{"id":277,"date":"2023-12-04T10:23:32","date_gmt":"2023-12-04T15:23:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/chapter\/the-lungs\/"},"modified":"2023-12-04T10:45:03","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T15:45:03","slug":"the-lungs","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/chapter\/the-lungs\/","title":{"raw":"Lung Anatomy","rendered":"Lung Anatomy"},"content":{"raw":"\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Describe the overall function of the lung<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Summarize the blood flow pattern associated with the lungs<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Outline the anatomy of the blood supply to the lungs<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Describe the pleura of the lungs and their function<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n\nA major organ of the respiratory system, each [pb_glossary id=\"1091\"]lung[\/pb_glossary] houses structures of both the conducting and respiratory zones. The main function of the lungs is to perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with air from the atmosphere. To this end, the lungs exchange respiratory gases across a very large epithelial surface area\u2014about 70 square meters\u2014that is highly permeable to gases.\n<h2>Gross Anatomy of the Lungs<\/h2>\nThe lungs are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi; on the inferior (lower) surface, the lungs are bordered by the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the flat, dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic cavity. The lungs are enclosed by the pleurae, which are attached to the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung, and the left lung occupies a smaller volume than the right. The [pb_glossary id=\"957\"]cardiac notch[\/pb_glossary] is an indentation on the surface of the left lung, and it allows space for the heart (Figure 6.1). The apex of the lung is the superior (upper) region, whereas the base is the opposite region near the diaphragm. The costal surface of the lung borders the ribs. The mediastinal surface faces the midline.\n\nGross Anatomy of the Lungs\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"430\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/2312_Gross_Anatomy_of_the_Lungs.jpg\" alt=\"This figure shows the structure of the lungs with the major parts labeled.\" width=\"430\" height=\"1304\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\"> <strong>Figure 6.1<\/strong>&nbsp;<em>Gross anatomy of the lungs.<\/em>[\/caption]\n\nEach lung is composed of smaller units called lobes. Fissures separate these lobes from each other. The right lung consists of three lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior lobes. The left lung consists of two lobes: the superior and inferior lobes. A bronchopulmonary segment is a division of a lobe, and each lobe houses multiple bronchopulmonary segments. Each segment receives air from its own tertiary bronchus and is supplied with blood by its own artery. Some diseases of the lungs typically affect one or more bronchopulmonary segments, and in some cases, the diseased segments can be surgically removed with little influence on neighboring segments. A pulmonary lobule is a subdivision formed as the bronchi branch into bronchioles. Each lobule receives its own large bronchiole that has multiple branches. An interlobular septum is a wall, composed of connective tissue, which separates lobules from one another.\n<h2>Blood Supply and Nervous Innervation of the Lungs<\/h2>\nThe blood supply of the lungs plays an important role in gas exchange and serves as a transport system for gases throughout the body. In addition, innervation by the both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems provides an important level of control through dilation and constriction of the airway.\n<h3>Blood Supply<\/h3>\nThe major function of the lungs is to perform gas exchange, which requires blood from the pulmonary circulation. This blood supply contains deoxygenated blood and travels to the lungs where erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, pick up oxygen to be transported to tissues throughout the body. The [pb_glossary id=\"1095\"]pulmonary artery[\/pb_glossary] is an artery that arises from the pulmonary trunk and carries deoxygenated, arterial blood to the alveoli. The pulmonary artery branches multiple times as it follows the bronchi, and each branch becomes progressively smaller in diameter. One arteriole and an accompanying venule supply and drain one pulmonary lobule. As they near the alveoli, the pulmonary arteries become the pulmonary capillary network. The pulmonary capillary network consists of tiny vessels with very thin walls that lack smooth muscle fibers. The capillaries branch and follow the bronchioles and structure of the alveoli. It is at this point that the capillary wall meets the alveolar wall, creating the respiratory membrane. Once the blood is oxygenated, it drains from the alveoli by way of multiple pulmonary veins, which exit the lungs through the [pb_glossary id=\"1090\"]hilum[\/pb_glossary].\n<h3>Nervous Innervation<\/h3>\nDilation and constriction of the airway are achieved through nervous control by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The parasympathetic system causes [pb_glossary id=\"1088\"]bronchoconstriction[\/pb_glossary] (narrowing of the bronchi), whereas the sympathetic nervous system stimulates [pb_glossary id=\"1089\"]bronchodilation[\/pb_glossary] (opening of the bronchi). Reflexes such as coughing, and the ability of the lungs to regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, also result from this autonomic nervous system control. Sensory nerve fibers arise from the vagus nerve, and from the second to fifth thoracic ganglia. The [pb_glossary id=\"1096\"]pulmonary plexus[\/pb_glossary] is a region on the lung root formed by the entrance of the nerves at the hilum. The nerves then follow the bronchi in the lungs and branch to innervate muscle fibers, glands, and blood vessels.\n<h2>Pleura of the Lungs<\/h2>\nEach lung is enclosed within a cavity that is surrounded by the pleura. The pleura (plural = pleurae) is a serous membrane that surrounds the lung. The right and left pleurae, which enclose the right and left lungs, respectively, are separated by the mediastinum. The pleurae consist of two layers. The [pb_glossary id=\"1097\"]visceral pleura[\/pb_glossary] is the layer that is superficial to the lungs, and extends into and lines the lung fissures ((Figure)). In contrast, the [pb_glossary id=\"1092\"]parietal pleura[\/pb_glossary] is the outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The visceral and parietal pleurae connect to each other at the hilum. The [pb_glossary id=\"1093\"]pleural cavity[\/pb_glossary] is the space between the visceral and parietal layers.\n\n&nbsp;\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"440\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/2313_The_Lung_Pleurea.jpg\" alt=\"This figure shows the lungs and the chest wall, which protects the lungs, in the left panel. In the right panel, a magnified image shows the pleural cavity and a pleural sac.\" width=\"440\" height=\"1450\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\"> <strong>Figure 6.2<\/strong> <em>Parietal and Visceral Pleurae of the Lungs<\/em>[\/caption]\n\nThe pleurae perform two major functions: They produce [pb_glossary id=\"1094\"]pleural fluid[\/pb_glossary] and create cavities that separate the major organs. Pleural fluid is secreted by mesothelial cells from both pleural layers and acts to lubricate their surfaces. This lubrication reduces friction between the two layers to prevent trauma during breathing, and creates surface tension that helps maintain the position of the lungs against the thoracic wall. This adhesive characteristic of the pleural fluid causes the lungs to enlarge when the thoracic wall expands during ventilation, allowing the lungs to fill with air. The pleurae also create a division between major organs that prevents interference due to the movement of the organs, while preventing the spread of infection.\n\n&nbsp;\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<h1>Why is there a difference in size and shape between the right and left lungs?<\/h1>\nThe right and left lungs differ in size and shape to accommodate other organs that encroach on the thoracic region. The right lung consists of three lobes and is shorter than the left lung, due to the position of the liver underneath it. The left lung consist of two lobes and is longer and narrower than the right lung. The left lung has a concave region on the mediastinal surface called the cardiac notch that allows space for the heart.\n<h1>Why are the pleurae not damaged during normal breathing?<\/h1>\nThere is a cavity, called the pleural cavity, between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura. Mesothelial cells produce and secrete pleural fluid into the pleural cavity that acts as a lubricant. Therefore, as you breathe, the pleural fluid prevents the two layers of the pleura from rubbing against each other and causing damage due to friction.\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Chapter Review<\/h1>\nThe lungs are the major organs of the respiratory system and are responsible for performing gas exchange. The lungs are paired and separated into lobes; The left lung consists of two lobes, whereas the right lung consists of three lobes. Blood circulation is very important, as blood is required to transport oxygen from the lungs to other tissues throughout the body. The function of the pulmonary circulation is to aid in gas exchange. The pulmonary artery provides deoxygenated blood to the capillaries that form respiratory membranes with the alveoli, and the pulmonary veins return newly oxygenated blood to the heart for further transport throughout the body. The lungs are innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which coordinate the bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction of the airways. The lungs are enclosed by the pleura, a membrane that is composed of visceral and parietal pleural layers. The space between these two layers is called the pleural cavity. The mesothelial cells of the pleural membrane create pleural fluid, which serves as both a lubricant (to reduce friction during breathing) and as an adhesive to adhere the lungs to the thoracic wall (to facilitate movement of the lungs during ventilation).\n<h1>Review Questions<\/h1>\n[h5p id=\"125\"]\n<h1>Adaption<\/h1>\nThis chapter is adapted from the following text:\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/22-2-the-lungs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lungs<\/a>&nbsp;<strong>in&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anatomy and Physiology<\/a>&nbsp;by&nbsp;OSCRiceUniversity&nbsp;is licensed under a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>\n","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Describe the overall function of the lung<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Summarize the blood flow pattern associated with the lungs<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Outline the anatomy of the blood supply to the lungs<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Describe the pleura of the lungs and their function<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A major organ of the respiratory system, each <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_1091\">lung<\/a> houses structures of both the conducting and respiratory zones. The main function of the lungs is to perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with air from the atmosphere. To this end, the lungs exchange respiratory gases across a very large epithelial surface area\u2014about 70 square meters\u2014that is highly permeable to gases.<\/p>\n<h2>Gross Anatomy of the Lungs<\/h2>\n<p>The lungs are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi; on the inferior (lower) surface, the lungs are bordered by the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the flat, dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic cavity. The lungs are enclosed by the pleurae, which are attached to the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung, and the left lung occupies a smaller volume than the right. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_957\">cardiac notch<\/a> is an indentation on the surface of the left lung, and it allows space for the heart (Figure 6.1). The apex of the lung is the superior (upper) region, whereas the base is the opposite region near the diaphragm. The costal surface of the lung borders the ribs. The mediastinal surface faces the midline.<\/p>\n<p>Gross Anatomy of the Lungs<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 430px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/2312_Gross_Anatomy_of_the_Lungs.jpg\" alt=\"This figure shows the structure of the lungs with the major parts labeled.\" width=\"430\" height=\"1304\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 6.1<\/strong>&nbsp;<em>Gross anatomy of the lungs.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Each lung is composed of smaller units called lobes. Fissures separate these lobes from each other. The right lung consists of three lobes: the superior, middle, and inferior lobes. The left lung consists of two lobes: the superior and inferior lobes. A bronchopulmonary segment is a division of a lobe, and each lobe houses multiple bronchopulmonary segments. Each segment receives air from its own tertiary bronchus and is supplied with blood by its own artery. Some diseases of the lungs typically affect one or more bronchopulmonary segments, and in some cases, the diseased segments can be surgically removed with little influence on neighboring segments. A pulmonary lobule is a subdivision formed as the bronchi branch into bronchioles. Each lobule receives its own large bronchiole that has multiple branches. An interlobular septum is a wall, composed of connective tissue, which separates lobules from one another.<\/p>\n<h2>Blood Supply and Nervous Innervation of the Lungs<\/h2>\n<p>The blood supply of the lungs plays an important role in gas exchange and serves as a transport system for gases throughout the body. In addition, innervation by the both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems provides an important level of control through dilation and constriction of the airway.<\/p>\n<h3>Blood Supply<\/h3>\n<p>The major function of the lungs is to perform gas exchange, which requires blood from the pulmonary circulation. This blood supply contains deoxygenated blood and travels to the lungs where erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, pick up oxygen to be transported to tissues throughout the body. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_1095\">pulmonary artery<\/a> is an artery that arises from the pulmonary trunk and carries deoxygenated, arterial blood to the alveoli. The pulmonary artery branches multiple times as it follows the bronchi, and each branch becomes progressively smaller in diameter. One arteriole and an accompanying venule supply and drain one pulmonary lobule. As they near the alveoli, the pulmonary arteries become the pulmonary capillary network. The pulmonary capillary network consists of tiny vessels with very thin walls that lack smooth muscle fibers. The capillaries branch and follow the bronchioles and structure of the alveoli. It is at this point that the capillary wall meets the alveolar wall, creating the respiratory membrane. Once the blood is oxygenated, it drains from the alveoli by way of multiple pulmonary veins, which exit the lungs through the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_1090\">hilum<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Nervous Innervation<\/h3>\n<p>Dilation and constriction of the airway are achieved through nervous control by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The parasympathetic system causes <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_1088\">bronchoconstriction<\/a> (narrowing of the bronchi), whereas the sympathetic nervous system stimulates <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_1089\">bronchodilation<\/a> (opening of the bronchi). Reflexes such as coughing, and the ability of the lungs to regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, also result from this autonomic nervous system control. Sensory nerve fibers arise from the vagus nerve, and from the second to fifth thoracic ganglia. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_1096\">pulmonary plexus<\/a> is a region on the lung root formed by the entrance of the nerves at the hilum. The nerves then follow the bronchi in the lungs and branch to innervate muscle fibers, glands, and blood vessels.<\/p>\n<h2>Pleura of the Lungs<\/h2>\n<p>Each lung is enclosed within a cavity that is surrounded by the pleura. The pleura (plural = pleurae) is a serous membrane that surrounds the lung. The right and left pleurae, which enclose the right and left lungs, respectively, are separated by the mediastinum. The pleurae consist of two layers. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_1097\">visceral pleura<\/a> is the layer that is superficial to the lungs, and extends into and lines the lung fissures ((Figure)). In contrast, the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_1092\">parietal pleura<\/a> is the outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The visceral and parietal pleurae connect to each other at the hilum. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_1093\">pleural cavity<\/a> is the space between the visceral and parietal layers.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 440px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/2313_The_Lung_Pleurea.jpg\" alt=\"This figure shows the lungs and the chest wall, which protects the lungs, in the left panel. In the right panel, a magnified image shows the pleural cavity and a pleural sac.\" width=\"440\" height=\"1450\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 6.2<\/strong> <em>Parietal and Visceral Pleurae of the Lungs<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The pleurae perform two major functions: They produce <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_277_1094\">pleural fluid<\/a> and create cavities that separate the major organs. Pleural fluid is secreted by mesothelial cells from both pleural layers and acts to lubricate their surfaces. This lubrication reduces friction between the two layers to prevent trauma during breathing, and creates surface tension that helps maintain the position of the lungs against the thoracic wall. This adhesive characteristic of the pleural fluid causes the lungs to enlarge when the thoracic wall expands during ventilation, allowing the lungs to fill with air. The pleurae also create a division between major organs that prevents interference due to the movement of the organs, while preventing the spread of infection.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Critical Thinking Questions<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<h1>Why is there a difference in size and shape between the right and left lungs?<\/h1>\n<p>The right and left lungs differ in size and shape to accommodate other organs that encroach on the thoracic region. The right lung consists of three lobes and is shorter than the left lung, due to the position of the liver underneath it. The left lung consist of two lobes and is longer and narrower than the right lung. The left lung has a concave region on the mediastinal surface called the cardiac notch that allows space for the heart.<\/p>\n<h1>Why are the pleurae not damaged during normal breathing?<\/h1>\n<p>There is a cavity, called the pleural cavity, between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura. Mesothelial cells produce and secrete pleural fluid into the pleural cavity that acts as a lubricant. Therefore, as you breathe, the pleural fluid prevents the two layers of the pleura from rubbing against each other and causing damage due to friction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Chapter Review<\/h1>\n<p>The lungs are the major organs of the respiratory system and are responsible for performing gas exchange. The lungs are paired and separated into lobes; The left lung consists of two lobes, whereas the right lung consists of three lobes. Blood circulation is very important, as blood is required to transport oxygen from the lungs to other tissues throughout the body. The function of the pulmonary circulation is to aid in gas exchange. The pulmonary artery provides deoxygenated blood to the capillaries that form respiratory membranes with the alveoli, and the pulmonary veins return newly oxygenated blood to the heart for further transport throughout the body. The lungs are innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, which coordinate the bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction of the airways. The lungs are enclosed by the pleura, a membrane that is composed of visceral and parietal pleural layers. The space between these two layers is called the pleural cavity. The mesothelial cells of the pleural membrane create pleural fluid, which serves as both a lubricant (to reduce friction during breathing) and as an adhesive to adhere the lungs to the thoracic wall (to facilitate movement of the lungs during ventilation).<\/p>\n<h1>Review Questions<\/h1>\n<h1>Adaption<\/h1>\n<p>This chapter is adapted from the following text:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\/pages\/22-2-the-lungs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lungs<\/a>&nbsp;<strong>in&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/anatomy-and-physiology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anatomy and Physiology<\/a>&nbsp;by&nbsp;OSCRiceUniversity&nbsp;is licensed under a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_277_1091\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_1091\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>organ of the respiratory system that performs gas exchange<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_277_957\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_957\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>depression in the medial surface of the inferior lobe of the left lung where the apex of the heart is located<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_277_1095\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_1095\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>artery that arises from the pulmonary trunk and carries deoxygenated, arterial blood to the alveoli<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_277_1090\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_1090\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>concave structure on the mediastinal surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and a bronchus enter the lung<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_277_1088\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_1088\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>decrease in the size of the bronchiole due to contraction of the muscular wall<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_277_1089\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_1089\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>increase in the size of the bronchiole due to contraction of the muscular wall<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_277_1096\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_1096\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>network of autonomic nervous system fibers found near the hilum of the lung<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_277_1097\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_1097\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>innermost layer of the pleura that is superficial to the lungs and extends into the lung fissures<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_277_1092\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_1092\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>outermost layer of the pleura that connects to the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_277_1093\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_1093\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>space between the visceral and parietal pleurae<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_277_1094\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_277_1094\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>substance that acts as a lubricant for the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura during the movement of breathing<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":103,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["j-gordon-betts-hpeufzyxws","kelly-a-young-b1bjkh8ncy","james-a-wise-wkkko84v4m","eddie-johnson-ljviofnjlc","brandon-poe-wtgix7mvyg","dean-h-kruse-fjrrkqc7wi","oksana-korol-7oub79gpn3","jody-e-johnson-mjihsoknzs","mark-womble-0vnowtgn4k","peter-desaix-nez4h62x7j"],"pb_section_license":"cc-by"},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[165],"license":[53],"class_list":["post-277","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry","contributor-peter-desaix-nez4h62x7j","license-cc-by"],"part":271,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/277","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/277\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1267,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/277\/revisions\/1267"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/271"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/277\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=277"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=277"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=277"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=277"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}