{"id":1613,"date":"2016-04-18T17:30:35","date_gmt":"2016-04-18T21:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/?post_type=back-matter&#038;p=1613"},"modified":"2016-08-09T13:53:38","modified_gmt":"2016-08-09T17:53:38","slug":"useful-information","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/back-matter\/useful-information\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix C Useful Information","rendered":"Appendix C Useful Information"},"content":{"raw":"<p id=\"import-auto-id2300397\">This appendix is broken into several tables.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1211982\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 3<\/a>, Important Constants<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1125517\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 4<\/a>, Submicroscopic Masses<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#eip-903\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 5<\/a>, Solar System Data<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1401348\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 6<\/a>, Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1374373\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 7<\/a>, The Greek Alphabet<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1376084\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 8<\/a>, SI units<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id2371652\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 9<\/a>, Selected British Units<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1528540\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 10<\/a>, Other Units<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1610756\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 11<\/a>, Useful Formulae<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Table 3.<\/strong> Important Constants<sup><a name=\"footnote-ref1\" href=\"#footnote1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/sup>\r\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1211982\" summary=\"Four-column table of Important Constants. Column one lists the constant\u2019s symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\r\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\r\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\r\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex c $<\/td>\r\n<td>Speed of light in vacuum<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 2.99792458 \\times 10^8 \\text{m\/s} $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 3.00 \\times 10^8 \\text{m\/s}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex G $<\/td>\r\n<td>Gravitational constant<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 6.67408(31) \\times 10^{-11} \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{kg}^2 $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 6.67 \\times 10^{-11} \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{kg}^2 $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex N_A$<\/td>\r\n<td>Avogadro\u2019s number<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 6.02214129(27) \\times 10^{23}$<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 6.02 \\times 10^{23} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex k $<\/td>\r\n<td>Boltzmann\u2019s constant<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.3806488(13) \\times 10^{-23} \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{K}$<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.38 \\times 10^{-23} \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{K}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex R $<\/td>\r\n<td>Gas constant<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 8.3144621(75) \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K}$<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 8.31 \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K} = 1.99 \\text{cal} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K} = 0.0821 \\text{atm} \\cdot \\text{L} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex \\sigma $<\/td>\r\n<td>Stefan-Boltzmann constant<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 5.670373(21) \\times 10^{-8} \\;\\text{W} \/ \\text{m}^2 \\cdot \\text{K}$<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 5.67 \\times 10^{-8} \\;\\text{W} \/ \\text{m}^2 \\cdot \\text{K}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex k $<\/td>\r\n<td>Coulomb force constant<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 8.987551788 \\dots \\times 10^9 \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{C}^2$<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 8.99 \\times 10^9 \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{C}^2$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex q_e$<\/td>\r\n<td>Charge on electron<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex -1.602176565(35) \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{C}$<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex -1.60 \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{C}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex \\varepsilon _0$<\/td>\r\n<td>Permittivity of free space<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 8.854187817 \\dots \\times 10^{-12} \\;\\text{C}^2 \/ \\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 8.85 \\dots \\times 10^{-12} \\;\\text{C}^2 \/ \\text{N} \\text{m}^2 $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex \\mu _0 $<\/td>\r\n<td>Permeability of free space<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 4 \\pi \\times 10^{-7} \\;\\text{T} \\cdot \\;\\text{m}\/ \\text{A}$<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.26 \\times 10^{-6} \\;\\text{T} \\cdot \\text{m} \/ \\text{A}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex h $<\/td>\r\n<td>Planck\u2019s constant<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 6.62606957(29) \\times 10^{-34} \\;\\text{J} \\cdot \\text{s}$<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 6.63 \\times 10^{-34} \\;\\text{J} \\cdot \\text{s}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1125517\" summary=\"Four-column table of submicroscopic masses. Column one lists the symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\r\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\r\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\r\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex m_e$<\/td>\r\n<td>Electron mass<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 9.10938291(40) \\times 10^{-31} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 9.11 \\times 10^{-31} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex m_p $<\/td>\r\n<td>Proton mass<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.672621777(74) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.6726 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex m_n $<\/td>\r\n<td>Neutron mass<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.674927351(74) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.6749 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{u} $<\/td>\r\n<td>Atomic mass unit<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.660538921(73) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.6605 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Table 4.<\/strong> Submicroscopic Masses<sup><a name=\"footnote-ref2\" href=\"#footnote2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table summary=\"Three column table of solar system data. Column one has only three entries: Sun, Earth, and Moon. Column two describes various measurements for each of these heavenly bodies, and column three lists the value for each measurement.\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Sun<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>mass<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.99 \\times 10^{30} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>average radius<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 6.96 \\times 10^8 \\text{m}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Earth-sun distance (average)<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.496 \\times 10^{11} \\text{m} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Earth<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>mass<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 5.9736 \\times 10^{24} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>average radius<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 6.376 \\times 10^6 \\text{m}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>orbital period<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 3.16 \\times 10^7 \\text{s} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Moon<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>mass<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 7.35 \\times 10^{22} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>average radius<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1.74 \\times 10^6 \\text{m} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>orbital period (average)<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 2.36 \\times 10^6 \\text{s} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Earth-moon distance (average)<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 3.84 \\times 10^8 \\text{m} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Table 5.<\/strong> Solar System Data<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1401348\" summary=\"Six-column table of metric prefixes. Columns one through three list the prefixes symbols, and values to the positive powers of ten. Columns four through six list the prefixes symbols, and values to the negative powers of ten.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\r\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\r\n<th>Value<\/th>\r\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\r\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\r\n<th>Value<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tera<\/td>\r\n<td>T<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{12}$<\/td>\r\n<td>deci<\/td>\r\n<td>d<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{-1}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>giga<\/td>\r\n<td>G<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{9}$<\/td>\r\n<td>centi<\/td>\r\n<td>c<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{-2}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>mega<\/td>\r\n<td>M<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{6}$<\/td>\r\n<td>milli<\/td>\r\n<td>m<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{-3}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>kilo<\/td>\r\n<td>k<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{3}$<\/td>\r\n<td>micro<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\mu $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{-6}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>hecto<\/td>\r\n<td>h<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{2}$<\/td>\r\n<td>nano<\/td>\r\n<td>n<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{-9}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>deka<\/td>\r\n<td>da<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{1}$<\/td>\r\n<td>pico<\/td>\r\n<td>p<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{-12}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\r\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{0} (= 1)$<\/td>\r\n<td>femto<\/td>\r\n<td>f<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 10^{-15}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"6\"><strong>Table 6.<\/strong> Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1374373\" summary=\"Twelve-column table listing letters of the Greek alphabet. The first three columns contain the English spelling, the upper-case letter, and the lower-case letter, respectively. Columns four through six, seven through nine, and ten through twelve also follow this format.\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Alpha<\/td>\r\n<td>A<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\alpha $<\/td>\r\n<td>Eta<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0397<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\eta $<\/td>\r\n<td>Nu<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039d<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\nu $<\/td>\r\n<td>Tau<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a4<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\tau $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Beta<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0392<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\beta $<\/td>\r\n<td>Theta<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0398<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\theta $<\/td>\r\n<td>Xi<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039e<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\xi $<\/td>\r\n<td>Upsilon<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a5<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\upsilon $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Gamma<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0393<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\gamma $<\/td>\r\n<td>Iota<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0399<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\iota $<\/td>\r\n<td>Omicron<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039f<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\o $<\/td>\r\n<td>Phi<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a6<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\phi $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Delta<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0394<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\delta $<\/td>\r\n<td>Kappa<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039a<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\kappa $<\/td>\r\n<td>Pi<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a0<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\pi $<\/td>\r\n<td>Chi<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a7<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\chi $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Epsilon<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0395<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\epsilon $<\/td>\r\n<td>Lambda<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039b<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\lambda $<\/td>\r\n<td>Rho<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a1<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\rho $<\/td>\r\n<td>Psi<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a8<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\psi $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Zeta<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0396<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\zeta $<\/td>\r\n<td>Mu<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039c<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\mu $<\/td>\r\n<td>Sigma<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a3<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\sigma $<\/td>\r\n<td>Omega<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a9<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\omega $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"12\"><strong>Table 7.<\/strong> The Greek Alphabet<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1376084\" summary=\"Four column table of SI Units. Column 1 serves to group the entries in the other three columns into three categories: Fundamental units, Supplementary units, and Derived units. Column two lists the Entity for each unit; column three the Abbreviation; column four the Name.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>Entity<\/th>\r\n<th>Abbreviation<\/th>\r\n<th>Name<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Fundamental units<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Length<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{m} $<\/td>\r\n<td>meter<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Mass<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{kg} $<\/td>\r\n<td>kilogram<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Time<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{s} $<\/td>\r\n<td>second<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Current<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{A} $<\/td>\r\n<td>ampere<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Supplementary unit<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Angle<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{rad}$<\/td>\r\n<td>radian<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Derived units<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Force<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{N} = \\text{kg} \\cdot \\text{m} \/ \\text{s}^2 $<\/td>\r\n<td>newton<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Energy<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{J} = \\text{kg} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{s}^2 $<\/td>\r\n<td>joule<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Power<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{W} = \\text{J} \/ \\text{s}$<\/td>\r\n<td>watt<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{Pa} = \\text{N} \/ \\text{m}^2 $<\/td>\r\n<td>pascal<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Frequency<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{Hz} = 1\/ \\text{s} $<\/td>\r\n<td>hertz<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Electronic potential<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{V} = \\text{J} \/ \\text{C}$<\/td>\r\n<td>volt<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Capacitance<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{F} = \\text{C} \/ \\text{V}$<\/td>\r\n<td>farad<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Charge<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{C} = \\text{s} \\cdot \\text{A}$<\/td>\r\n<td>coulomb<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Resistance<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\Omega = \\text{V} \/ \\text{A}$<\/td>\r\n<td>ohm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Magnetic field<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{T} = \\text{N} \/ (\\text{A} \\cdot \\text{m}) $<\/td>\r\n<td>tesla<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{Bq} = 1 \/ \\text{s}$<\/td>\r\n<td>becquerel<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Table 8.<\/strong> SI Units<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n<table id=\"import-auto-id2371652\" summary=\"Two-column table listing selected British units. Column 1 lists types of measurements. Column two contains equations for the conversion of British units to metric.\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Length<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{inch} \\; (\\text{in.}) = 2.54 \\;\\text{cm} \\; (\\text{exactly}) $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{foot} \\; (\\text{ft}) = 0.3048 \\;\\text{m} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{mile} \\; (\\text{mi}) = 1.609 \\;\\text{km} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Force<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{pound} \\; (\\text{lb}) = 4.448 \\;\\text{N} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Energy<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{British thermal unit} \\; (\\text{Btu}) = 1.055 \\times 10^3 \\text{J}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Power<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{horsepower} \\; (\\text{hp}) = 746 \\;\\text{W}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{lb} \/ \\text{in}^2 = 6.895 \\times 10^3 \\;\\text{Pa}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 9.<\/strong> Selected British Units\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1528540\" summary=\"Two column table listing Other Units. Column one lists various types of measurements. Column two contains conversion equations between various units of measurement. Most of the entries in column one correspond to multiple rows in column two.\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Length<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{light year} \\; (\\text{ly}) = 9.46 \\times 10^{15} \\; \\text{m}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\; \\text{astronomical unit} \\;(\\text{au}) = 1.50 \\times 10^{11} \\; \\text{m}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{nautical mile} = 1.852 \\;\\text{km}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{angstrom} ( \\AA ) = 10^{-10} \\text{m}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Area<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{acre} \\;(\\text{ac}) = 4.05 \\times 10^3 \\text{m}^2$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{square foot} \\; (\\text{ft}^2) = 9.29 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{m}^2 $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{barn} \\;(b) = 10^{-28} \\;\\text{m}^2 $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Volume<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{liter} \\;(L) = 10^{-3} \\; \\text{m}^3 $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{U.S. gallon} \\;(\\text{gal}) = 3.785 \\times 10^{-3} \\;\\text{m}^3 $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Mass<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{solar mass} = 1.99 \\times 10^{30} \\; \\text{kg}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{metric ton} = 10^3 \\;\\text{kg}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{atomic mass unit} \\;(u)= 1.6605 \\times 10^{-27} \\;\\text{kg}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Time<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{year} \\;(\\text{y}) = 3.16 \\times 10^7 \\;\\text{s}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{day} \\;(\\text{d}) = 86,400 \\;\\text{s}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Speed<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{mile per hour} \\;(\\text{mph}) = 1.609 \\;\\text{km} \/ \\text{h} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{nautical mile per hour} \\;(\\text{naut}) = 1.852 \\;\\text{km} \/ \\text{h}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Angle<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{degree} \\;(^{\\circ}) = 1.745 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{rad} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{minute of arc} \\; ($' $latex ) = 1\/60 \\;\\text{degree} $ <\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{second of arc} \\; (\") = 1\/60 \\;\\text{minute of arc} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{grad} = 1.571 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{rad} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Energy<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{kiloton TNT} \\;(\\text{kT}) = 4.2 \\times 10^{12} \\;\\text{J} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\; \\text{kilowatt hour} \\;(\\text{kW} \\cdot h) = 3.60 \\times 10^6 \\;\\text{J}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{food calorie} \\;(\\text{kcal}) = 4186 \\;\\text{J} $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{calorie} \\;(\\text{cal}) = 4.186 \\;\\text{J}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{electron volt} \\;(\\text{eV}) = 1.60 \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{J}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{atmosphere} \\;(\\text{atm}) = 1.013 \\times 10^5 \\;\\text{Pa}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{millimeter of mercury} \\;(\\text{mm Hg}) = 133.3 \\;\\text{Pa}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{torricelli} \\;(\\text{torr}) = 1 \\;\\text{mm Hg} = 133.3 \\;\\text{Pa}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{curie} \\;(\\text{Ci}) = 3.70 \\times 10^{10} \\; \\text{Bq}$<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 9.<\/strong> Other Units\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1610756\" summary=\"Two-column table of Useful formulae. Entries in column one describe the mathematical formulae in column two.\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{Circumference of a circle with radius} \\; \\text{r} \\; \\text{or diameter} \\;\\text{d}$<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex C = 2 \\pi r = \\pi d $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{Area of a circle with radius} \\; r \\;\\text{or diameter} d $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex A = \\pi r^2 = \\pi d^{2}\/4 $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{Area of a sphere with radius} \\; r $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex A = 4 \\pi r^2 $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>$latex \\text{Volume of a sphere with radius} \\; r $<\/td>\r\n<td>$latex V = (4\/3)( \\pi r^3) $<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 10.<\/strong> Useful Formulae\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2>Footnotes<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><a name=\"footnote1\" href=\"#footnote-ref1\">1<\/a> Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a name=\"footnote2\" href=\"#footnote-ref2\">2<\/a> Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p id=\"import-auto-id2300397\">This appendix is broken into several tables.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1211982\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 3<\/a>, Important Constants<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1125517\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 4<\/a>, Submicroscopic Masses<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#eip-903\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 5<\/a>, Solar System Data<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1401348\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 6<\/a>, Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1374373\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 7<\/a>, The Greek Alphabet<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1376084\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 8<\/a>, SI units<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id2371652\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 9<\/a>, Selected British Units<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1528540\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 10<\/a>, Other Units<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#import-auto-id1610756\" class=\"autogenerated-content\">Table 11<\/a>, Useful Formulae<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Table 3.<\/strong> Important Constants<sup><a name=\"footnote-ref1\" href=\"#footnote1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1211982\" summary=\"Four-column table of Important Constants. Column one lists the constant\u2019s symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]c[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Speed of light in vacuum<\/td>\n<td>[latex]2.99792458 \\times 10^8 \\text{m\/s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]3.00 \\times 10^8 \\text{m\/s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]G[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Gravitational constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.67408(31) \\times 10^{-11} \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{kg}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.67 \\times 10^{-11} \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{kg}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]N_A[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Avogadro\u2019s number<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.02214129(27) \\times 10^{23}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.02 \\times 10^{23}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]k[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Boltzmann\u2019s constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.3806488(13) \\times 10^{-23} \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.38 \\times 10^{-23} \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]R[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Gas constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.3144621(75) \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.31 \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K} = 1.99 \\text{cal} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K} = 0.0821 \\text{atm} \\cdot \\text{L} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\sigma[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Stefan-Boltzmann constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]5.670373(21) \\times 10^{-8} \\;\\text{W} \/ \\text{m}^2 \\cdot \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]5.67 \\times 10^{-8} \\;\\text{W} \/ \\text{m}^2 \\cdot \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]k[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Coulomb force constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.987551788 \\dots \\times 10^9 \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{C}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.99 \\times 10^9 \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{C}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]q_e[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Charge on electron<\/td>\n<td>[latex]-1.602176565(35) \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{C}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]-1.60 \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{C}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\varepsilon _0[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Permittivity of free space<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.854187817 \\dots \\times 10^{-12} \\;\\text{C}^2 \/ \\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.85 \\dots \\times 10^{-12} \\;\\text{C}^2 \/ \\text{N} \\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\mu _0[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Permeability of free space<\/td>\n<td>[latex]4 \\pi \\times 10^{-7} \\;\\text{T} \\cdot \\;\\text{m}\/ \\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.26 \\times 10^{-6} \\;\\text{T} \\cdot \\text{m} \/ \\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]h[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Planck\u2019s constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.62606957(29) \\times 10^{-34} \\;\\text{J} \\cdot \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.63 \\times 10^{-34} \\;\\text{J} \\cdot \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1125517\" summary=\"Four-column table of submicroscopic masses. Column one lists the symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]m_e[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Electron mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]9.10938291(40) \\times 10^{-31} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]9.11 \\times 10^{-31} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]m_p[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Proton mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.672621777(74) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.6726 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]m_n[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Neutron mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.674927351(74) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.6749 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\text{u}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Atomic mass unit<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.660538921(73) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.6605 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Table 4.<\/strong> Submicroscopic Masses<sup><a name=\"footnote-ref2\" href=\"#footnote2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table summary=\"Three column table of solar system data. Column one has only three entries: Sun, Earth, and Moon. Column two describes various measurements for each of these heavenly bodies, and column three lists the value for each measurement.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sun<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.99 \\times 10^{30} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.96 \\times 10^8 \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Earth-sun distance (average)<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.496 \\times 10^{11} \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Earth<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]5.9736 \\times 10^{24} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.376 \\times 10^6 \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>orbital period<\/td>\n<td>[latex]3.16 \\times 10^7 \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Moon<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]7.35 \\times 10^{22} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.74 \\times 10^6 \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>orbital period (average)<\/td>\n<td>[latex]2.36 \\times 10^6 \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Earth-moon distance (average)<\/td>\n<td>[latex]3.84 \\times 10^8 \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Table 5.<\/strong> Solar System Data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1401348\" summary=\"Six-column table of metric prefixes. Columns one through three list the prefixes symbols, and values to the positive powers of ten. Columns four through six list the prefixes symbols, and values to the negative powers of ten.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>tera<\/td>\n<td>T<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{12}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>deci<\/td>\n<td>d<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-1}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>giga<\/td>\n<td>G<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{9}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>centi<\/td>\n<td>c<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-2}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mega<\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{6}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>milli<\/td>\n<td>m<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-3}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>kilo<\/td>\n<td>k<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{3}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>micro<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\mu[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-6}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hecto<\/td>\n<td>h<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{2}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>nano<\/td>\n<td>n<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-9}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>deka<\/td>\n<td>da<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{1}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>pico<\/td>\n<td>p<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-12}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{0} (= 1)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>femto<\/td>\n<td>f<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-15}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"6\"><strong>Table 6.<\/strong> Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1374373\" summary=\"Twelve-column table listing letters of the Greek alphabet. The first three columns contain the English spelling, the upper-case letter, and the lower-case letter, respectively. Columns four through six, seven through nine, and ten through twelve also follow this format.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Alpha<\/td>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\alpha[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Eta<\/td>\n<td>\u0397<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\eta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Nu<\/td>\n<td>\u039d<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\nu[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Tau<\/td>\n<td>\u03a4<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\tau[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Beta<\/td>\n<td>\u0392<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\beta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Theta<\/td>\n<td>\u0398<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Xi<\/td>\n<td>\u039e<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\xi[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Upsilon<\/td>\n<td>\u03a5<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\upsilon[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gamma<\/td>\n<td>\u0393<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\gamma[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Iota<\/td>\n<td>\u0399<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\iota[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Omicron<\/td>\n<td>\u039f<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\o[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Phi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a6<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\phi[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Delta<\/td>\n<td>\u0394<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\delta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Kappa<\/td>\n<td>\u039a<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\kappa[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Pi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a0<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\pi[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Chi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a7<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\chi[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Epsilon<\/td>\n<td>\u0395<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\epsilon[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Lambda<\/td>\n<td>\u039b<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\lambda[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Rho<\/td>\n<td>\u03a1<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\rho[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Psi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a8<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\psi[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Zeta<\/td>\n<td>\u0396<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\zeta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Mu<\/td>\n<td>\u039c<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\mu[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Sigma<\/td>\n<td>\u03a3<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sigma[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Omega<\/td>\n<td>\u03a9<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\omega[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"12\"><strong>Table 7.<\/strong> The Greek Alphabet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1376084\" summary=\"Four column table of SI Units. Column 1 serves to group the entries in the other three columns into three categories: Fundamental units, Supplementary units, and Derived units. Column two lists the Entity for each unit; column three the Abbreviation; column four the Name.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Entity<\/th>\n<th>Abbreviation<\/th>\n<th>Name<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fundamental units<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Length<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>meter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>kilogram<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Time<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>second<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Current<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>ampere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Supplementary unit<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Angle<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{rad}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>radian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Derived units<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Force<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{N} = \\text{kg} \\cdot \\text{m} \/ \\text{s}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>newton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{J} = \\text{kg} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{s}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>joule<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Power<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{W} = \\text{J} \/ \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>watt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Pa} = \\text{N} \/ \\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>pascal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Frequency<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Hz} = 1\/ \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>hertz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Electronic potential<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{V} = \\text{J} \/ \\text{C}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>volt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Capacitance<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{F} = \\text{C} \/ \\text{V}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>farad<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Charge<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{C} = \\text{s} \\cdot \\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>coulomb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Resistance<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\Omega = \\text{V} \/ \\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>ohm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Magnetic field<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{T} = \\text{N} \/ (\\text{A} \\cdot \\text{m})[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>tesla<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Bq} = 1 \/ \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>becquerel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Table 8.<\/strong> SI Units<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id2371652\" summary=\"Two-column table listing selected British units. Column 1 lists types of measurements. Column two contains equations for the conversion of British units to metric.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Length<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{inch} \\; (\\text{in.}) = 2.54 \\;\\text{cm} \\; (\\text{exactly})[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{foot} \\; (\\text{ft}) = 0.3048 \\;\\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{mile} \\; (\\text{mi}) = 1.609 \\;\\text{km}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Force<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{pound} \\; (\\text{lb}) = 4.448 \\;\\text{N}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{British thermal unit} \\; (\\text{Btu}) = 1.055 \\times 10^3 \\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Power<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{horsepower} \\; (\\text{hp}) = 746 \\;\\text{W}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{lb} \/ \\text{in}^2 = 6.895 \\times 10^3 \\;\\text{Pa}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 9.<\/strong> Selected British Units\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1528540\" summary=\"Two column table listing Other Units. Column one lists various types of measurements. Column two contains conversion equations between various units of measurement. Most of the entries in column one correspond to multiple rows in column two.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Length<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{light year} \\; (\\text{ly}) = 9.46 \\times 10^{15} \\; \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\; \\text{astronomical unit} \\;(\\text{au}) = 1.50 \\times 10^{11} \\; \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{nautical mile} = 1.852 \\;\\text{km}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{angstrom} ( \\AA ) = 10^{-10} \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Area<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{acre} \\;(\\text{ac}) = 4.05 \\times 10^3 \\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{square foot} \\; (\\text{ft}^2) = 9.29 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{barn} \\;(b) = 10^{-28} \\;\\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Volume<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{liter} \\;(L) = 10^{-3} \\; \\text{m}^3[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{U.S. gallon} \\;(\\text{gal}) = 3.785 \\times 10^{-3} \\;\\text{m}^3[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{solar mass} = 1.99 \\times 10^{30} \\; \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{metric ton} = 10^3 \\;\\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{atomic mass unit} \\;(u)= 1.6605 \\times 10^{-27} \\;\\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Time<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{year} \\;(\\text{y}) = 3.16 \\times 10^7 \\;\\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{day} \\;(\\text{d}) = 86,400 \\;\\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Speed<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{mile per hour} \\;(\\text{mph}) = 1.609 \\;\\text{km} \/ \\text{h}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{nautical mile per hour} \\;(\\text{naut}) = 1.852 \\;\\text{km} \/ \\text{h}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Angle<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{degree} \\;(^{\\circ}) = 1.745 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{rad}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{minute of arc} \\; ([\/latex]&#8216; [latex]) = 1\/60 \\;\\text{degree}[\/latex] <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{second of arc} \\; (\") = 1\/60 \\;\\text{minute of arc}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{grad} = 1.571 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{rad}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{kiloton TNT} \\;(\\text{kT}) = 4.2 \\times 10^{12} \\;\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\; \\text{kilowatt hour} \\;(\\text{kW} \\cdot h) = 3.60 \\times 10^6 \\;\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{food calorie} \\;(\\text{kcal}) = 4186 \\;\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{calorie} \\;(\\text{cal}) = 4.186 \\;\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{electron volt} \\;(\\text{eV}) = 1.60 \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{atmosphere} \\;(\\text{atm}) = 1.013 \\times 10^5 \\;\\text{Pa}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{millimeter of mercury} \\;(\\text{mm Hg}) = 133.3 \\;\\text{Pa}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{torricelli} \\;(\\text{torr}) = 1 \\;\\text{mm Hg} = 133.3 \\;\\text{Pa}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{curie} \\;(\\text{Ci}) = 3.70 \\times 10^{10} \\; \\text{Bq}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 9.<\/strong> Other Units\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1610756\" summary=\"Two-column table of Useful formulae. Entries in column one describe the mathematical formulae in column two.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Circumference of a circle with radius} \\; \\text{r} \\; \\text{or diameter} \\;\\text{d}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]C = 2 \\pi r = \\pi d[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Area of a circle with radius} \\; r \\;\\text{or diameter} d[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]A = \\pi r^2 = \\pi d^{2}\/4[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Area of a sphere with radius} \\; r[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]A = 4 \\pi r^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Volume of a sphere with radius} \\; r[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]V = (4\/3)( \\pi r^3)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 10.<\/strong> Useful Formulae\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<h2>Footnotes<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a name=\"footnote1\" href=\"#footnote-ref1\" id=\"footnote1\">1<\/a> Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"footnote2\" href=\"#footnote-ref2\" id=\"footnote2\">2<\/a> Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[27],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1613","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry","back-matter-type-appendix"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1613","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1613\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4204,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1613\/revisions\/4204"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/1613\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1613"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=1613"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1613"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1613"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}