{"id":737,"date":"2017-09-18T18:09:46","date_gmt":"2017-09-18T22:09:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/back-matter\/appendix-a-useful-information-constants-units-formulae\/"},"modified":"2017-09-18T18:09:46","modified_gmt":"2017-09-18T22:09:46","slug":"appendix-a-useful-information-constants-units-formulae","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/back-matter\/appendix-a-useful-information-constants-units-formulae\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix A Useful Information \u2013 Constants, Units, Formulae","rendered":"Appendix A Useful Information \u2013 Constants, Units, Formulae"},"content":{"raw":"<p id=\"import-auto-id2300397\">This appendix is broken into several tables.<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1211982\">Table 3<\/a>, Important Constants<\/li>\n \t<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1125517\">Table 4<\/a>, Submicroscopic Masses<\/li>\n \t<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#eip-903\">Table 5<\/a>, Solar System Data<\/li>\n \t<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1401348\">Table 6<\/a>, Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/li>\n \t<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1374373\">Table 7<\/a>, The Greek Alphabet<\/li>\n \t<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1376084\">Table 8<\/a>, SI units<\/li>\n \t<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id2371652\">Table 9<\/a>, Selected British Units<\/li>\n \t<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1528540\">Table 10<\/a>, Other Units<\/li>\n \t<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1610756\">Table 11<\/a>, Useful Formulae<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<strong>Table 3.<\/strong> Important Constants<sup><a href=\"#footnote1\" name=\"footnote-ref1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/sup>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1211982\" summary=\"Four-column table of Important Constants. Column one lists the constant\u2019s symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex c $<\/td>\n<td>Speed of light in vacuum<\/td>\n<td>$latex 2.99792458 \\times 10^8 \\text{m\/s} $<\/td>\n<td>$latex 3.00 \\times 10^8 \\text{m\/s}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex G $<\/td>\n<td>Gravitational constant<\/td>\n<td>$latex 6.67408(31) \\times 10^{-11} \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{kg}^2 $<\/td>\n<td>$latex 6.67 \\times 10^{-11} \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{kg}^2 $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex N_A$<\/td>\n<td>Avogadro\u2019s number<\/td>\n<td>$latex 6.02214129(27) \\times 10^{23}$<\/td>\n<td>$latex 6.02 \\times 10^{23} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex k $<\/td>\n<td>Boltzmann\u2019s constant<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.3806488(13) \\times 10^{-23} \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{K}$<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.38 \\times 10^{-23} \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{K}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex R $<\/td>\n<td>Gas constant<\/td>\n<td>$latex 8.3144621(75) \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K}$<\/td>\n<td>$latex 8.31 \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K} = 1.99 \\text{cal} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K} = 0.0821 \\text{atm} \\cdot \\text{L} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex \\sigma $<\/td>\n<td>Stefan-Boltzmann constant<\/td>\n<td>$latex 5.670373(21) \\times 10^{-8} \\;\\text{W} \/ \\text{m}^2 \\cdot \\text{K}$<\/td>\n<td>$latex 5.67 \\times 10^{-8} \\;\\text{W} \/ \\text{m}^2 \\cdot \\text{K}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex k $<\/td>\n<td>Coulomb force constant<\/td>\n<td>$latex 8.987551788 \\dots \\times 10^9 \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{C}^2$<\/td>\n<td>$latex 8.99 \\times 10^9 \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{C}^2$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex q_e$<\/td>\n<td>Charge on electron<\/td>\n<td>$latex -1.602176565(35) \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{C}$<\/td>\n<td>$latex -1.60 \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{C}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex \\varepsilon _0$<\/td>\n<td>Permittivity of free space<\/td>\n<td>$latex 8.854187817 \\dots \\times 10^{-12} \\;\\text{C}^2 \/ \\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 $<\/td>\n<td>$latex 8.85 \\dots \\times 10^{-12} \\;\\text{C}^2 \/ \\text{N} \\text{m}^2 $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex \\mu _0 $<\/td>\n<td>Permeability of free space<\/td>\n<td>$latex 4 \\pi \\times 10^{-7} \\;\\text{T} \\cdot \\;\\text{m}\/ \\text{A}$<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.26 \\times 10^{-6} \\;\\text{T} \\cdot \\text{m} \/ \\text{A}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex h $<\/td>\n<td>Planck\u2019s constant<\/td>\n<td>$latex 6.62606957(29) \\times 10^{-34} \\;\\text{J} \\cdot \\text{s}$<\/td>\n<td>$latex 6.63 \\times 10^{-34} \\;\\text{J} \\cdot \\text{s}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1125517\" summary=\"Four-column table of submicroscopic masses. Column one lists the symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex m_e$<\/td>\n<td>Electron mass<\/td>\n<td>$latex 9.10938291(40) \\times 10^{-31} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<td>$latex 9.11 \\times 10^{-31} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex m_p $<\/td>\n<td>Proton mass<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.672621777(74) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.6726 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex m_n $<\/td>\n<td>Neutron mass<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.674927351(74) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.6749 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex \\text{u} $<\/td>\n<td>Atomic mass unit<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.660538921(73) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.6605 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Table 4.<\/strong> Submicroscopic Masses<sup><a href=\"#footnote2\" name=\"footnote-ref2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table summary=\"Three column table of solar system data. Column one has only three entries: Sun, Earth, and Moon. Column two describes various measurements for each of these heavenly bodies, and column three lists the value for each measurement.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sun<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.99 \\times 10^{30} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>$latex 6.96 \\times 10^8 \\text{m}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Earth-sun distance (average)<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.496 \\times 10^{11} \\text{m} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Earth<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>$latex 5.9736 \\times 10^{24} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>$latex 6.376 \\times 10^6 \\text{m}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>orbital period<\/td>\n<td>$latex 3.16 \\times 10^7 \\text{s} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Moon<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>$latex 7.35 \\times 10^{22} \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1.74 \\times 10^6 \\text{m} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>orbital period (average)<\/td>\n<td>$latex 2.36 \\times 10^6 \\text{s} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Earth-moon distance (average)<\/td>\n<td>$latex 3.84 \\times 10^8 \\text{m} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Table 5.<\/strong> Solar System Data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1401348\" summary=\"Six-column table of metric prefixes. Columns one through three list the prefixes symbols, and values to the positive powers of ten. Columns four through six list the prefixes symbols, and values to the negative powers of ten.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>tera<\/td>\n<td>T<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{12}$<\/td>\n<td>deci<\/td>\n<td>d<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{-1}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>giga<\/td>\n<td>G<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{9}$<\/td>\n<td>centi<\/td>\n<td>c<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{-2}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mega<\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{6}$<\/td>\n<td>milli<\/td>\n<td>m<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{-3}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>kilo<\/td>\n<td>k<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{3}$<\/td>\n<td>micro<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\mu $<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{-6}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hecto<\/td>\n<td>h<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{2}$<\/td>\n<td>nano<\/td>\n<td>n<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{-9}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>deka<\/td>\n<td>da<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{1}$<\/td>\n<td>pico<\/td>\n<td>p<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{-12}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{0} (= 1)$<\/td>\n<td>femto<\/td>\n<td>f<\/td>\n<td>$latex 10^{-15}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"6\"><strong>Table 6.<\/strong> Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1374373\" summary=\"Twelve-column table listing letters of the Greek alphabet. The first three columns contain the English spelling, the upper-case letter, and the lower-case letter, respectively. Columns four through six, seven through nine, and ten through twelve also follow this format.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Alpha<\/td>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\alpha $<\/td>\n<td>Eta<\/td>\n<td>\u0397<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\eta $<\/td>\n<td>Nu<\/td>\n<td>\u039d<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\nu $<\/td>\n<td>Tau<\/td>\n<td>\u03a4<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\tau $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Beta<\/td>\n<td>\u0392<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\beta $<\/td>\n<td>Theta<\/td>\n<td>\u0398<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\theta $<\/td>\n<td>Xi<\/td>\n<td>\u039e<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\xi $<\/td>\n<td>Upsilon<\/td>\n<td>\u03a5<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\upsilon $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gamma<\/td>\n<td>\u0393<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\gamma $<\/td>\n<td>Iota<\/td>\n<td>\u0399<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\iota $<\/td>\n<td>Omicron<\/td>\n<td>\u039f<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\o $<\/td>\n<td>Phi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a6<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\phi $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Delta<\/td>\n<td>\u0394<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\delta $<\/td>\n<td>Kappa<\/td>\n<td>\u039a<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\kappa $<\/td>\n<td>Pi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a0<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\pi $<\/td>\n<td>Chi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a7<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\chi $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Epsilon<\/td>\n<td>\u0395<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\epsilon $<\/td>\n<td>Lambda<\/td>\n<td>\u039b<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\lambda $<\/td>\n<td>Rho<\/td>\n<td>\u03a1<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\rho $<\/td>\n<td>Psi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a8<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\psi $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Zeta<\/td>\n<td>\u0396<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\zeta $<\/td>\n<td>Mu<\/td>\n<td>\u039c<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\mu $<\/td>\n<td>Sigma<\/td>\n<td>\u03a3<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\sigma $<\/td>\n<td>Omega<\/td>\n<td>\u03a9<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\omega $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"12\"><strong>Table 7.<\/strong> The Greek Alphabet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1376084\" summary=\"Four column table of SI Units. Column 1 serves to group the entries in the other three columns into three categories: Fundamental units, Supplementary units, and Derived units. Column two lists the Entity for each unit; column three the Abbreviation; column four the Name.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Entity<\/th>\n<th>Abbreviation<\/th>\n<th>Name<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fundamental units<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Length<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{m} $<\/td>\n<td>meter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Mass<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{kg} $<\/td>\n<td>kilogram<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Time<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{s} $<\/td>\n<td>second<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Current<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{A} $<\/td>\n<td>ampere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Supplementary unit<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Angle<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{rad}$<\/td>\n<td>radian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Derived units<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Force<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{N} = \\text{kg} \\cdot \\text{m} \/ \\text{s}^2 $<\/td>\n<td>newton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{J} = \\text{kg} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{s}^2 $<\/td>\n<td>joule<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Power<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{W} = \\text{J} \/ \\text{s}$<\/td>\n<td>watt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{Pa} = \\text{N} \/ \\text{m}^2 $<\/td>\n<td>pascal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Frequency<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{Hz} = 1\/ \\text{s} $<\/td>\n<td>hertz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Electronic potential<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{V} = \\text{J} \/ \\text{C}$<\/td>\n<td>volt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Capacitance<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{F} = \\text{C} \/ \\text{V}$<\/td>\n<td>farad<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Charge<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{C} = \\text{s} \\cdot \\text{A}$<\/td>\n<td>coulomb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Resistance<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\Omega = \\text{V} \/ \\text{A}$<\/td>\n<td>ohm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Magnetic field<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{T} = \\text{N} \/ (\\text{A} \\cdot \\text{m}) $<\/td>\n<td>tesla<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\n<td>$latex \\text{Bq} = 1 \/ \\text{s}$<\/td>\n<td>becquerel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Table 8.<\/strong> SI Units<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id2371652\" summary=\"Two-column table listing selected British units. Column 1 lists types of measurements. Column two contains equations for the conversion of British units to metric.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Length<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{inch} \\; (\\text{in.}) = 2.54 \\;\\text{cm} \\; (\\text{exactly}) $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{foot} \\; (\\text{ft}) = 0.3048 \\;\\text{m} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{mile} \\; (\\text{mi}) = 1.609 \\;\\text{km} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Force<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{pound} \\; (\\text{lb}) = 4.448 \\;\\text{N} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{British thermal unit} \\; (\\text{Btu}) = 1.055 \\times 10^3 \\text{J}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Power<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{horsepower} \\; (\\text{hp}) = 746 \\;\\text{W}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{lb} \/ \\text{in}^2 = 6.895 \\times 10^3 \\;\\text{Pa}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 9.<\/strong> Selected British Units<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1528540\" summary=\"Two column table listing Other Units. Column one lists various types of measurements. Column two contains conversion equations between various units of measurement. Most of the entries in column one correspond to multiple rows in column two.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Length<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{light year} \\; (\\text{ly}) = 9.46 \\times 10^{15} \\; \\text{m}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\; \\text{astronomical unit} \\;(\\text{au}) = 1.50 \\times 10^{11} \\; \\text{m}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{nautical mile} = 1.852 \\;\\text{km}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{angstrom} ( \\AA ) = 10^{-10} \\text{m}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Area<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{acre} \\;(\\text{ac}) = 4.05 \\times 10^3 \\text{m}^2$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{square foot} \\; (\\text{ft}^2) = 9.29 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{m}^2 $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{barn} \\;(b) = 10^{-28} \\;\\text{m}^2 $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Volume<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{liter} \\;(L) = 10^{-3} \\; \\text{m}^3 $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{U.S. gallon} \\;(\\text{gal}) = 3.785 \\times 10^{-3} \\;\\text{m}^3 $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mass<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{solar mass} = 1.99 \\times 10^{30} \\; \\text{kg}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{metric ton} = 10^3 \\;\\text{kg}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{atomic mass unit} \\;(u)= 1.6605 \\times 10^{-27} \\;\\text{kg}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Time<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{year} \\;(\\text{y}) = 3.16 \\times 10^7 \\;\\text{s}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{day} \\;(\\text{d}) = 86,400 \\;\\text{s}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Speed<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{mile per hour} \\;(\\text{mph}) = 1.609 \\;\\text{km} \/ \\text{h} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{nautical mile per hour} \\;(\\text{naut}) = 1.852 \\;\\text{km} \/ \\text{h}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Angle<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{degree} \\;(^{\\circ}) = 1.745 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{rad} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{minute of arc} \\; ($' $latex ) = 1\/60 \\;\\text{degree} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{second of arc} \\; (\") = 1\/60 \\;\\text{minute of arc} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{grad} = 1.571 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{rad} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{kiloton TNT} \\;(\\text{kT}) = 4.2 \\times 10^{12} \\;\\text{J} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\; \\text{kilowatt hour} \\;(\\text{kW} \\cdot h) = 3.60 \\times 10^6 \\;\\text{J}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{food calorie} \\;(\\text{kcal}) = 4186 \\;\\text{J} $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{calorie} \\;(\\text{cal}) = 4.186 \\;\\text{J}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{electron volt} \\;(\\text{eV}) = 1.60 \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{J}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{atmosphere} \\;(\\text{atm}) = 1.013 \\times 10^5 \\;\\text{Pa}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{millimeter of mercury} \\;(\\text{mm Hg}) = 133.3 \\;\\text{Pa}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{torricelli} \\;(\\text{torr}) = 1 \\;\\text{mm Hg} = 133.3 \\;\\text{Pa}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\n<td>$latex 1 \\;\\text{curie} \\;(\\text{Ci}) = 3.70 \\times 10^{10} \\; \\text{Bq}$<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 10.<\/strong> Other Units<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1610756\" summary=\"Two-column table of Useful formulae. Entries in column one describe the mathematical formulae in column two.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex \\text{Circumference of a circle with radius} \\; \\text{r} \\; \\text{or diameter} \\;\\text{d}$<\/td>\n<td>$latex C = 2 \\pi r = \\pi d $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex \\text{Area of a circle with radius} \\; r \\;\\text{or diameter} d $<\/td>\n<td>$latex A = \\pi r^2 = \\pi d^{2}\/4 $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex \\text{Area of a sphere with radius} \\; r $<\/td>\n<td>$latex A = 4 \\pi r^2 $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>$latex \\text{Volume of a sphere with radius} \\; r $<\/td>\n<td>$latex V = (4\/3)( \\pi r^3) $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 11.<\/strong> Useful Formulae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<table id=\"fs-idp192584544\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table of four columns and four rows is titled \u201cUnits of Length.\u201d The two columns on the left have conversions from Metric to the English system. 1 meter (m) is equal to 39.37 inches (I n.) and 1.094 yards (y d). 1 centimeter (c m) is equal to 0.01 meters (exact, definition). 1 millimeter (m m) is equal to 0.001 meters (exact, definition). 1 kilometer (k m) is equal to 1000 meters (exact, definition). The two columns on the right have conversions from English to the Metric system. 1 angstrom (capital A with a degree sign connected to the top) is equal to 10 to the negative eighth power centimeters (exact, definition) or 10 to the negative tenth power meters (exact, definition). 1 yard (y) is equal to 0.9144 meters. 1 inch (I n) is equal to 2.54 centimeters (exact, definition). 1 mile (U S) is equal to 1.60934 kilometers.\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<th colspan=\"4\">Units of Length<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>meter (m)<\/td>\n<td>= 39.37 inches (in.)\n<div>= 1.094 yards (yd)<\/div><\/td>\n<td>angstrom (\u00c5)<\/td>\n<td>= 10<sup>\u20138<\/sup> cm (exact, definition)\n<div>= 10<sup>\u201310<\/sup> m (exact, definition)<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>centimeter (cm)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.01 m (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<td>yard (yd)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.9144 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>millimeter (mm)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.001 m (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<td>inch (in.)<\/td>\n<td>= 2.54 cm (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>kilometer (km)<\/td>\n<td>= 1000 m (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<td>mile (US)<\/td>\n<td>= 1.60934 km<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"fs-idp47106160\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table of four columns and three rows is titled \u201cUnits of Volume.\u201d The two columns on the left have conversions from Metric to the English system. 1 liter (L) is equal to 0.001 meters cubed (exact, definition), 1000 centimeters cubed (exact, definition) and 1.057 (U S) quarts. 1 milliliter (ml) is equal to 0.001 liters (exact, definition) and 1 centimeter cubed (exact, definition). 1 microliter (fancy cursive m capital L) is equal to 10 to the negative sixth power liters (exact, definition) and 10 to the negative third power centimeters cubed (exact, definition). The two columns on the right have conversions from English to the Metric system. 1 liquid quart (U S) is equal to 32 (U S) liquid ounces (exact, definition), 0.25 (U S) gallons (exact, definition), and 0.9463 liters. 1 dry quart is equal to 1.1012 liters. 1 cubic foot (U S) is equal to 28.316 liters.\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<th colspan=\"4\">Units of Volume<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>liter (L)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.001 m<sup>3<\/sup> (exact, definition)\n<div>\n\n= 1000 cm<sup>3<\/sup> (exact, definition)\n<div>= 1.057 (US) quarts<\/div>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<td>liquid quart (US)<\/td>\n<td>= 32 (US) liquid ounces (exact, definition)\n<div>\n\n= 0.25 (US) gallon (exact, definition)\n<div>= 0.9463 L<\/div>\n<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>milliliter (mL)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.001 L (exact, definition)\n<div>= 1 cm<sup>3<\/sup> (exact, definition)<\/div><\/td>\n<td>dry quart<\/td>\n<td>= 1.1012 L<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>microliter (\u03bcL)(\u03bcL)<\/td>\n<td>= 10<sup>\u20136<\/sup> L (exact, definition)\n<div>= 10<sup>\u20133<\/sup> cm<sup>3<\/sup> (exact, definition)<\/div><\/td>\n<td>cubic foot (US)<\/td>\n<td>= 28.316 L<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"fs-idp250872512\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table of four columns and four rows is titled \u201cUnits of Mass.\u201d The conversions for the two columns on the left are as follows: 1 gram (g) is equal to 0.001 kilograms (exact, definition). 1 milligram (m g) is equal to 0.001 grams (exact, definition). 1 kilogram (k g) is equal to 1000 grams (exact, definition) and 2.205 pounds. 1 ton (metric) is equal to 1000 kilograms (exact, definition) and 2204.62 pounds. The conversions for the two columns on the right are as follows: 1 ounce (o z) (avoirdupois) is equal to 28.35 grams. 1 pound (l b) (avoirdupois) is equal to 0.4535924 kilograms. 1 ton (short) is equal to 2000 pounds (exact, definition and 907.185 kilograms. 1 ton (long) is equal to 2240 pounds (exact, definition) and 1.016 metric tons.\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<th colspan=\"4\">Units of Mass<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>gram (g)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.001 kg (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<td>ounce (oz) (avoirdupois)<\/td>\n<td>= 28.35 g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>milligram (mg)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.001 g (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<td>pound (lb) (avoirdupois)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.4535924 kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>kilogram (kg)<\/td>\n<td>= 1000 g (exact, definition)\n<div>= 2.205 lb<\/div><\/td>\n<td>ton (short)<\/td>\n<td>=2000 lb (exact, definition)\n<div>= 907.185 kg<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>ton (metric)<\/td>\n<td>=1000 kg (exact, definition)\n<div>= 2204.62 lb<\/div><\/td>\n<td>ton (long)<\/td>\n<td>= 2240 lb (exact, definition)\n<div>= 1.016 metric ton<\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"fs-idp384167568\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table of two columns and seven rows is titled \u201cUnits of Energy.\u201d The conversions are as follows: 4.184 joules (J) are equal to 1 thermochemical calorie (cal). 1 thermochemical calorie (cal) is equal to 4.184 times 10 to the seventh power ergs. 1 erg is equal to 10 to the negative seventh power joules (exact, definition). 1 electron-volt (eV) is equal to 1.60218 times 10 to the negative nineteenth power joules and 23.061 k cal mol to the negative first power. 1 liter atmosphere is equal to 24.217 calories and 101.325 joules (exact, definition). 1 nutritional calorie (Cal, with a capital \u201cC\u201d) is equal to 1000 cal (exact, definition) and 4184 joules. 1 British thermal unit (B T U) is equal to 1054.804 joules. B T U is the amount of energy needed to heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. Therefore, the exact relationship of B T U to joules and other energy units depends on the temperature at which B T U is measured. 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) is the most widely used reference temperature for B T U definition in the United States. At this temperature, the conversion factor is the one provided in this table.\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<th colspan=\"2\">Units of Energy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>4.184 joule (J)<\/td>\n<td>= 1 thermochemical calorie (cal)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>1 thermochemical calorie (cal)<\/td>\n<td>= 4.184 \u00d7 10<sup>7\u2009<\/sup> erg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>erg<\/td>\n<td>= 10<sup>\u20137<\/sup> J (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>electron-volt (eV)<\/td>\n<td>= 1.60218 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221219<\/sup> J = 23.061 kcal mol<sup>\u22121<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>liter\u2219atmosphere<\/td>\n<td>= 24.217 cal = 101.325 J (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>nutritional calorie (Cal)<\/td>\n<td>= 1000 cal (exact, definition) = 4184 J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>British thermal unit (BTU)<\/td>\n<td>= 1054.804 J \u00a0BTU is the amount of energy needed to heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. Therefore, the exact relationship of BTU to joules and other energy units depends on the temperature at which BTU is measured. 59 \u00b0F (15 \u00b0C) is the most widely used reference temperature for BTU definition in the United States. At this temperature, the conversion factor is the one provided in this table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Footnotes<\/h2>\n<ol>\n \t<li><a href=\"#footnote-ref1\" name=\"footnote1\">1<\/a> Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.<\/li>\n \t<li><a id=\"footnote2\" href=\"#footnote-ref2\" name=\"footnote2\">2<\/a> Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","rendered":"<p id=\"import-auto-id2300397\">This appendix is broken into several tables.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1211982\">Table 3<\/a>, Important Constants<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1125517\">Table 4<\/a>, Submicroscopic Masses<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#eip-903\">Table 5<\/a>, Solar System Data<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1401348\">Table 6<\/a>, Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1374373\">Table 7<\/a>, The Greek Alphabet<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1376084\">Table 8<\/a>, SI units<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id2371652\">Table 9<\/a>, Selected British Units<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1528540\">Table 10<\/a>, Other Units<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1610756\">Table 11<\/a>, Useful Formulae<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Table 3.<\/strong> Important Constants<sup><a href=\"#footnote1\" name=\"footnote-ref1\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1211982\" summary=\"Four-column table of Important Constants. Column one lists the constant\u2019s symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]c[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Speed of light in vacuum<\/td>\n<td>[latex]2.99792458 \\times 10^8 \\text{m\/s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]3.00 \\times 10^8 \\text{m\/s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]G[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Gravitational constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.67408(31) \\times 10^{-11} \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{kg}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.67 \\times 10^{-11} \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{kg}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]N_A[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Avogadro\u2019s number<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.02214129(27) \\times 10^{23}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.02 \\times 10^{23}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]k[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Boltzmann\u2019s constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.3806488(13) \\times 10^{-23} \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.38 \\times 10^{-23} \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]R[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Gas constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.3144621(75) \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.31 \\;\\text{J} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K} = 1.99 \\text{cal} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K} = 0.0821 \\text{atm} \\cdot \\text{L} \/ \\text{mol} \\cdot \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\sigma[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Stefan-Boltzmann constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]5.670373(21) \\times 10^{-8} \\;\\text{W} \/ \\text{m}^2 \\cdot \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]5.67 \\times 10^{-8} \\;\\text{W} \/ \\text{m}^2 \\cdot \\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]k[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Coulomb force constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.987551788 \\dots \\times 10^9 \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{C}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.99 \\times 10^9 \\;\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{C}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]q_e[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Charge on electron<\/td>\n<td>[latex]-1.602176565(35) \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{C}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]-1.60 \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{C}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\varepsilon _0[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Permittivity of free space<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.854187817 \\dots \\times 10^{-12} \\;\\text{C}^2 \/ \\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]8.85 \\dots \\times 10^{-12} \\;\\text{C}^2 \/ \\text{N} \\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\mu _0[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Permeability of free space<\/td>\n<td>[latex]4 \\pi \\times 10^{-7} \\;\\text{T} \\cdot \\;\\text{m}\/ \\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.26 \\times 10^{-6} \\;\\text{T} \\cdot \\text{m} \/ \\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]h[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Planck\u2019s constant<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.62606957(29) \\times 10^{-34} \\;\\text{J} \\cdot \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.63 \\times 10^{-34} \\;\\text{J} \\cdot \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1125517\" summary=\"Four-column table of submicroscopic masses. Column one lists the symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]m_e[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Electron mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]9.10938291(40) \\times 10^{-31} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]9.11 \\times 10^{-31} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]m_p[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Proton mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.672621777(74) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.6726 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]m_n[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Neutron mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.674927351(74) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.6749 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\text{u}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Atomic mass unit<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.660538921(73) \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.6605 \\times 10^{-27} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Table 4.<\/strong> Submicroscopic Masses<sup><a href=\"#footnote2\" name=\"footnote-ref2\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table summary=\"Three column table of solar system data. Column one has only three entries: Sun, Earth, and Moon. Column two describes various measurements for each of these heavenly bodies, and column three lists the value for each measurement.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sun<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.99 \\times 10^{30} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.96 \\times 10^8 \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Earth-sun distance (average)<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.496 \\times 10^{11} \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Earth<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]5.9736 \\times 10^{24} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>[latex]6.376 \\times 10^6 \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>orbital period<\/td>\n<td>[latex]3.16 \\times 10^7 \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Moon<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]7.35 \\times 10^{22} \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1.74 \\times 10^6 \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>orbital period (average)<\/td>\n<td>[latex]2.36 \\times 10^6 \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Earth-moon distance (average)<\/td>\n<td>[latex]3.84 \\times 10^8 \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><strong>Table 5.<\/strong> Solar System Data<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1401348\" summary=\"Six-column table of metric prefixes. Columns one through three list the prefixes symbols, and values to the positive powers of ten. Columns four through six list the prefixes symbols, and values to the negative powers of ten.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>tera<\/td>\n<td>T<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{12}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>deci<\/td>\n<td>d<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-1}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>giga<\/td>\n<td>G<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{9}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>centi<\/td>\n<td>c<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-2}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mega<\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{6}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>milli<\/td>\n<td>m<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-3}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>kilo<\/td>\n<td>k<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{3}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>micro<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\mu[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-6}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hecto<\/td>\n<td>h<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{2}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>nano<\/td>\n<td>n<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-9}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>deka<\/td>\n<td>da<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{1}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>pico<\/td>\n<td>p<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-12}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{0} (= 1)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>femto<\/td>\n<td>f<\/td>\n<td>[latex]10^{-15}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"6\"><strong>Table 6.<\/strong> Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1374373\" summary=\"Twelve-column table listing letters of the Greek alphabet. The first three columns contain the English spelling, the upper-case letter, and the lower-case letter, respectively. Columns four through six, seven through nine, and ten through twelve also follow this format.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Alpha<\/td>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\alpha[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Eta<\/td>\n<td>\u0397<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\eta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Nu<\/td>\n<td>\u039d<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\nu[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Tau<\/td>\n<td>\u03a4<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\tau[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Beta<\/td>\n<td>\u0392<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\beta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Theta<\/td>\n<td>\u0398<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Xi<\/td>\n<td>\u039e<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\xi[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Upsilon<\/td>\n<td>\u03a5<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\upsilon[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gamma<\/td>\n<td>\u0393<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\gamma[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Iota<\/td>\n<td>\u0399<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\iota[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Omicron<\/td>\n<td>\u039f<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\o[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Phi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a6<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\phi[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Delta<\/td>\n<td>\u0394<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\delta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Kappa<\/td>\n<td>\u039a<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\kappa[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Pi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a0<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\pi[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Chi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a7<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\chi[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Epsilon<\/td>\n<td>\u0395<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\epsilon[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Lambda<\/td>\n<td>\u039b<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\lambda[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Rho<\/td>\n<td>\u03a1<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\rho[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Psi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a8<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\psi[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Zeta<\/td>\n<td>\u0396<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\zeta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Mu<\/td>\n<td>\u039c<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\mu[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Sigma<\/td>\n<td>\u03a3<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sigma[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>Omega<\/td>\n<td>\u03a9<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\omega[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"12\"><strong>Table 7.<\/strong> The Greek Alphabet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1376084\" summary=\"Four column table of SI Units. Column 1 serves to group the entries in the other three columns into three categories: Fundamental units, Supplementary units, and Derived units. Column two lists the Entity for each unit; column three the Abbreviation; column four the Name.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Entity<\/th>\n<th>Abbreviation<\/th>\n<th>Name<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fundamental units<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Length<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>meter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>kilogram<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Time<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>second<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Current<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>ampere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Supplementary unit<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Angle<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{rad}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>radian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Derived units<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Force<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{N} = \\text{kg} \\cdot \\text{m} \/ \\text{s}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>newton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{J} = \\text{kg} \\cdot \\text{m}^2 \/ \\text{s}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>joule<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Power<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{W} = \\text{J} \/ \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>watt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Pa} = \\text{N} \/ \\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>pascal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Frequency<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Hz} = 1\/ \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>hertz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Electronic potential<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{V} = \\text{J} \/ \\text{C}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>volt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Capacitance<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{F} = \\text{C} \/ \\text{V}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>farad<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Charge<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{C} = \\text{s} \\cdot \\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>coulomb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Resistance<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\Omega = \\text{V} \/ \\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>ohm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Magnetic field<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{T} = \\text{N} \/ (\\text{A} \\cdot \\text{m})[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>tesla<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Bq} = 1 \/ \\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>becquerel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"4\"><strong>Table 8.<\/strong> SI Units<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id2371652\" summary=\"Two-column table listing selected British units. Column 1 lists types of measurements. Column two contains equations for the conversion of British units to metric.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Length<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{inch} \\; (\\text{in.}) = 2.54 \\;\\text{cm} \\; (\\text{exactly})[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{foot} \\; (\\text{ft}) = 0.3048 \\;\\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{mile} \\; (\\text{mi}) = 1.609 \\;\\text{km}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Force<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{pound} \\; (\\text{lb}) = 4.448 \\;\\text{N}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{British thermal unit} \\; (\\text{Btu}) = 1.055 \\times 10^3 \\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Power<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{horsepower} \\; (\\text{hp}) = 746 \\;\\text{W}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{lb} \/ \\text{in}^2 = 6.895 \\times 10^3 \\;\\text{Pa}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 9.<\/strong> Selected British Units<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1528540\" summary=\"Two column table listing Other Units. Column one lists various types of measurements. Column two contains conversion equations between various units of measurement. Most of the entries in column one correspond to multiple rows in column two.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Length<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{light year} \\; (\\text{ly}) = 9.46 \\times 10^{15} \\; \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\; \\text{astronomical unit} \\;(\\text{au}) = 1.50 \\times 10^{11} \\; \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{nautical mile} = 1.852 \\;\\text{km}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{angstrom} ( \\AA ) = 10^{-10} \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Area<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{acre} \\;(\\text{ac}) = 4.05 \\times 10^3 \\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{square foot} \\; (\\text{ft}^2) = 9.29 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{barn} \\;(b) = 10^{-28} \\;\\text{m}^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Volume<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{liter} \\;(L) = 10^{-3} \\; \\text{m}^3[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{U.S. gallon} \\;(\\text{gal}) = 3.785 \\times 10^{-3} \\;\\text{m}^3[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mass<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{solar mass} = 1.99 \\times 10^{30} \\; \\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{metric ton} = 10^3 \\;\\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{atomic mass unit} \\;(u)= 1.6605 \\times 10^{-27} \\;\\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Time<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{year} \\;(\\text{y}) = 3.16 \\times 10^7 \\;\\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{day} \\;(\\text{d}) = 86,400 \\;\\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Speed<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{mile per hour} \\;(\\text{mph}) = 1.609 \\;\\text{km} \/ \\text{h}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{nautical mile per hour} \\;(\\text{naut}) = 1.852 \\;\\text{km} \/ \\text{h}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Angle<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{degree} \\;(^{\\circ}) = 1.745 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{rad}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{minute of arc} \\; ([\/latex]&#8216; [latex]) = 1\/60 \\;\\text{degree}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{second of arc} \\; (\") = 1\/60 \\;\\text{minute of arc}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{grad} = 1.571 \\times 10^{-2} \\;\\text{rad}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{kiloton TNT} \\;(\\text{kT}) = 4.2 \\times 10^{12} \\;\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\; \\text{kilowatt hour} \\;(\\text{kW} \\cdot h) = 3.60 \\times 10^6 \\;\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{food calorie} \\;(\\text{kcal}) = 4186 \\;\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{calorie} \\;(\\text{cal}) = 4.186 \\;\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{electron volt} \\;(\\text{eV}) = 1.60 \\times 10^{-19} \\;\\text{J}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{atmosphere} \\;(\\text{atm}) = 1.013 \\times 10^5 \\;\\text{Pa}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{millimeter of mercury} \\;(\\text{mm Hg}) = 133.3 \\;\\text{Pa}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{torricelli} \\;(\\text{torr}) = 1 \\;\\text{mm Hg} = 133.3 \\;\\text{Pa}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1 \\;\\text{curie} \\;(\\text{Ci}) = 3.70 \\times 10^{10} \\; \\text{Bq}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 10.<\/strong> Other Units<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"import-auto-id1610756\" summary=\"Two-column table of Useful formulae. Entries in column one describe the mathematical formulae in column two.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Circumference of a circle with radius} \\; \\text{r} \\; \\text{or diameter} \\;\\text{d}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]C = 2 \\pi r = \\pi d[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Area of a circle with radius} \\; r \\;\\text{or diameter} d[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]A = \\pi r^2 = \\pi d^{2}\/4[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Area of a sphere with radius} \\; r[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]A = 4 \\pi r^2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Volume of a sphere with radius} \\; r[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]V = (4\/3)( \\pi r^3)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><strong>Table 11.<\/strong> Useful Formulae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<table id=\"fs-idp192584544\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table of four columns and four rows is titled \u201cUnits of Length.\u201d The two columns on the left have conversions from Metric to the English system. 1 meter (m) is equal to 39.37 inches (I n.) and 1.094 yards (y d). 1 centimeter (c m) is equal to 0.01 meters (exact, definition). 1 millimeter (m m) is equal to 0.001 meters (exact, definition). 1 kilometer (k m) is equal to 1000 meters (exact, definition). The two columns on the right have conversions from English to the Metric system. 1 angstrom (capital A with a degree sign connected to the top) is equal to 10 to the negative eighth power centimeters (exact, definition) or 10 to the negative tenth power meters (exact, definition). 1 yard (y) is equal to 0.9144 meters. 1 inch (I n) is equal to 2.54 centimeters (exact, definition). 1 mile (U S) is equal to 1.60934 kilometers.\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<th colspan=\"4\">Units of Length<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>meter (m)<\/td>\n<td>= 39.37 inches (in.)<\/p>\n<div>= 1.094 yards (yd)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>angstrom (\u00c5)<\/td>\n<td>= 10<sup>\u20138<\/sup> cm (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>= 10<sup>\u201310<\/sup> m (exact, definition)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>centimeter (cm)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.01 m (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<td>yard (yd)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.9144 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>millimeter (mm)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.001 m (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<td>inch (in.)<\/td>\n<td>= 2.54 cm (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>kilometer (km)<\/td>\n<td>= 1000 m (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<td>mile (US)<\/td>\n<td>= 1.60934 km<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"fs-idp47106160\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table of four columns and three rows is titled \u201cUnits of Volume.\u201d The two columns on the left have conversions from Metric to the English system. 1 liter (L) is equal to 0.001 meters cubed (exact, definition), 1000 centimeters cubed (exact, definition) and 1.057 (U S) quarts. 1 milliliter (ml) is equal to 0.001 liters (exact, definition) and 1 centimeter cubed (exact, definition). 1 microliter (fancy cursive m capital L) is equal to 10 to the negative sixth power liters (exact, definition) and 10 to the negative third power centimeters cubed (exact, definition). The two columns on the right have conversions from English to the Metric system. 1 liquid quart (U S) is equal to 32 (U S) liquid ounces (exact, definition), 0.25 (U S) gallons (exact, definition), and 0.9463 liters. 1 dry quart is equal to 1.1012 liters. 1 cubic foot (U S) is equal to 28.316 liters.\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<th colspan=\"4\">Units of Volume<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>liter (L)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.001 m<sup>3<\/sup> (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>= 1000 cm<sup>3<\/sup> (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>= 1.057 (US) quarts<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>liquid quart (US)<\/td>\n<td>= 32 (US) liquid ounces (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>= 0.25 (US) gallon (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>= 0.9463 L<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>milliliter (mL)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.001 L (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>= 1 cm<sup>3<\/sup> (exact, definition)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>dry quart<\/td>\n<td>= 1.1012 L<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>microliter (\u03bcL)(\u03bcL)<\/td>\n<td>= 10<sup>\u20136<\/sup> L (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>= 10<sup>\u20133<\/sup> cm<sup>3<\/sup> (exact, definition)<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>cubic foot (US)<\/td>\n<td>= 28.316 L<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"fs-idp250872512\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table of four columns and four rows is titled \u201cUnits of Mass.\u201d The conversions for the two columns on the left are as follows: 1 gram (g) is equal to 0.001 kilograms (exact, definition). 1 milligram (m g) is equal to 0.001 grams (exact, definition). 1 kilogram (k g) is equal to 1000 grams (exact, definition) and 2.205 pounds. 1 ton (metric) is equal to 1000 kilograms (exact, definition) and 2204.62 pounds. The conversions for the two columns on the right are as follows: 1 ounce (o z) (avoirdupois) is equal to 28.35 grams. 1 pound (l b) (avoirdupois) is equal to 0.4535924 kilograms. 1 ton (short) is equal to 2000 pounds (exact, definition and 907.185 kilograms. 1 ton (long) is equal to 2240 pounds (exact, definition) and 1.016 metric tons.\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<th colspan=\"4\">Units of Mass<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>gram (g)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.001 kg (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<td>ounce (oz) (avoirdupois)<\/td>\n<td>= 28.35 g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>milligram (mg)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.001 g (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<td>pound (lb) (avoirdupois)<\/td>\n<td>= 0.4535924 kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>kilogram (kg)<\/td>\n<td>= 1000 g (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>= 2.205 lb<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>ton (short)<\/td>\n<td>=2000 lb (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>= 907.185 kg<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>ton (metric)<\/td>\n<td>=1000 kg (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>= 2204.62 lb<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>ton (long)<\/td>\n<td>= 2240 lb (exact, definition)<\/p>\n<div>= 1.016 metric ton<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<table id=\"fs-idp384167568\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"A table of two columns and seven rows is titled \u201cUnits of Energy.\u201d The conversions are as follows: 4.184 joules (J) are equal to 1 thermochemical calorie (cal). 1 thermochemical calorie (cal) is equal to 4.184 times 10 to the seventh power ergs. 1 erg is equal to 10 to the negative seventh power joules (exact, definition). 1 electron-volt (eV) is equal to 1.60218 times 10 to the negative nineteenth power joules and 23.061 k cal mol to the negative first power. 1 liter atmosphere is equal to 24.217 calories and 101.325 joules (exact, definition). 1 nutritional calorie (Cal, with a capital \u201cC\u201d) is equal to 1000 cal (exact, definition) and 4184 joules. 1 British thermal unit (B T U) is equal to 1054.804 joules. B T U is the amount of energy needed to heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. Therefore, the exact relationship of B T U to joules and other energy units depends on the temperature at which B T U is measured. 59 degrees Fahrenheit (15 degrees Celsius) is the most widely used reference temperature for B T U definition in the United States. At this temperature, the conversion factor is the one provided in this table.\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<th colspan=\"2\">Units of Energy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>4.184 joule (J)<\/td>\n<td>= 1 thermochemical calorie (cal)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>1 thermochemical calorie (cal)<\/td>\n<td>= 4.184 \u00d7 10<sup>7\u2009<\/sup> erg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>erg<\/td>\n<td>= 10<sup>\u20137<\/sup> J (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>electron-volt (eV)<\/td>\n<td>= 1.60218 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221219<\/sup> J = 23.061 kcal mol<sup>\u22121<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>liter\u2219atmosphere<\/td>\n<td>= 24.217 cal = 101.325 J (exact, definition)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>nutritional calorie (Cal)<\/td>\n<td>= 1000 cal (exact, definition) = 4184 J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"middle\">\n<td>British thermal unit (BTU)<\/td>\n<td>= 1054.804 J \u00a0BTU is the amount of energy needed to heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. Therefore, the exact relationship of BTU to joules and other energy units depends on the temperature at which BTU is measured. 59 \u00b0F (15 \u00b0C) is the most widely used reference temperature for BTU definition in the United States. At this temperature, the conversion factor is the one provided in this table.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Footnotes<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#footnote-ref1\" name=\"footnote1\" id=\"footnote1\">1<\/a> Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.<\/li>\n<li><a id=\"footnote2\" href=\"#footnote-ref2\" name=\"footnote2\">2<\/a> Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"back-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-737","back-matter","type-back-matter","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/737","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/back-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=737"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/737\/revisions"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter\/737\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=737"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"back-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/back-matter-type?post=737"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=737"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=737"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}