{"id":186,"date":"2022-01-27T12:42:42","date_gmt":"2022-01-27T17:42:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=186"},"modified":"2022-08-29T00:05:54","modified_gmt":"2022-08-29T04:05:54","slug":"decolonization-indigenization-postcolonialism","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/chapter\/decolonization-indigenization-postcolonialism\/","title":{"raw":"Decolonization, Indigenization, &amp; Postcolonialism","rendered":"Decolonization, Indigenization, &amp; Postcolonialism"},"content":{"raw":"[video width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" mp4=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1604\/2022\/05\/decolonization-pt-2.mp4\"][\/video]\r\n<div class=\"chapter\" style=\"max-width: 700px;margin: auto\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-caption-text\">\r\n<div>Watch the \"Decolonization: How Does it Interact with Indigenization and Postcolonialism\"<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong class=\"import-Strong\">Decolonization<\/strong><strong class=\"import-Strong\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">The process of removing the problematic hierarchy of [pb_glossary id=\"492\"]colonial[\/pb_glossary] [pb_glossary id=\"487\"]ideologies[\/pb_glossary] and western methods of acquiring knowledge. We are surrounded by systems that privilege western ways of conducting business<span style=\"background-color: #ffffff\"> [1].<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example - Professional Communication<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Conducting business through emails is widely accepted and expected from people around the globe. It is efficient and practical. In my experience, an Indigenous nation has a culture of people that prefer inviting you to their home for coffee instead. This is because they felt business emails lack authenticity. Understanding and accepting that both ways of approaching business are equally valid plays a crucial role in decolonizing ourselves.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Decolonization does not imply that western ways of conducting business are \u201cbad\u201d or \u201cincorrect,\u201d but aims to remove western bias and create spaces that are inclusive and respectful to international cultures and [pb_glossary id=\"494\"]Indigenous Peoples[\/pb_glossary].<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong class=\"import-Strong\">Indigenization<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">[pb_glossary id=\"482\"]Indigenization[\/pb_glossary] is the process of incorporating Indigenous \u201c[pb_glossary id=\"513\"]ways of knowing[\/pb_glossary]\u201d, ways of learning, technology, guiding principles and knowledge systems into our schools, businesses, governments and institutions.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">[pb_glossary id=\"473\"]Decolonization[\/pb_glossary] is often confused with [pb_glossary id=\"482\"]Indigenization[\/pb_glossary].<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Although everyone can benefit from [pb_glossary id=\"482\"]Indigenization[\/pb_glossary], not everyone can [pb_glossary id=\"514\"]Indigenize[\/pb_glossary] curriculum.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">With this in mind, it is important to emphasize that [pb_glossary id=\"482\"]Indigenization[\/pb_glossary]:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-NormalWeb\">should be carried out by primary rights holders.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"import-NormalWeb\">does not aim to replace western knowledge.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">[pb_glossary id=\"482\"]Indigenization[\/pb_glossary] is best visualized as the act of braiding two distinct knowledge systems so that learners can come to understand and appreciate both [1].<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">[pb_glossary id=\"473\"]Decolonization[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"482\"]Indigenization[\/pb_glossary] go hand in hand, and this is shown below.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Two-Step Process to Decolonization and Indigenization<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">[pb_glossary id=\"473\"]Decolonization[\/pb_glossary] deconstructs the superiority associated with colonial ideologies to help create space for Indigenization.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">[pb_glossary id=\"482\"]Indigenization[\/pb_glossary] involves incorporating Indigenous sciences, maths, arts and other knowledge systems into our classrooms.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example - Decolonization vs. Indigenization<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Decolonization recognizes that there are multiple places to facilitate learning; a traditional classroom, on the land, by the river, in a lab. Indigenization would involve replacing a western teaching space or incorporating a specific component of Indigenous teaching to the classroom.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong class=\"import-Strong\">Reconciliation\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">According to the mandate issued by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Canada (TRC), \u201creconciliation is about establishing and maintaining a mutually respectful relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in [Canada]\u201d [2].<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Everyone has a role to play in [pb_glossary id=\"489\"]reconciliation[\/pb_glossary]. Decolonizing ourselves, our communities and our institutions is part of our role in truth and reconciliation as engineers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong class=\"import-Strong\">Postcolonialism<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">[pb_glossary id=\"484\"]Postcolonialism[\/pb_glossary] is a term that has been used to refer to current governance structures in Canada. But is Canada a postcolonial state or a colonial state? Postcolonialism refers to the study of a region or culture after colonization has occurred.\u00a0 Colonialism, as I\u2019m sure we\u2019re aware, \u201cis a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">So before we link decolonization &amp; postcolonialism, let\u2019s take a step back.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Canada as a country gained independence from Britain in 1867. However, when it gained independence, who held the power? The colonizers or the Indigenous peoples? In other areas of the world, like sub-Saharan Africa or South America, \u201cindependence\u201d meant Indigenous peoples reclaiming governance &amp; power after occupation from Europeans. In that sense, there was a clear line to be drawn between colonial &amp; postcolonial eras. But in Canada (and the US and South Africa and Australia), power just shifted from Europe to the settlers. Indigenous peoples today still don\u2019t have autonomy over many of their governance structures, and they definitely don\u2019t hold power the same way that settlers &amp; their descendants do.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">So is Canada a postcolonial state? No. Is it a colonial state? Yes, but not in the sense that we\u2019re used to thinking about.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Alright, so knowing this, why should we be aware of whether Canada is a colonial or postcolonial state? Well, when we as settlers and the descendants of settlers are doing this decolonization work, we have to understand that we hold a lot of power. By decolonizing, our focus needs to be on shifting the power away from just us, and breaking down the immense structure of western frameworks and practices to include and amplify Indigenous voices, practices, and rights.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1 class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Sources<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb hanging-indent\">Antoine, A., Mason, R., Mason, R., Palahicky, S. &amp; Rodriguez de France, C. (2018).<i>\u00a0Pulling Together: A Guide for Curriculum Developers.<\/i>\u00a0Victoria, BC: BCcampus. Retrieved from\u00a0<a class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/indigenizationcurriculumdevelopers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/indigenizationcurriculumdevelopers\/<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb hanging-indent\">Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC). (2015, July 23). Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.<em> TRC.<\/em> <a class=\"rId13\" href=\"http:\/\/www.trc.ca\/assets\/pdf\/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">http:\/\/www.trc.ca\/assets\/pdf\/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>","rendered":"<div style=\"width: 1280px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-186-1\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1604\/2022\/05\/decolonization-pt-2.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1604\/2022\/05\/decolonization-pt-2.mp4\">https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1604\/2022\/05\/decolonization-pt-2.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\n<div class=\"chapter\" style=\"max-width: 700px;margin: auto\">\n<div class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n<div class=\"wp-caption-text\">\n<div>Watch the &#8220;Decolonization: How Does it Interact with Indigenization and Postcolonialism&#8221;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong class=\"import-Strong\">Decolonization<\/strong><strong class=\"import-Strong\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">The process of removing the problematic hierarchy of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_492\">colonial<\/a> <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_487\">ideologies<\/a> and western methods of acquiring knowledge. We are surrounded by systems that privilege western ways of conducting business<span style=\"background-color: #ffffff\"> [1].<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example &#8211; Professional Communication<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Conducting business through emails is widely accepted and expected from people around the globe. It is efficient and practical. In my experience, an Indigenous nation has a culture of people that prefer inviting you to their home for coffee instead. This is because they felt business emails lack authenticity. Understanding and accepting that both ways of approaching business are equally valid plays a crucial role in decolonizing ourselves.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Decolonization does not imply that western ways of conducting business are \u201cbad\u201d or \u201cincorrect,\u201d but aims to remove western bias and create spaces that are inclusive and respectful to international cultures and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_494\">Indigenous Peoples<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong class=\"import-Strong\">Indigenization<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_482\">Indigenization<\/a> is the process of incorporating Indigenous \u201c<a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_513\">ways of knowing<\/a>\u201d, ways of learning, technology, guiding principles and knowledge systems into our schools, businesses, governments and institutions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_473\">Decolonization<\/a> is often confused with <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_482\">Indigenization<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Although everyone can benefit from <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_482\">Indigenization<\/a>, not everyone can <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_514\">Indigenize<\/a> curriculum.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">With this in mind, it is important to emphasize that <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_482\">Indigenization<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"import-NormalWeb\">should be carried out by primary rights holders.<\/li>\n<li class=\"import-NormalWeb\">does not aim to replace western knowledge.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_482\">Indigenization<\/a> is best visualized as the act of braiding two distinct knowledge systems so that learners can come to understand and appreciate both [1].<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_473\">Decolonization<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_482\">Indigenization<\/a> go hand in hand, and this is shown below.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Two-Step Process to Decolonization and Indigenization<\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_473\">Decolonization<\/a> deconstructs the superiority associated with colonial ideologies to help create space for Indigenization.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_482\">Indigenization<\/a> involves incorporating Indigenous sciences, maths, arts and other knowledge systems into our classrooms.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example &#8211; Decolonization vs. Indigenization<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">Decolonization recognizes that there are multiple places to facilitate learning; a traditional classroom, on the land, by the river, in a lab. Indigenization would involve replacing a western teaching space or incorporating a specific component of Indigenous teaching to the classroom.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong class=\"import-Strong\">Reconciliation\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">According to the mandate issued by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Canada (TRC), \u201creconciliation is about establishing and maintaining a mutually respectful relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in [Canada]\u201d [2].<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Everyone has a role to play in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_489\">reconciliation<\/a>. Decolonizing ourselves, our communities and our institutions is part of our role in truth and reconciliation as engineers.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><strong class=\"import-Strong\">Postcolonialism<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_186_484\">Postcolonialism<\/a> is a term that has been used to refer to current governance structures in Canada. But is Canada a postcolonial state or a colonial state? Postcolonialism refers to the study of a region or culture after colonization has occurred.\u00a0 Colonialism, as I\u2019m sure we\u2019re aware, \u201cis a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">So before we link decolonization &amp; postcolonialism, let\u2019s take a step back.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Canada as a country gained independence from Britain in 1867. However, when it gained independence, who held the power? The colonizers or the Indigenous peoples? In other areas of the world, like sub-Saharan Africa or South America, \u201cindependence\u201d meant Indigenous peoples reclaiming governance &amp; power after occupation from Europeans. In that sense, there was a clear line to be drawn between colonial &amp; postcolonial eras. But in Canada (and the US and South Africa and Australia), power just shifted from Europe to the settlers. Indigenous peoples today still don\u2019t have autonomy over many of their governance structures, and they definitely don\u2019t hold power the same way that settlers &amp; their descendants do.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">So is Canada a postcolonial state? No. Is it a colonial state? Yes, but not in the sense that we\u2019re used to thinking about.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Alright, so knowing this, why should we be aware of whether Canada is a colonial or postcolonial state? Well, when we as settlers and the descendants of settlers are doing this decolonization work, we have to understand that we hold a lot of power. By decolonizing, our focus needs to be on shifting the power away from just us, and breaking down the immense structure of western frameworks and practices to include and amplify Indigenous voices, practices, and rights.<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"import-NormalWeb\">Sources<\/h1>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb hanging-indent\">Antoine, A., Mason, R., Mason, R., Palahicky, S. &amp; Rodriguez de France, C. (2018).<i>\u00a0Pulling Together: A Guide for Curriculum Developers.<\/i>\u00a0Victoria, BC: BCcampus. Retrieved from\u00a0<a class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/indigenizationcurriculumdevelopers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/indigenizationcurriculumdevelopers\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-NormalWeb hanging-indent\">Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC). (2015, July 23). Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.<em> TRC.<\/em> <a class=\"rId13\" href=\"http:\/\/www.trc.ca\/assets\/pdf\/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">http:\/\/www.trc.ca\/assets\/pdf\/Honouring_the_Truth_Reconciling_for_the_Future_July_23_2015.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_186_492\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_492\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_186_487\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_487\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_186_494\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_494\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Indigenous Peoples are distinct social and cultural groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands and natural resources where they live, occupy or from which they have been displaced<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_186_482\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_482\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The process of incorporating Indigenous \u201cways of knowing\u201d, ways of learning, technology, guiding principles and knowledge systems into our schools, businesses, governments and institutions.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_186_513\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_513\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>A tool used to acquire knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_186_473\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_473\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Decolonization is the process of deconstructing the superiority associated with colonial ideologies and western methods of acquiring knowledge to help create space for Indigenization.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_186_514\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_514\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>bring (something) under the control, dominance, or influence of the people native to an area.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_186_489\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_489\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the action of making one view or belief compatible with another<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_186_484\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_186_484\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Postcolonialism refers to the study of a region or culture after colonization has occurred<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1076,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-186","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1076"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1458,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186\/revisions\/1458"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=186"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=186"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=186"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/decolonizingengineering\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}