{"id":1016,"date":"2017-08-30T14:38:21","date_gmt":"2017-08-30T18:38:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/chapter\/11-2-naming-skeletal-muscles\/"},"modified":"2018-06-23T17:35:40","modified_gmt":"2018-06-23T21:35:40","slug":"11-2-naming-skeletal-muscles","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/chapter\/11-2-naming-skeletal-muscles\/","title":{"raw":"11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles","rendered":"11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Specify some of the criteria used in the naming of muscles<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id2715245\">The Greeks and Romans conducted the first studies done on the human body in Western culture. The educated class of subsequent societies studied Latin and Greek, and therefore the early pioneers of anatomy continued to apply Latin and Greek terminology or roots when they named the skeletal muscles. The large number of muscles in the body and unfamiliar words can make learning the names of the muscles in the body seem daunting, but understanding the etymology can help. Etymology is the study of how the root of a particular word entered a language and how the use of the word evolved over time. Taking the time to learn the root of the words is crucial to understanding the vocabulary of anatomy and physiology. When you understand the names of muscles it will help you remember where the muscles are located and what they do (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch11_02_01\">Figure 1<\/a>, <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch11_02_02\">Figure 2<\/a>, and <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#tbl-ch11_02\">Table 2<\/a>). Pronunciation of words and terms will take a bit of time to master, but after you have some basic information; the correct names and pronunciations will become easier.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"fig-ch11_02_01\">\r\n<div class=\"title\"><\/div>\r\n<figcaption><\/figcaption>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"380\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/149\/2017\/08\/1105_Anterior_and_Posterior_Views_of_Muscles-3.jpg\" alt=\"The top panel shows the anterior view of the human body with the major muscles labeled. The bottom panel shows the posterior view of the human body with the major muscles labeled.\" width=\"380\" height=\"3033\" \/> Figure 1. Overview of the Muscular System. On the anterior and posterior views of the muscular system above, superficial muscles (those at the surface) are shown on the right side of the body while deep muscles (those underneath the superficial muscles) are shown on the left half of the body. For the legs, superficial muscles are shown in the anterior view while the posterior view shows both superficial and deep muscles.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"fig-ch11_02_02\">\r\n<div class=\"title\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/149\/2017\/08\/1126_Understand_A_Muscle_from_the_Latin-3.jpg\" alt=\"This table shows two examples of muscle names and how to translate them based on their Latin roots. The first row uses abductor digiti minimi as an example. The word abductor comes from the Latin roots ab, which means away from, and duct, which means to move. Therefore an abductor is a muscle that moves away from something. The word digiti comes from the Latin root digititus, which means digit and refers to a finger or toe. The word minimi comes from the Latin root minimus, which means minimum, tiny, or little. Therefore, the abductor digiti minimi is a muscle that moves the little finger or toe away. The second row uses the adductor digiti minimi as an example. The word adductor comes from the Latin root ad, which means to or toward, and duct, which means to move. Therefore an adductor is a muscle that moves toward something. As with the abductor digiti minimi, digiti refers to a finger or toe and minimi refers to something that is little. Therefore the adductor digiti minimi is a muscle that moves the little finger or toe forward.\" width=\"520\" height=\"758\" \/> Figure 2. Understanding a Muscle Name from the Latin[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<table id=\"tbl-ch11_02\" summary=\"\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"3\">Mnemonic Device for Latin Roots (Table 2)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Example<\/th>\r\n<th>Latin or Greek Translation<\/th>\r\n<th>Mnemonic Device<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ad<\/td>\r\n<td>to; toward<\/td>\r\n<td>ADvance toward your goal<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ab<\/td>\r\n<td>away from<\/td>\r\n<td>n\/a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>sub<\/td>\r\n<td>under<\/td>\r\n<td>SUBmarines move under water.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>ductor<\/td>\r\n<td>something that moves<\/td>\r\n<td>A conDUCTOR makes a train move.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>anti<\/td>\r\n<td>against<\/td>\r\n<td>If you are antisocial, you are against engaging in social activities.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>epi<\/td>\r\n<td>on top of<\/td>\r\n<td>n\/a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>apo<\/td>\r\n<td>to the side of<\/td>\r\n<td>n\/a<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>longissimus<\/td>\r\n<td>longest<\/td>\r\n<td>\u201cLongissimus\u201d is longer than the word \u201clong.\u201d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>longus<\/td>\r\n<td>long<\/td>\r\n<td>long<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>brevis<\/td>\r\n<td>short<\/td>\r\n<td>brief<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>maximus<\/td>\r\n<td>large<\/td>\r\n<td>max<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>medius<\/td>\r\n<td>medium<\/td>\r\n<td>\u201cMedius\u201d and \u201cmedium\u201d both begin with \u201cmed.\u201d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>minimus<\/td>\r\n<td>tiny; little<\/td>\r\n<td>mini<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>rectus<\/td>\r\n<td>straight<\/td>\r\n<td>To RECTify a situation is to straighten it out.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>multi<\/td>\r\n<td>many<\/td>\r\n<td>If something is MULTIcolored, it has many colors.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>uni<\/td>\r\n<td>one<\/td>\r\n<td>A UNIcorn has one horn.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>bi\/di<\/td>\r\n<td>two<\/td>\r\n<td>If a ring is DIcast, it is made of two metals.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tri<\/td>\r\n<td>three<\/td>\r\n<td>TRIple the amount of money is three times as much.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>quad<\/td>\r\n<td>four<\/td>\r\n<td>QUADruplets are four children born at one birth.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>externus<\/td>\r\n<td>outside<\/td>\r\n<td>EXternal<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>internus<\/td>\r\n<td>inside<\/td>\r\n<td>INternal<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id2100861\">Anatomists name the skeletal muscles according to a number of criteria, each of which describes the muscle in some way. These include naming the muscle after its shape, the direction of its muscle fibers, its size compared to other muscles in the area, its location in the body or the location of its attachments to the skeleton, how many origins it has, or its action.\u00a0 Often, a muscle's name will refer to several of these characteristics.<\/p>\r\nThe shapes of some muscles are very distinctive and the names, such as <strong>orbicularis<\/strong>\u00a0for \"orbit\" or\u00a0<strong>deltoid<\/strong>\u00a0for the Greek letter delta (which looks like a triangle),\u00a0reflect their shape.\u00a0\u00a0The direction of the muscle fibers and fascicles of a muscle can be used to name muscles by describing their orientation relative to the longitudinal axis of the body or of a limb, such as the <strong>rectus<\/strong> (straight) abdominis, or the <strong>oblique<\/strong> (at an angle) muscles of the abdomen, or the <strong>rectus<\/strong> femoris.\r\n\r\nFor the buttocks, the size of the muscles influences the names: gluteus <strong>maximus<\/strong> (largest), gluteus <strong>medius<\/strong> (medium), and the gluteus <strong>minimus<\/strong> (smallest). Names are also given to muscles that indicate length\u2014<strong>brevis<\/strong> (short), or\u00a0<strong>longus<\/strong> (long).\u00a0\u00a0Some muscle names are used indicate the number of muscles in a group. One example of this is the quadriceps, a group of four muscles located on the anterior (front) thigh.\r\n\r\nThe skeletal muscle\u2019s anatomical location or its relationship to a particular bone often determines its name. For example, the <strong>frontalis <\/strong>muscle is located on top of the frontal bone of the skull, and the rectus <strong>femoris<\/strong> is located along the femur.\u00a0 Some muscles are named after their position relative to the midline: <strong>lateralis<\/strong>\u00a0appears in the names of muscles located away from the midline, and <strong>medialis<\/strong>\u00a0for muscles closer to the midline.\r\n<p id=\"fs-id2279191\">The location of a muscle\u2019s attachment can also appear in its name. When the name of a muscle is based on the attachments, the origin is always named first. For instance, the <strong>sternocleidomastoid<\/strong> muscle of the neck has a dual origin on the sternum (\"sterno\") and clavicle (\"cleido\"), and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone.\u00a0 Other muscle names can provide information as to how many origins a particular muscle has, such as the biceps brachii. The prefix <strong>bi<\/strong> indicates that the muscle has two origins, and\u00a0<strong>tri<\/strong> indicates three origins.<\/p>\r\nThe last feature by which to name a muscle is its action. When muscles are named for the movement they produce, one can find action words in their name. Some examples are <strong>flexor<\/strong> (decreases the angle at the joint), <strong>extensor<\/strong> (increases the angle at the joint), <strong>abductor<\/strong> (moves the bone away from the midline), or <strong>adductor<\/strong> (moves the bone toward the midline).\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-id2134693\" class=\"summary\">\r\n<h1><\/h1>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Specify some of the criteria used in the naming of muscles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-id2715245\">The Greeks and Romans conducted the first studies done on the human body in Western culture. The educated class of subsequent societies studied Latin and Greek, and therefore the early pioneers of anatomy continued to apply Latin and Greek terminology or roots when they named the skeletal muscles. The large number of muscles in the body and unfamiliar words can make learning the names of the muscles in the body seem daunting, but understanding the etymology can help. Etymology is the study of how the root of a particular word entered a language and how the use of the word evolved over time. Taking the time to learn the root of the words is crucial to understanding the vocabulary of anatomy and physiology. When you understand the names of muscles it will help you remember where the muscles are located and what they do (<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch11_02_01\">Figure 1<\/a>, <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fig-ch11_02_02\">Figure 2<\/a>, and <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#tbl-ch11_02\">Table 2<\/a>). Pronunciation of words and terms will take a bit of time to master, but after you have some basic information; the correct names and pronunciations will become easier.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"fig-ch11_02_01\">\n<div class=\"title\"><\/div><figcaption><\/figcaption><figure style=\"width: 380px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/149\/2017\/08\/1105_Anterior_and_Posterior_Views_of_Muscles-3.jpg\" alt=\"The top panel shows the anterior view of the human body with the major muscles labeled. The bottom panel shows the posterior view of the human body with the major muscles labeled.\" width=\"380\" height=\"3033\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Overview of the Muscular System. On the anterior and posterior views of the muscular system above, superficial muscles (those at the surface) are shown on the right side of the body while deep muscles (those underneath the superficial muscles) are shown on the left half of the body. For the legs, superficial muscles are shown in the anterior view while the posterior view shows both superficial and deep muscles.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<figure id=\"fig-ch11_02_02\">\n<div class=\"title\"><\/div>\n<figure style=\"width: 520px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/149\/2017\/08\/1126_Understand_A_Muscle_from_the_Latin-3.jpg\" alt=\"This table shows two examples of muscle names and how to translate them based on their Latin roots. The first row uses abductor digiti minimi as an example. The word abductor comes from the Latin roots ab, which means away from, and duct, which means to move. Therefore an abductor is a muscle that moves away from something. The word digiti comes from the Latin root digititus, which means digit and refers to a finger or toe. The word minimi comes from the Latin root minimus, which means minimum, tiny, or little. Therefore, the abductor digiti minimi is a muscle that moves the little finger or toe away. The second row uses the adductor digiti minimi as an example. The word adductor comes from the Latin root ad, which means to or toward, and duct, which means to move. Therefore an adductor is a muscle that moves toward something. As with the abductor digiti minimi, digiti refers to a finger or toe and minimi refers to something that is little. Therefore the adductor digiti minimi is a muscle that moves the little finger or toe forward.\" width=\"520\" height=\"758\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Understanding a Muscle Name from the Latin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<table id=\"tbl-ch11_02\" summary=\"\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\">Mnemonic Device for Latin Roots (Table 2)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<th>Latin or Greek Translation<\/th>\n<th>Mnemonic Device<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ad<\/td>\n<td>to; toward<\/td>\n<td>ADvance toward your goal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ab<\/td>\n<td>away from<\/td>\n<td>n\/a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sub<\/td>\n<td>under<\/td>\n<td>SUBmarines move under water.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>ductor<\/td>\n<td>something that moves<\/td>\n<td>A conDUCTOR makes a train move.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>anti<\/td>\n<td>against<\/td>\n<td>If you are antisocial, you are against engaging in social activities.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>epi<\/td>\n<td>on top of<\/td>\n<td>n\/a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>apo<\/td>\n<td>to the side of<\/td>\n<td>n\/a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>longissimus<\/td>\n<td>longest<\/td>\n<td>\u201cLongissimus\u201d is longer than the word \u201clong.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>longus<\/td>\n<td>long<\/td>\n<td>long<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>brevis<\/td>\n<td>short<\/td>\n<td>brief<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>maximus<\/td>\n<td>large<\/td>\n<td>max<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>medius<\/td>\n<td>medium<\/td>\n<td>\u201cMedius\u201d and \u201cmedium\u201d both begin with \u201cmed.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>minimus<\/td>\n<td>tiny; little<\/td>\n<td>mini<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>rectus<\/td>\n<td>straight<\/td>\n<td>To RECTify a situation is to straighten it out.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>multi<\/td>\n<td>many<\/td>\n<td>If something is MULTIcolored, it has many colors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>uni<\/td>\n<td>one<\/td>\n<td>A UNIcorn has one horn.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>bi\/di<\/td>\n<td>two<\/td>\n<td>If a ring is DIcast, it is made of two metals.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>tri<\/td>\n<td>three<\/td>\n<td>TRIple the amount of money is three times as much.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>quad<\/td>\n<td>four<\/td>\n<td>QUADruplets are four children born at one birth.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>externus<\/td>\n<td>outside<\/td>\n<td>EXternal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>internus<\/td>\n<td>inside<\/td>\n<td>INternal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p id=\"fs-id2100861\">Anatomists name the skeletal muscles according to a number of criteria, each of which describes the muscle in some way. These include naming the muscle after its shape, the direction of its muscle fibers, its size compared to other muscles in the area, its location in the body or the location of its attachments to the skeleton, how many origins it has, or its action.\u00a0 Often, a muscle&#8217;s name will refer to several of these characteristics.<\/p>\n<p>The shapes of some muscles are very distinctive and the names, such as <strong>orbicularis<\/strong>\u00a0for &#8220;orbit&#8221; or\u00a0<strong>deltoid<\/strong>\u00a0for the Greek letter delta (which looks like a triangle),\u00a0reflect their shape.\u00a0\u00a0The direction of the muscle fibers and fascicles of a muscle can be used to name muscles by describing their orientation relative to the longitudinal axis of the body or of a limb, such as the <strong>rectus<\/strong> (straight) abdominis, or the <strong>oblique<\/strong> (at an angle) muscles of the abdomen, or the <strong>rectus<\/strong> femoris.<\/p>\n<p>For the buttocks, the size of the muscles influences the names: gluteus <strong>maximus<\/strong> (largest), gluteus <strong>medius<\/strong> (medium), and the gluteus <strong>minimus<\/strong> (smallest). Names are also given to muscles that indicate length\u2014<strong>brevis<\/strong> (short), or\u00a0<strong>longus<\/strong> (long).\u00a0\u00a0Some muscle names are used indicate the number of muscles in a group. One example of this is the quadriceps, a group of four muscles located on the anterior (front) thigh.<\/p>\n<p>The skeletal muscle\u2019s anatomical location or its relationship to a particular bone often determines its name. For example, the <strong>frontalis <\/strong>muscle is located on top of the frontal bone of the skull, and the rectus <strong>femoris<\/strong> is located along the femur.\u00a0 Some muscles are named after their position relative to the midline: <strong>lateralis<\/strong>\u00a0appears in the names of muscles located away from the midline, and <strong>medialis<\/strong>\u00a0for muscles closer to the midline.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2279191\">The location of a muscle\u2019s attachment can also appear in its name. When the name of a muscle is based on the attachments, the origin is always named first. For instance, the <strong>sternocleidomastoid<\/strong> muscle of the neck has a dual origin on the sternum (&#8220;sterno&#8221;) and clavicle (&#8220;cleido&#8221;), and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone.\u00a0 Other muscle names can provide information as to how many origins a particular muscle has, such as the biceps brachii. The prefix <strong>bi<\/strong> indicates that the muscle has two origins, and\u00a0<strong>tri<\/strong> indicates three origins.<\/p>\n<p>The last feature by which to name a muscle is its action. When muscles are named for the movement they produce, one can find action words in their name. Some examples are <strong>flexor<\/strong> (decreases the angle at the joint), <strong>extensor<\/strong> (increases the angle at the joint), <strong>abductor<\/strong> (moves the bone away from the midline), or <strong>adductor<\/strong> (moves the bone toward the midline).<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-id2134693\" class=\"summary\">\n<h1><\/h1>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1016","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1004,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1016","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1016\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1499,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1016\/revisions\/1499"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1004"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1016\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1016"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1016"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1016"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol11031109\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1016"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}