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Zoë Soon
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Describe the body’s surface membranes and barriers that defend against pathogens including the body’s physical and chemical mechanisms of defense.
- Describe innate defenses that involve diapedesis, chemotaxis, opsonization, and membrane attack complexes.
- List the phagocytic cells involved in innate defense and explain the steps involved in phagocytosis.
- Describe the role of natural killer cells as well as their mode of action.
- Explain how complement proteins and interferon cytokines function during innate defense.
- Discuss the role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate defenses.
- List the steps of the inflammatory response, detailing both the cells and chemicals involved.
- Explain the cause of the four cardinal signs of inflammation and why inflammation can be beneficial.
- Describe different types of pyrogens.
- Explain how fever occurs and why fever can be beneficial.
The major organs of the
