{"id":308,"date":"2023-12-04T10:23:48","date_gmt":"2023-12-04T15:23:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/chapter\/2020\/"},"modified":"2023-12-04T10:46:23","modified_gmt":"2023-12-04T15:46:23","slug":"2020","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/chapter\/2020\/","title":{"raw":"Atherosclerosis Chapter Overview","rendered":"Atherosclerosis Chapter Overview"},"content":{"raw":"\n<section class=\"part post-322 type-part status-publish hentry focusable\" data-type=\"part\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Learning Objectives<\/p>\n\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n\nBy the end of this chapter, you will be able to:\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<div>Describe the gross development of atherosclerotic plaques as an inflammatory event<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>Describe the epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies for atherosclerosis<\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div>Histologically, identify the presence of atherosclerotic plaques on vascular tissue<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>\n<div>Correlate clinical findings and history with the pathology observed using atherosclerosis as an example.<\/div><\/li>\n \t<li>List possible consequences of atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture in the vessels of the heart and beyond<\/li>\n \t<li>Briefly describe how interprofessional collaboration of health care professions works towards diagnosis of atherosclerosis and angina<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nIn 2020, the World Health Organization reported that ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in the world&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WHO top 10 causes of death<\/a>. However, what exactly is ischemic heart disease?\n\n<strong>Ischemic heart disease<\/strong> means that the heart is not getting enough oxygen - most likely because there is a restriction of flow of oxygenated blood to the heart tissues.&nbsp; One of the most common causes of this restricted blood flow is atherosclerosis, which involves fatty plaques formation and hardening of blood vessels&nbsp; (<em><strong>Figure 8.1<\/strong><\/em>). That impaired blood flow causes insufficient delivery of oxygen to the heart tissues - causing pain (known as angina) and loss of heart function.\n\nAtherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that involves accumulation of lipid particles (fatty streaks and plaques) on the vessel walls across the vascular tree (primarily vessels serving the heart, brain, lower limbs).&nbsp; Blood flow impairment caused by atherosclerosis can lead to acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke.\n\nKeep in mind that atherosclerotic disease isn't limited to just the coronary vessels and is a systemic condition. Often, this disease process is evident in other parts of the vascular tree, which will similarly cause impaired blood flow and damage to blood vessels.\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/section>\n\n[caption id=\"attachment_307\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-307 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/Ischemic-heart-disease-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\"> <strong>Figure 8.1<\/strong>. Ischemic heart disease&nbsp; - created by Tetiana Povshedna using creative commons license associated with smart.servier.com under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License<\/a>)[\/caption]\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<section class=\"part post-322 type-part status-publish hentry focusable\" data-type=\"part\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.80225em;font-weight: bold;color: #333333\">Abbreviations<\/span><\/section>The following abbreviations are used throughout the chapter.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CVD&quot;}\">CVD<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Cardiovascular Disease&quot;}\">Cardiovascular Disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;EKG&quot;}\">EKG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Electrocardiogram&quot;}\">Electrocardiogram<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;HDL&quot;}\">HDL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;High-Density Lipoprotein&quot;}\">High-Density Lipoprotein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IDL&quot;}\">IDL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins&quot;}\">Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;LDL&quot;}\">LDL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Low-Density Lipoprotein&quot;}\">Low-Density Lipoprotein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;MAP&quot;}\">MAP<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Mean Arterial Pressure&quot;}\">Mean Arterial Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;oxLDL&quot;}\">oxLDL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Oxidized LDL&quot;}\">Oxidized LDL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TMAO&quot;}\">TMAO<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Trimethylamine N-Oxide&quot;}\">Trimethylamine N-Oxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VLDL&quot;}\">VLDL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Very Low-Density Lipoproteins&quot;}\">Very Low-Density Lipoproteins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VSMCs&quot;}\">VSMCs<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells&quot;}\">Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;WSS&quot;}\">WSS<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Wall Shear Stress&quot;}\">Wall Shear Stress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n&nbsp;\n","rendered":"<section class=\"part post-322 type-part status-publish hentry focusable\" data-type=\"part\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Chapter Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Describe the gross development of atherosclerotic plaques as an inflammatory event<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Describe the epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies for atherosclerosis<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Histologically, identify the presence of atherosclerotic plaques on vascular tissue<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Correlate clinical findings and history with the pathology observed using atherosclerosis as an example.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>List possible consequences of atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture in the vessels of the heart and beyond<\/li>\n<li>Briefly describe how interprofessional collaboration of health care professions works towards diagnosis of atherosclerosis and angina<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In 2020, the World Health Organization reported that ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of death in the world&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WHO top 10 causes of death<\/a>. However, what exactly is ischemic heart disease?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ischemic heart disease<\/strong> means that the heart is not getting enough oxygen &#8211; most likely because there is a restriction of flow of oxygenated blood to the heart tissues.&nbsp; One of the most common causes of this restricted blood flow is atherosclerosis, which involves fatty plaques formation and hardening of blood vessels&nbsp; (<em><strong>Figure 8.1<\/strong><\/em>). That impaired blood flow causes insufficient delivery of oxygen to the heart tissues &#8211; causing pain (known as angina) and loss of heart function.<\/p>\n<p>Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that involves accumulation of lipid particles (fatty streaks and plaques) on the vessel walls across the vascular tree (primarily vessels serving the heart, brain, lower limbs).&nbsp; Blood flow impairment caused by atherosclerosis can lead to acute atherosclerotic cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke.<\/p>\n<p>Keep in mind that atherosclerotic disease isn&#8217;t limited to just the coronary vessels and is a systemic condition. Often, this disease process is evident in other parts of the vascular tree, which will similarly cause impaired blood flow and damage to blood vessels.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<figure id=\"attachment_307\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-307\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-307 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/Ischemic-heart-disease-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/Ischemic-heart-disease-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/Ischemic-heart-disease-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/Ischemic-heart-disease-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/Ischemic-heart-disease-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/Ischemic-heart-disease-225x127.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/Ischemic-heart-disease-350x197.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2131\/2023\/12\/Ischemic-heart-disease.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-307\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 8.1<\/strong>. Ischemic heart disease&nbsp; &#8211; created by Tetiana Povshedna using creative commons license associated with smart.servier.com under a <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section class=\"part post-322 type-part status-publish hentry focusable\" data-type=\"part\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Cormorant Garamond', serif;font-size: 1.80225em;font-weight: bold;color: #333333\">Abbreviations<\/span><\/section>\n<p>The following abbreviations are used throughout the chapter.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;CVD&quot;}\">CVD<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Cardiovascular Disease&quot;}\">Cardiovascular Disease<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;EKG&quot;}\">EKG<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Electrocardiogram&quot;}\">Electrocardiogram<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;HDL&quot;}\">HDL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;High-Density Lipoprotein&quot;}\">High-Density Lipoprotein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;IDL&quot;}\">IDL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins&quot;}\">Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;LDL&quot;}\">LDL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Low-Density Lipoprotein&quot;}\">Low-Density Lipoprotein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;MAP&quot;}\">MAP<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Mean Arterial Pressure&quot;}\">Mean Arterial Pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;oxLDL&quot;}\">oxLDL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Oxidized LDL&quot;}\">Oxidized LDL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;TMAO&quot;}\">TMAO<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Trimethylamine N-Oxide&quot;}\">Trimethylamine N-Oxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VLDL&quot;}\">VLDL<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Very Low-Density Lipoproteins&quot;}\">Very Low-Density Lipoproteins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;VSMCs&quot;}\">VSMCs<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells&quot;}\">Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.921996879875195%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;WSS&quot;}\">WSS<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50.078003120124805%\" data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Wall Shear Stress&quot;}\">Wall Shear Stress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":103,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["jen-2","tetiana-p"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[178],"license":[],"class_list":["post-308","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-tetiana-p"],"part":306,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/103"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1353,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/308\/revisions\/1353"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/306"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/308\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=308"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=308"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/dcbiol2200\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}