{"id":206,"date":"2023-12-04T10:22:41","date_gmt":"2023-12-04T15:22:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/chapter\/chapter-2-emphysema\/"},"modified":"2023-12-04T10:31:30","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T15:31:30","slug":"chapter-2-emphysema","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/chapter\/chapter-2-emphysema\/","title":{"raw":"Emphysema Chapter Overview","rendered":"Emphysema Chapter Overview"},"content":{"raw":"\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Learning Objectives<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nAt the end of this chapter, you will be able to:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Describe the pathophysiology of emphysema as a consequence of chronic injury and inflammation.<\/li>\n \t<li>Identify key histological features associated with emphysema.<\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Outline expected clinical changes in a patient in response to remodelling, loss of alveolar tissue&nbsp; &amp; lung elasticity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nThis chapter is about emphysema, a condition that is under the umbrella term of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ([pb_glossary id=\"775\"]COPD[\/pb_glossary]).&nbsp; Emphysema is chronic condition of continuous lung injury and inflammation which will progressively worsen with no known cure.&nbsp; Thus, it takes many health care providers working collaboratively to manage an emphysema patient during the exacerbations and progression of their disease.\n\nThis chapter is subdivided into:\n<ul>\n \t<li>Pre-test<\/li>\n \t<li>Normal lung anatomy and histology<\/li>\n \t<li>Normal physiology of breathing<\/li>\n \t<li>Inflammation and Tissue remodeling<\/li>\n \t<li>Pathophysiology and histopathology of emphysema<\/li>\n \t<li>Interview with health care professionals diagnosing\/treating those with emphysema and its complications\n<ul>\n \t<li>Medical Radiographer (Computerized tomography)<\/li>\n \t<li>Nurse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n \t<li>Case study of a patient experiencing exacerbation with COPD and her patient journey and interactions with health care professionals<\/li>\n \t<li>Post-test<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Abbreviations<\/h1>\nThe following abbreviations are used throughout the chapter.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 375px\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;AAT&quot;}\">AAT<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Alpha-1-Antitrypsin&quot;}\">Alpha-1-Antitrypsin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;COPD&quot;}\">COPD<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease&quot;}\">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CPAP&quot;}\">CPAP<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Continuous Positive Airway Pressure&quot;}\">Continuous Positive Airway Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CT&quot;}\">CT<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Computed Tomography&quot;}\">Computed Tomography<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;DRG&quot;}\">DRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Dorsal Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Dorsal Respiratory Group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;ERV&quot;}\">ERV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Expiratory Reserve Volume&quot;}\">Expiratory Reserve Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;FRC&quot;}\">FRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Functional Residual Capacity&quot;}\">Functional Residual Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;HRVC&quot;}\">HRVC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Human Rhinovirus C&quot;}\">Human Rhinovirus C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IC&quot;}\">IC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Inspiratory Capacity&quot;}\">Inspiratory Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IFN-&nbsp;\u03b3&quot;}\">IFN-&nbsp;\u03b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Interferon-\u03b3&quot;}\">Interferon-\u03b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IL-1&quot;}\">IL-1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Interleukin-1 (IL-1)&quot;}\">Interleukin-1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IRV&quot;}\">IRV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Inspiratory Reserve Volume&quot;}\">Inspiratory Reserve Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;LPS&quot;}\">LPS<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Lipopolysaccharide&quot;}\">Lipopolysaccharide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Palv&quot;}\">P<sub>alv<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Intra-alveolar Pressure&quot;}\">Intra-alveolar Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Patm&quot;}\">P<sub>atm<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Atmospheric Pressure&quot;}\">Atmospheric Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PGE2&quot;}\">PGE<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Prostaglandin E2&quot;}\">Prostaglandin E2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pip&quot;}\">P<sub>ip<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Intrapleural Pressure&quot;}\">Intrapleural Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PRG&quot;}\">PRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pontine Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Pontine Respiratory Group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PRRs&quot;}\">PRRs<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pattern Recognition Receptor&quot;}\">Pattern Recognition Receptor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;RV&quot;}\">RV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Residual Volume&quot;}\">Residual Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TLC&quot;}\">TLC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Total Lung Capacity&quot;}\">Total Lung Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TNF&quot;}\">TNF<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Tumour Necrosis Factor&quot;}\">Tumour Necrosis Factor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TV&quot;}\">TV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Tidal Volume&quot;}\">Tidal Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VC&quot;}\">VC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Vital Capacity&quot;}\">Vital Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VRG&quot;}\">VRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ventral Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Ventral Respiratory Group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the pathophysiology of emphysema as a consequence of chronic injury and inflammation.<\/li>\n<li>Identify key histological features associated with emphysema.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1em\">Outline expected clinical changes in a patient in response to remodelling, loss of alveolar tissue&nbsp; &amp; lung elasticity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>This chapter is about emphysema, a condition that is under the umbrella term of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_206_775\">COPD<\/a>).&nbsp; Emphysema is chronic condition of continuous lung injury and inflammation which will progressively worsen with no known cure.&nbsp; Thus, it takes many health care providers working collaboratively to manage an emphysema patient during the exacerbations and progression of their disease.<\/p>\n<p>This chapter is subdivided into:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pre-test<\/li>\n<li>Normal lung anatomy and histology<\/li>\n<li>Normal physiology of breathing<\/li>\n<li>Inflammation and Tissue remodeling<\/li>\n<li>Pathophysiology and histopathology of emphysema<\/li>\n<li>Interview with health care professionals diagnosing\/treating those with emphysema and its complications\n<ul>\n<li>Medical Radiographer (Computerized tomography)<\/li>\n<li>Nurse<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Case study of a patient experiencing exacerbation with COPD and her patient journey and interactions with health care professionals<\/li>\n<li>Post-test<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Abbreviations<\/h1>\n<p>The following abbreviations are used throughout the chapter.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 375px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;AAT&quot;}\">AAT<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Alpha-1-Antitrypsin&quot;}\">Alpha-1-Antitrypsin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;COPD&quot;}\">COPD<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease&quot;}\">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CPAP&quot;}\">CPAP<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Continuous Positive Airway Pressure&quot;}\">Continuous Positive Airway Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CT&quot;}\">CT<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Computed Tomography&quot;}\">Computed Tomography<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;DRG&quot;}\">DRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Dorsal Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Dorsal Respiratory Group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;ERV&quot;}\">ERV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Expiratory Reserve Volume&quot;}\">Expiratory Reserve Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;FRC&quot;}\">FRC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Functional Residual Capacity&quot;}\">Functional Residual Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;HRVC&quot;}\">HRVC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Human Rhinovirus C&quot;}\">Human Rhinovirus C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IC&quot;}\">IC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Inspiratory Capacity&quot;}\">Inspiratory Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IFN-&nbsp;\u03b3&quot;}\">IFN-&nbsp;\u03b3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Interferon-\u03b3&quot;}\">Interferon-\u03b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IL-1&quot;}\">IL-1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Interleukin-1 (IL-1)&quot;}\">Interleukin-1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IRV&quot;}\">IRV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Inspiratory Reserve Volume&quot;}\">Inspiratory Reserve Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;LPS&quot;}\">LPS<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Lipopolysaccharide&quot;}\">Lipopolysaccharide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Palv&quot;}\">P<sub>alv<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Intra-alveolar Pressure&quot;}\">Intra-alveolar Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Patm&quot;}\">P<sub>atm<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Atmospheric Pressure&quot;}\">Atmospheric Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PGE2&quot;}\">PGE<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Prostaglandin E2&quot;}\">Prostaglandin E2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pip&quot;}\">P<sub>ip<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Intrapleural Pressure&quot;}\">Intrapleural Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PRG&quot;}\">PRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pontine Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Pontine Respiratory Group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;PRRs&quot;}\">PRRs<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Pattern Recognition Receptor&quot;}\">Pattern Recognition Receptor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;RV&quot;}\">RV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Residual Volume&quot;}\">Residual Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TLC&quot;}\">TLC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Total Lung Capacity&quot;}\">Total Lung Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TNF&quot;}\">TNF<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Tumour Necrosis Factor&quot;}\">Tumour Necrosis Factor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TV&quot;}\">TV<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Tidal Volume&quot;}\">Tidal Volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VC&quot;}\">VC<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Vital Capacity&quot;}\">Vital Capacity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 15px\">\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%;height: 15px\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VRG&quot;}\">VRG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ventral Respiratory Group&quot;}\">Ventral Respiratory Group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_206_775\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_206_775\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is an umbrella term for chronic pulmonary diseases that progressively narrows &amp; obstructs the airways - especially during exhalation.  This makes it progressively harder to breathe.  Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the most common examples of COPD<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":103,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["jen-2"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[117],"license":[],"class_list":["post-206","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-jen-2"],"part":205,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/206","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/206\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1251,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/206\/revisions\/1251"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/205"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/206\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=206"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=206"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=206"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=206"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}