nGenerally, patients receiving PN are quite ill and may require a lengthy stay in the hospital. The administration of PN must follow strict adherence to aseptic technique, and includes being alert for complications, as many of the patients will have altered defence mechanisms and complex conditions (Perry et al., 2018). To administer PN, follow the steps in Checklist 78.\r\n<table style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;text-align: center\" colspan=\"4\">\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><a id=\"checklist78\"><\/a>Checklist 78: PN Administration<\/h3>\r\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000\">Disclaimer:\u00a0Always review and follow your agency policy regarding this specific skill.<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"4\">\r\n<h5><span style=\"color: #333333\">Safety considerations:\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Compare the patient\u2019s baseline vital signs; electrolyte, glucose, and triglyceride levels; weight; and fluid intake and output with treatment values; and investigate any rapid change in such values.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To identify signs of infection early, be aware of the patient\u2019s recent temperature range.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use strict aseptic technique when caring for central venous catheters and PICC lines.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do not use PN solution if it has coalesced, as evidenced by formation of a thick, dense layer of fat droplets on its surface. If the solution appears abnormal in any way, request a replacement from the pharmacy.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Never try to catch up a delayed infusion.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">Steps<\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\">\r\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0Additional Information<\/h4>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">1. Perform <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/1-3-hand-hygiene-and-non-sterile-gloves\/\">hand hygiene<\/a>.\r\n\r\nReview prescribers' orders and compare to content label on PN solution bag(s) and for rate of infusion. Each component of the PN solution must be verified with the physician's orders.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Check date and time of last PN tubing change,\u00a0lab values, and expiry date of PN to\u00a0prevent medication error.\r\n\r\nAssess CVC, WBC, and patient for malaise.\r\n\r\nMedications may be added to the PN.\r\n\r\nEnsure the rate of infusion is verified in the doctor\u2019s order each time new PN bag is initiated.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">2. Collect supplies, prepare PN solution, and prime IV tubing with filter as per agency protocol. PN requires special IV\u00a0tubing with a filter.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Generally, new PN tubing is required every 24 hours to prevent catheter-related bacteremia. Follow agency policy.\r\n\r\nEnsure tubing is primed correctly to prevent air embolism.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6807\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"206\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/82\/2015\/10\/Oct-2-2015-061.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-300x80.jpg\" alt=\"TPN tubing with special filter\" class=\" wp-image-988\" height=\"55\" width=\"206\" \/><\/a> TPN tubing with special filter[\/caption]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">3. Perform hand hygiene, identify yourself, and identify patient using two patient identifiers. Compare the label on the PN bag to the patient's wristband. Explain the procedure to the patient.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Hand hygiene prevents the spread of microorganisms.\r\n\r\nProper identification prevents patient errors.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6460\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"212\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/82\/2015\/09\/Sept-22-2015-029.jpg\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Sept-22-2015-029-300x163.jpg\" alt=\"Identify patient with two identifiers\" class=\"wp-image-6460\" height=\"115\" width=\"212\" \/><\/a> Compare MAR to patient wristband[\/caption]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">4.\u00a0Complete all safety checks for CVC as per agency policy.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">This adheres to safety policies related to central line care.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">5. Complete the flushing protocol as per agency policy.\r\n\r\nWhen changing tubing, sanitize connections and change IV tubing as per agency policy.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;width: 250px\" colspan=\"2\">Ensure patency of all CVCs by completing flushing protocols.\r\n\r\nChange PN IV tubing as per agency policy.\r\n\r\nHigh dextrose solutions increase risk of developing infections.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">6. Insert new PN solution and IV tubing into EID.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">EID must be used with all PN administration.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">7. Start PN infusion rate as ordered.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Prevents medication errors.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">8. Discard old supplies as per agency protocol, and perform hand hygiene.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">These steps prevent the spread of microorganisms.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">9. Monitor for signs and symptoms of complications related to PN.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">See Table 8.13 for list of complications related to PN.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">10. Complete necessary assessments as per agency guidelines and nursing judgement.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">This will include flushing protocols, PN specific potential complications, possible complications related to IV meds (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/7-8-iv-medications-adverse-events-and-management-of-adverse-reactions\/\">Table 7.10)<\/a>, Potential local complications of IV therapy (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-2-intravenous-therapy-guidelines-and-potential-complications\/\">Table 8.1<\/a>), Potential systemic complications of IV therapy (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-2-intravenous-therapy-guidelines-and-potential-complications\/\">Table 8.3<\/a>), Potential complications associated specifically with CVADs (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-2-intravenous-therapy-guidelines-and-potential-complications\/\">Table 8.4<\/a>) and others.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">11. Document the procedure in the patient chart as per agency policy.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Note time when PN bag is hung, number of bags, and rate of infusion, assessment of CVC site and verification of patency, status of dressing, vital signs and weight, client tolerance to PN, client response to therapy, and understanding of instructions.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\r\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"4\">Data sources: North York General Hospital, 2013; Perry et al., 2018<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Critical Thinking Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Describe refeeding syndrome and state one method to reduce the risk of refeeding syndrome.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A patient receiving PN for the past 48 hours has developed malaise and hypotension. What potential complication are these signs and symptoms related to?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\r\nFigure 8.33 <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/chapter\/8-8\/\">Types of PN<\/a> from BCIT\u00a0is\u00a0used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>\u00a0international license.\r\n\r\nFigure 8.34 <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/chapter\/8-8\/\">PN tubing<\/a> from BCIT\u00a0is\u00a0used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>\u00a0international license.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p><strong>Parenteral nutrition (PN)\u00a0<\/strong>is a form of nutritional support given intravenously. PN includes proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It aims to prevent and restore nutritional deficits, allowing bowel rest while supplying adequate caloric intake and essential nutrients, and removing antigenic mucosal stimuli (Perry et al., 2018; Triantafillidis &amp; Papalois, 2014 ).\u00a0PN may be short-term or long-term nutritional therapy, and it may be administered in hospital or even at home following extensive patient education. The caloric requirements of each patient are individualized according to the degree of stress, organ failure, and percentage of ideal body weight. PN may be administered as peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) or via a central line, depending on the components and osmolality. Central veins are\u00a0 the veins of choice because there is less\u00a0risk of thrombophlebitis and vessel damage (Chowdary &amp; Reddy, 2010). According to\u00a0Chowdary &amp; Reddy (2010), candidates for PN are:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"unordered\">\n<li>\n<div>Patients with paralyzed or nonfunctional GI tract, or conditions that require bowel rest, such as small bowel obstruction, ulcerative colitis, or pancreatitis<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Patients who have had\u00a0nothing by mouth (NPO) for seven\u00a0days or longer<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Critically ill patients<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Babies with an immature gastrointestinal system or congenital malformations<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Patients with chronic or extreme malnutrition, or chronic diarrhea or vomiting with a need for surgery or chemotherapy<\/li>\n<li>Patients in hyperbolic states, such as burns, sepsis, or trauma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>PN is made up of two components: amino acid\/dextrose solution and a lipid emulsion solution (see Figure 8.33). The ratios are determined by the dietitian in consultation with the physician and vary depending on the patient&#8217;s metabolic needs, clinical history, and blood work. Medications can be added depending on compatibility (for example heparin and insulin are common additives). The solutions are available premixed by the manufacturer. Orders are reviewed daily to ensure the patient receives the solution best suited to their changing needs. The specific mixture, strength, volumes, and any additives must be confirmed by the health care provider every time a new bag is hung.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6806\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6806\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/82\/2015\/10\/Oct-2-2015-060.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-060-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Oct 2, 2015 060\" class=\"wp-image-987 size-medium\" height=\"300\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-060-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-060-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-060-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-060-65x65.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-060-225x225.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-060-350x350.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-060.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6806\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8.33 Types of PN (amino acids and lipids)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6807\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6807\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/82\/2015\/10\/Oct-2-2015-061.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-300x80.jpg\" alt=\"TPN tubing with special filter\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-988\" height=\"80\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-300x80.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-768x205.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-65x17.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-225x60.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-350x93.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6807\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8.34 PN tubing with special filter<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>PN is not compatible with other IV solutions, nor is it compatible with many medications. As such, PN should have a dedicated IV line. PN must be administered using an EID (IV pump), and requires special IV filter tubing (see Figure 8.34) for the amino acids and lipid emulsion to reduce the risk of particles entering the patient. Agency policy may allow amino acids and lipid emulsions to be infused together above the filters. PN tubing will not have any access ports and must be changed according to agency policy (usually every 24 hours). Always review agency policy on setup and equipment required to infuse PN.<\/p>\n<p>A prescriber may order a total fluid intake (TFI) for the amount of fluid to be infused per hour to prevent fluid overload in patients receiving PN. It is important to keep track of all the fluids infusing (IV fluids, IV medications, and PN) in order to determine intake and anticipate risk of\u00a0 fluid overload (Perry et al., 2018).\u00a0Do not abruptly discontinue PN (especially in patients who are on insulin) because this may lead to hypoglycemia. If, for whatever reason, the PN solution runs out while awaiting another bag, hang D5W at the same rate of infusion while waiting for the new PN bag to arrive (North York General Hospital, 2013). Do not obtain blood samples or central venous pressure readings from the\u00a0same port as PN infusions.\u00a0To prevent severe electrolyte and other metabolic abnormalities, the infusion rate of PN should be increased gradually, starting at a rate of no more than 50% of the energy requirements (Mehanna, Nankivell, Moledina, &amp; Travis, 2009). Likewise when discontinuing PN, the prescriber might order it to be &#8220;weaned&#8221; or the rate reduced slowly to prevent hypoglycemia.<\/p>\n<h2>Complications Related to PN<\/h2>\n<p>There are many complications related to the administration of PN (Perry et al., 2018). Because PN is administered primarily via a CVC, complications associated with CVADs must be considered. See table\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-2-intravenous-therapy-guidelines-and-potential-complications\/\">Table 8.3<\/a>\u00a0Potential Systemic Complications of IV Therapy and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-2-intravenous-therapy-guidelines-and-potential-complications\/\">Table 8.4<\/a> Potential Complications Associated Specifically with CVADs.<\/p>\n<p>Table 8.13 lists PN specific potential complications, rationale, and interventions.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 571px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><a id=\"table8.13\"><\/a>Table 8.13 PN Specific Potential Complications, Rationale, and Interventions<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">Complication<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0Rationale and Interventions<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI), also known as sepsis<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">\u00a0There&#8217;s an increased risk of CR-BSI with PN, due to the high dextrose concentration of PN. Symptoms include tachycardia, hypotension, elevated or decreased temperature, increased breathing, decreased urine output, and disorientation.<\/p>\n<p>Interventions: Strict adherence to aseptic technique with insertion, care, and maintenance; avoid hyperglycemia to prevent infection complications; closely monitor vital signs and temperature. IV antibiotic therapy is required. Monitor white blood cell count and patient for malaise. Replace IV tubing\u00a0 as per agency policy (usually every 24 hours).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Hyperglycemia<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Related to sudden increase in glucose after recent malnourished state.\u00a0After starvation, glucose intake suppresses gluconeogenesis by leading to the release of insulin and the suppression of glycogen. Excessive glucose may lead to hyperglycemia, with osmotic diuresis, dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and ketoacidosis. Excess glucose also leads to lipogenesis (again caused by insulin stimulation). This may cause fatty liver, increased CO<sub>2<\/sub> production, hypercapnea, and respiratory failure.<\/p>\n<p>Interventions: Monitor blood sugar frequently QID (four times per day), then less frequently when blood sugars are stable. Follow agency policy for glucose monitoring with PN. Be alert to changes in dextrose levels in amino acids and the addition\/removal of insulin to PN solution.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Refeeding syndrome<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Refeeding syndrome<\/strong> is caused by rapid refeeding after a period of malnutrition. It can result in metabolic and hormonal changes, and it is characterized by electrolyte shifts (decreased phosphate, magnesium, and potassium in serum levels) that may lead to widespread cellular dysfunction. Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, glucose, vitamin, sodium, nitrogen, and fluid imbalances can be life-threatening.<\/p>\n<p>High-risk patients include the chronically undernourished and those with little intake for more than 10 days. Patients with dysphagia are at higher risk.<\/p>\n<p>The syndrome usually occurs 24 to 48 hours after refeeding has started. The shift of water, glucose, potassium, phosphate, and magnesium back into the cells may lead to muscle weakness, respiratory failure, paralysis, coma, cranial nerve palsies, and rebound hypoglycemia.<\/p>\n<p>Interventions: PN infusion rate should be based on the severity of undernourishment for moderate- to high-risk patients. PN should be initiated slowly\u00a0and titrated up for four to seven\u00a0days. All patients require close monitoring of electrolytes (daily for one week, then usually three times\/week). Always follow agency policy. Blood work may be more frequent depending on the severity of the malnourishment.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"4\">Data sources:\u00a0Chowdary &amp; Reddy, 2010; Mehanna et al., 2009;\u00a0O&#8217;Connor et al., 2013; Perry et al., 2018<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Agencies should have a PN protocol to follow for blood work and other monitoring. Common blood work includes CBC (complete blood count), electrolytes (with special attention to magnesium, potassium, and phosphate), liver enzymes (total and direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], total protein, albumin), and renal function tests (creatinine and urea). It is important to compare daily values to baseline values, and investigate and report any rapid changes in any values (Chowdary &amp; Reddy, 2010; Perry et al., 2018).\u00a0Table 8.14 outlines a plan of care for someone receiving PN.<br \/>\n<a id=\"table8.9\"><\/a><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 571px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;text-align: left\" colspan=\"4\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Table 8.14 Plan of Care for Someone Receiving PN<\/h3>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">Assessment<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0Additional Information<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">CVC\/peripheral IV line<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Intravenous line should remain patent, free from infection.<\/p>\n<p>Dextrose in PN increases risk of infection. Assess for signs and symptoms of infections at site (redness, tenderness, discharge) and systemically (fever, increased WBC, malaise). Dressing should be dry and intact.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Daily or biweekly weights<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Monitor for evidence of edema or fluid overload.\u00a0Over time, measurements will reflect weight loss\/gain from caloric intake or fluid retention.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Capillary or serum blood glucose levels<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">QID (4 times a day) capillary blood glucose initially to monitor glycemic control, then reduce monitoring when blood sugars are stable or as per agency policy. May be done more frequently if glycemic control is difficult. Indicates metabolic tolerance to dextrose in PN solution and patient\u2019s glycemic status.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Monitor intake and output<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Monitor and record every eight\u00a0hours or as per agency policy. Monitor for signs and symptoms of fluid overload (excessive weight gain) by completing a cardiovascular and respiratory assessment. Assess intakes such as IV (intravenous fluids), PO (oral intake), NG (nasogastric tube feeds).\u00a0Assess outputs:\u00a0NG (removed gastric content through the nasogastic tube), fistula drainage, BM (liquid bowel movements), colostomy\/ileostomy drainage, closed suction drainage devices (Penrose or Jackson-Pratt drainage) and chest tube drainage.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Daily to weekly blood work<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Review lab values for increases and decreases out of normal range. Lab values include CBC, electrolytes,\u00a0calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, glucose, albumin, BUN (blood urea nitrogen), creatinine, triglycerides, and transferrin.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Mouth care<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Most patients will be NPO. Proper oral care is required as per agency policy. Some patients may have a diet order.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Vital signs<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Vital signs are more frequently monitored initially in patients with PN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"4\">Data sources: BCIT, 2015a; Perry et al., 2018<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Generally, patients receiving PN are quite ill and may require a lengthy stay in the hospital. The administration of PN must follow strict adherence to aseptic technique, and includes being alert for complications, as many of the patients will have altered defence mechanisms and complex conditions (Perry et al., 2018). To administer PN, follow the steps in Checklist 78.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;text-align: center\" colspan=\"4\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><a id=\"checklist78\"><\/a>Checklist 78: PN Administration<\/h3>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000\">Disclaimer:\u00a0Always review and follow your agency policy regarding this specific skill.<\/span><\/em><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"4\">\n<h5><span style=\"color: #333333\">Safety considerations:\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Compare the patient\u2019s baseline vital signs; electrolyte, glucose, and triglyceride levels; weight; and fluid intake and output with treatment values; and investigate any rapid change in such values.<\/li>\n<li>To identify signs of infection early, be aware of the patient\u2019s recent temperature range.<\/li>\n<li>Use strict aseptic technique when caring for central venous catheters and PICC lines.<\/li>\n<li>Do not use PN solution if it has coalesced, as evidenced by formation of a thick, dense layer of fat droplets on its surface. If the solution appears abnormal in any way, request a replacement from the pharmacy.<\/li>\n<li>Never try to catch up a delayed infusion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">Steps<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;text-align: center\" colspan=\"2\">\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0Additional Information<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">1. Perform <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/1-3-hand-hygiene-and-non-sterile-gloves\/\">hand hygiene<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Review prescribers&#8217; orders and compare to content label on PN solution bag(s) and for rate of infusion. Each component of the PN solution must be verified with the physician&#8217;s orders.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Check date and time of last PN tubing change,\u00a0lab values, and expiry date of PN to\u00a0prevent medication error.<\/p>\n<p>Assess CVC, WBC, and patient for malaise.<\/p>\n<p>Medications may be added to the PN.<\/p>\n<p>Ensure the rate of infusion is verified in the doctor\u2019s order each time new PN bag is initiated.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">2. Collect supplies, prepare PN solution, and prime IV tubing with filter as per agency protocol. PN requires special IV\u00a0tubing with a filter.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Generally, new PN tubing is required every 24 hours to prevent catheter-related bacteremia. Follow agency policy.<\/p>\n<p>Ensure tubing is primed correctly to prevent air embolism.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6807\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6807\" style=\"width: 206px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/82\/2015\/10\/Oct-2-2015-061.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-300x80.jpg\" alt=\"TPN tubing with special filter\" class=\"wp-image-988\" height=\"55\" width=\"206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-300x80.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-768x205.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-65x17.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-225x60.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Oct-2-2015-061-350x93.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6807\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">TPN tubing with special filter<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">3. Perform hand hygiene, identify yourself, and identify patient using two patient identifiers. Compare the label on the PN bag to the patient&#8217;s wristband. Explain the procedure to the patient.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Hand hygiene prevents the spread of microorganisms.<\/p>\n<p>Proper identification prevents patient errors.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6460\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6460\" style=\"width: 212px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/82\/2015\/09\/Sept-22-2015-029.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/472\/2015\/06\/Sept-22-2015-029-300x163.jpg\" alt=\"Identify patient with two identifiers\" class=\"wp-image-6460\" height=\"115\" width=\"212\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6460\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compare MAR to patient wristband<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">4.\u00a0Complete all safety checks for CVC as per agency policy.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">This adheres to safety policies related to central line care.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">5. Complete the flushing protocol as per agency policy.<\/p>\n<p>When changing tubing, sanitize connections and change IV tubing as per agency policy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000;width: 250px\" colspan=\"2\">Ensure patency of all CVCs by completing flushing protocols.<\/p>\n<p>Change PN IV tubing as per agency policy.<\/p>\n<p>High dextrose solutions increase risk of developing infections.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">6. Insert new PN solution and IV tubing into EID.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">EID must be used with all PN administration.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">7. Start PN infusion rate as ordered.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Prevents medication errors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">8. Discard old supplies as per agency protocol, and perform hand hygiene.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">These steps prevent the spread of microorganisms.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">9. Monitor for signs and symptoms of complications related to PN.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">See Table 8.13 for list of complications related to PN.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">10. Complete necessary assessments as per agency guidelines and nursing judgement.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">This will include flushing protocols, PN specific potential complications, possible complications related to IV meds (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/7-8-iv-medications-adverse-events-and-management-of-adverse-reactions\/\">Table 7.10)<\/a>, Potential local complications of IV therapy (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-2-intravenous-therapy-guidelines-and-potential-complications\/\">Table 8.1<\/a>), Potential systemic complications of IV therapy (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-2-intravenous-therapy-guidelines-and-potential-complications\/\">Table 8.3<\/a>), Potential complications associated specifically with CVADs (<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/chapter\/8-2-intravenous-therapy-guidelines-and-potential-complications\/\">Table 8.4<\/a>) and others.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">11. Document the procedure in the patient chart as per agency policy.<\/td>\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"2\">Note time when PN bag is hung, number of bags, and rate of infusion, assessment of CVC site and verification of patency, status of dressing, vital signs and weight, client tolerance to PN, client response to therapy, and understanding of instructions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"border-color: #000000\">\n<td style=\"border: 1px solid #000000\" colspan=\"4\">Data sources: North York General Hospital, 2013; Perry et al., 2018<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Critical Thinking Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Describe refeeding syndrome and state one method to reduce the risk of refeeding syndrome.<\/li>\n<li>A patient receiving PN for the past 48 hours has developed malaise and hypotension. What potential complication are these signs and symptoms related to?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\n<p>Figure 8.33 <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/chapter\/8-8\/\">Types of PN<\/a> from BCIT\u00a0is\u00a0used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>\u00a0international license.<\/p>\n<p>Figure 8.34 <a href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/clinicalskills\/chapter\/8-8\/\">PN tubing<\/a> from BCIT\u00a0is\u00a0used under a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>\u00a0international license.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":397,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[50],"class_list":["post-989","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","license-cc-by"],"part":912,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/989","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/397"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/989\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5157,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/989\/revisions\/5157"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/912"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/989\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=989"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=989"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=989"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/clinicalproceduresforsaferpatientcaretrubscn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=989"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}