{"id":784,"date":"2017-06-29T19:19:22","date_gmt":"2017-06-29T23:19:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/back-matter\/appendix-d-glossary-of-key-symbols-and-notation\/"},"modified":"2017-06-29T19:19:22","modified_gmt":"2017-06-29T23:19:22","slug":"appendix-d-glossary-of-key-symbols-and-notation","status":"publish","type":"back-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/back-matter\/appendix-d-glossary-of-key-symbols-and-notation\/","title":{"raw":"Private: Appendix D Glossary of Key Symbols and Notation","rendered":"Private: Appendix D Glossary of Key Symbols and Notation"},"content":{"raw":"

In this glossary, key symbols and notation are briefly defined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Symbol<\/th>\nDefinition<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
$latex \\overline{\\text{any symbol}}$<\/td>\naverage (indicated by a bar over a symbol\u2014e.g., $latex \\bar{v}$ is average velocity)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex ^{\\circ} \\text{C}$<\/td>\nCelsius degree<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex ^{\\circ} \\text{F}$<\/td>\nFahrenheit degree<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \/\/ $<\/td>\nparallel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\bot $<\/td>\nperpendicular<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\propto $<\/td>\nproportional to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\pm $<\/td>\nplus or minus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex _0 $<\/td>\nzero as a subscript denotes an initial value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\alpha $<\/td>\nalpha rays<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\alpha $<\/td>\nangular acceleration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\alpha $<\/td>\ntemperature coefficient(s) of resistivity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\beta $<\/td>\nbeta rays<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\beta $<\/td>\nsound level<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\beta $<\/td>\nvolume coefficient of expansion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\beta ^{-} $<\/td>\nelectron emitted in nuclear beta decay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\beta ^{+} $<\/td>\npositron decay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\gamma $<\/td>\ngamma rays<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\gamma $<\/td>\nsurface tension<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\gamma = 1\/ \\sqrt{1 - v^2 \/ c^2} $<\/td>\na constant used in relativity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\Delta $<\/td>\nchange in whatever quantity follows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\delta $<\/td>\nuncertainty in whatever quantity follows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta E $<\/td>\nchange in energy between the initial and final orbits of an electron in an atom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta E $<\/td>\nuncertainty in energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta m $<\/td>\ndifference in mass between initial and final products<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta N $<\/td>\nnumber of decays that occur<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta p $<\/td>\nchange in momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta p $<\/td>\nuncertainty in momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta \\text{PE}_{\\text{g}} $<\/td>\nchange in gravitational potential energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta \\theta $<\/td>\nrotation angle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta s $<\/td>\ndistance traveled along a circular path<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta t $<\/td>\nuncertainty in time<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta t_0 $<\/td>\nproper time as measured by an observer at rest relative to the process<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta V $<\/td>\npotential difference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mathit\\Delta x $<\/td>\nuncertainty in position<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\epsilon _0 $<\/td>\npermittivity of free space<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\eta $<\/td>\nviscosity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\theta $<\/td>\nangle between the force vector and the displacement vector<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\theta $<\/td>\nangle between two lines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\theta $<\/td>\ncontact angle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\theta $<\/td>\ndirection of the resultant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\theta _b $<\/td>\nBrewster's angle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\theta _c $<\/td>\ncritical angle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\kappa $<\/td>\ndielectric constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\lambda $<\/td>\ndecay constant of a nuclide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\lambda $<\/td>\nwavelength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\lambda _n $<\/td>\nwavelength in a medium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mu _0 $<\/td>\npermeability of free space<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mu _k $<\/td>\ncoefficient of kinetic friction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\mu _s $<\/td>\ncoefficient of static friction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex v_e $<\/td>\nelectron neutrino<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\pi ^+ $<\/td>\npositive pion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\pi ^- $<\/td>\nnegative pion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\pi ^0 $<\/td>\nneutral pion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\rho $<\/td>\ndensity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\rho _{\\text{c}} $<\/td>\ncritical density, the density needed to just halt universal expansion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\rho _{\\text{fl}} $<\/td>\nfluid density<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\overline{\\rho} _{\\text{obj}} $<\/td>\naverage density of an object<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\rho \/ \\rho _{\\text{w}} $<\/td>\nspecific gravity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\tau $<\/td>\ncharacteristic time constant for a resistance and inductance ($latex RL $) or resistance and capacitance ($latex RC $) circuit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\tau $<\/td>\ncharacteristic time for a resistor and capacitor ($latex RC $) circuit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\tau $<\/td>\ntorque<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\Upsilon $<\/td>\nupsilon meson<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\Phi $<\/td>\nmagnetic flux<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\phi $<\/td>\nphase angle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\Omega $<\/td>\nohm (unit)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\omega $<\/td>\nangular velocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{A}$<\/td>\nampere (current unit)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex A $<\/td>\narea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex A $<\/td>\ncross-sectional area<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex A $<\/td>\ntotal number of nucleons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex a $<\/td>\nacceleration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex a_{\\text{B}} $<\/td>\nBohr radius<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex a_{\\text{c}} $<\/td>\ncentripetal acceleration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex a_{\\text{t}} $<\/td>\ntangential acceleration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{AC}$<\/td>\nalternating current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{AM}$<\/td>\namplitude modulation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{atm}$<\/td>\natmosphere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex B $<\/td>\nbaryon number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex B $<\/td>\nblue quark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\overline{B} $<\/td>\nantiblue (yellow) antiquark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex b $<\/td>\nquark flavor bottom or beauty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex B $<\/td>\nbulk modulus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex B $<\/td>\nmagnetic field strength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex B_{\\text{int}} $<\/td>\nelectron\u2019s intrinsic magnetic field<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex B_{\\text{orb}} $<\/td>\norbital magnetic field<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{BE} $<\/td>\nbinding energy of a nucleus\u2014it is the energy required to completely disassemble it into separate protons and neutrons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{BE\/A} $<\/td>\nbinding energy per nucleon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{Bq} $<\/td>\nbecquerel\u2014one decay per second<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex C $<\/td>\ncapacitance (amount of charge stored per volt)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex C $<\/td>\ncoulomb (a fundamental SI unit of charge)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex C_{\\text{p}} $<\/td>\ntotal capacitance in parallel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex C_{\\text{s}} $<\/td>\ntotal capacitance in series<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{CG} $<\/td>\ncenter of gravity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{CM} $<\/td>\ncenter of mass<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex c $<\/td>\nquark flavor charm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex c $<\/td>\nspecific heat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex c $<\/td>\nspeed of light<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{Cal} $<\/td>\nkilocalorie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{cal} $<\/td>\ncalorie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textit{\\text{COP}}_{\\text{hp}} $<\/td>\nheat pump\u2019s coefficient of performance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textit{\\text{COP}}_{\\text{ref}} $<\/td>\ncoefficient of performance for refrigerators and air conditioners<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{cos} \\theta $<\/td>\ncosine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{cot} \\theta $<\/td>\ncotangent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{csc} \\theta $<\/td>\ncosecant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex D $<\/td>\ndiffusion constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex d $<\/td>\ndisplacement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex d $<\/td>\nquark flavor down<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{dB} $<\/td>\ndecibel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex d_i $<\/td>\ndistance of an image from the center of a lens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex d_o $<\/td>\ndistance of an object from the center of a lens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{DC} $<\/td>\ndirect current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E $<\/td>\nelectric field strength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\epsilon $<\/td>\nemf (voltage) or Hall electromotive force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{emf} $<\/td>\nelectromotive force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E $<\/td>\nenergy of a single photon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E $<\/td>\nnuclear reaction energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E $<\/td>\nrelativistic total energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E $<\/td>\ntotal energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E_0 $<\/td>\nground state energy for hydrogen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E_0 $<\/td>\nrest energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{EC} $<\/td>\nelectron capture<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E_{\\text{cap}} $<\/td>\nenergy stored in a capacitor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textit{\\text{Eff}} $<\/td>\nefficiency\u2014the useful work output divided by the energy input<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textit{\\text{Eff}}_{\\textit{\\text{C}}} $<\/td>\nCarnot efficiency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E_{\\text{in}} $<\/td>\nenergy consumed (food digested in humans)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E_{\\text{ind}} $<\/td>\nenergy stored in an inductor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex E_{\\text{out}} $<\/td>\nenergy output<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex e $<\/td>\nemissivity of an object<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex e^+ $<\/td>\nantielectron or positron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{eV} $<\/td>\nelectron volt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{F} $<\/td>\nfarad (unit of capacitance, a coulomb per volt)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{F} $<\/td>\nfocal point of a lens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{F}} $<\/td>\nforce<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex F $<\/td>\nmagnitude of a force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex F $<\/td>\nrestoring force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex F_{\\text{B}} $<\/td>\nbuoyant force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex F_{\\text{c}} $<\/td>\ncentripetal force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex F_{\\text{i}} $<\/td>\nforce input<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{F}_{\\text{net}} $<\/td>\nnet force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex F_{\\text{o}} $<\/td>\nforce output<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{FM} $<\/td>\nfrequency modulation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex f $<\/td>\nfocal length<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex f $<\/td>\nfrequency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex f_0 $<\/td>\nresonant frequency of a resistance, inductance, and capacitance ($latex RLC $) series circuit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex f_0 $<\/td>\nthreshold frequency for a particular material (photoelectric effect)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex f_1 $<\/td>\nfundamental<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex f_2 $<\/td>\nfirst overtone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex f_3 $<\/td>\nsecond overtone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex f_{\\text{B}} $<\/td>\nbeat frequency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex f_{\\text{k}} $<\/td>\nmagnitude of kinetic friction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex f_{\\text{s}} $<\/td>\nmagnitude of static friction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex G $<\/td>\ngravitational constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex G $<\/td>\ngreen quark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\overline{G} $<\/td>\nantigreen (magenta) antiquark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex g $<\/td>\nacceleration due to gravity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex g $<\/td>\ngluons (carrier particles for strong nuclear force)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex h $<\/td>\nchange in vertical position<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex h $<\/td>\nheight above some reference point<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex h $<\/td>\nmaximum height of a projectile<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex h $<\/td>\nPlanck's constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex hf $<\/td>\nphoton energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex h_i $<\/td>\nheight of the image<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex h_o $<\/td>\nheight of the object<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex I $<\/td>\nelectric current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex I $<\/td>\nintensity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex I $<\/td>\nintensity of a transmitted wave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex I $<\/td>\nmoment of inertia (also called rotational inertia)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex I_0 $<\/td>\nintensity of a polarized wave before passing through a filter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex I_{\\text{ave}} $<\/td>\naverage intensity for a continuous sinusoidal electromagnetic wave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex I_{\\text{rms}} $<\/td>\naverage current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex J $<\/td>\njoule<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex J \/ \\psi $<\/td>\nJoules\/psi meson<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{K} $<\/td>\nkelvin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex k $<\/td>\nBoltzmann constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex k $<\/td>\nforce constant of a spring<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex K_{\\alpha} $<\/td>\nx rays created when an electron falls into an $latex n = 1 $ shell vacancy from the $latex n = 3 $ shell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex K_{\\beta} $<\/td>\nx rays created when an electron falls into an $latex n = 2 $ shell vacancy from the $latex n = 3 $ shell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{kcal} $<\/td>\nkilocalorie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{KE} $<\/td>\ntranslational kinetic energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{KE} + \\text{PE} $<\/td>\nmechanical energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{KE}_e $<\/td>\nkinetic energy of an ejected electron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{KE}_{\\text{rel}} $<\/td>\nrelativistic kinetic energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{KE}_{\\text{rot}} $<\/td>\nrotational kinetic energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\overline{\\text{KE}} $<\/td>\nthermal energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{kg} $<\/td>\nkilogram (a fundamental SI unit of mass)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L $<\/td>\nangular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{L} $<\/td>\nliter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L $<\/td>\nmagnitude of angular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L $<\/td>\nself-inductance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\ell $<\/td>\nangular momentum quantum number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L_{\\alpha} $<\/td>\nx rays created when an electron falls into an $latex n = 2 $ shell from the $latex n = 3 $ shell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L_e $<\/td>\nelectron total family number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L_{\\mu} $<\/td>\nmuon family total number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L_{\\tau} $<\/td>\ntau family total number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L_{\\text{f}} $<\/td>\nheat of fusion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L_{\\text{f}}$ and $latex L_{\\text{v}} $<\/td>\nlatent heat coefficients<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L_{\\text{orb}} $<\/td>\norbital angular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L_{\\text{s}} $<\/td>\nheat of sublimation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L_{\\text{v}} $<\/td>\nheat of vaporization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex L_z $<\/td>\nz<\/em> - component of the angular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex M $<\/td>\nangular magnification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex M $<\/td>\nmutual inductance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{m} $<\/td>\nindicates metastable state<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m $<\/td>\nmagnification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m $<\/td>\nmass<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m $<\/td>\nmass of an object as measured by a person at rest relative to the object<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{m} $<\/td>\nmeter (a fundamental SI unit of length)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m $<\/td>\norder of interference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m $<\/td>\noverall magnification (product of the individual magnifications)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m(^AX) $<\/td>\natomic mass of a nuclide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{MA} $<\/td>\nmechanical advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m_{\\text{e}} $<\/td>\nmagnification of the eyepiece<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m_e $<\/td>\nmass of the electron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m_{\\ell} $<\/td>\nangular momentum projection quantum number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m_n $<\/td>\nmass of a neutron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m_{\\text{o}} $<\/td>\nmagnification of the objective lens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{mol} $<\/td>\nmole<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m_p $<\/td>\nmass of a proton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex m_{\\text{s}} $<\/td>\nspin projection quantum number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex N $<\/td>\nmagnitude of the normal force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{N} $<\/td>\nnewton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{N}}$<\/td>\nnormal force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex N $<\/td>\nnumber of neutrons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex n $<\/td>\nindex of refraction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex n $<\/td>\nnumber of free charges per unit volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex N_A $<\/td>\nAvogadro's number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex N_{\\text{r}} $<\/td>\nReynolds number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m} $<\/td>\nnewton-meter (work-energy unit)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m} $<\/td>\nnewtons times meters (SI unit of torque)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{OE} $<\/td>\nother energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex P $<\/td>\npower<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex P $<\/td>\npower of a lens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex P $<\/td>\npressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{p}} $<\/td>\nmomentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex p $<\/td>\nmomentum magnitude<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex p $<\/td>\nrelativistic momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{p}}_{\\text{tot}} $<\/td>\ntotal momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{p}}^{\\prime}_{\\text{tot}} $<\/td>\ntotal momentum some time later<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex p_{\\text{abs}} $<\/td>\nabsolute pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex p_{\\text{atm}} $<\/td>\natmospheric pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex p_{\\text{atm}} $<\/td>\nstandard atmospheric pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{PE} $<\/td>\npotential energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{PE}_{el} $<\/td>\nelastic potential energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{PE}_{\\text{elec}} $<\/td>\nelectric potential energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{PE}_s $<\/td>\npotential energy of a spring<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex P_g $<\/td>\ngauge pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex P_{in} $<\/td>\npower consumption or input<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex P_{out} $<\/td>\nuseful power output going into useful work or a desired, form of energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex Q $<\/td>\nlatent heat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex Q $<\/td>\nnet heat transferred into a system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex Q $<\/td>\nflow rate\u2014volume per unit time flowing past a point<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex +Q $<\/td>\npositive charge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex -Q $<\/td>\nnegative charge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex q $<\/td>\nelectron charge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex q_p $<\/td>\ncharge of a proton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex q $<\/td>\ntest charge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{QF} $<\/td>\nquality factor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex R $<\/td>\nactivity, the rate of decay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex R $<\/td>\nradius of curvature of a spherical mirror<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex R $<\/td>\nred quark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\overline{R} $<\/td>\nantired (cyan) quark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex R $<\/td>\nresistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{R} $<\/td>\nresultant or total displacement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex R $<\/td>\nRydberg constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex R $<\/td>\nuniversal gas constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex r $<\/td>\ndistance from pivot point to the point where a force is applied<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex r $<\/td>\ninternal resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex r_{\\bot} $<\/td>\nperpendicular lever arm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex r $<\/td>\nradius of a nucleus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex r $<\/td>\nradius of curvature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex r $<\/td>\nresistivity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{r or rad} $<\/td>\nradiation dose unit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{rem} $<\/td>\nroentgen equivalent man<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{rad} $<\/td>\nradian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{RBE} $<\/td>\nrelative biological effectiveness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex RC $<\/td>\nresistor and capacitor circuit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{rms} $<\/td>\nroot mean square<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex r_n $<\/td>\nradius of the n<\/em>th H-atom orbit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex R_p $<\/td>\ntotal resistance of a parallel connection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex R_s $<\/td>\ntotal resistance of a series connection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex R_s $<\/td>\nSchwarzschild radius<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex S $<\/td>\nentropy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{S}} $<\/td>\nintrinsic spin (intrinsic angular momentum)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex S $<\/td>\nmagnitude of the intrinsic (internal) spin angular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex S $<\/td>\nshear modulus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex S $<\/td>\nstrangeness quantum number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex s $<\/td>\nquark flavor strange<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{s} $<\/td>\nsecond (fundamental SI unit of time)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex s $<\/td>\nspin quantum number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{s}} $<\/td>\ntotal displacement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{sec} \\theta $<\/td>\nsecant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{sin} \\theta $<\/td>\nsine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex s_z $<\/td>\nz<\/em>-component of spin angular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex T $<\/td>\nperiod\u2014time to complete one oscillation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex T $<\/td>\ntemperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex T_c $<\/td>\ncritical temperature\u2014temperature below which a material becomes a superconductor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex T $<\/td>\ntension<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{T} $<\/td>\ntesla (magnetic field strength B<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex t $<\/td>\nquark flavor top or truth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex t $<\/td>\ntime<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex t_{1\/2} $<\/td>\nhalf-life\u2014the time in which half of the original nuclei decay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{tan} \\theta $<\/td>\ntangent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex U $<\/td>\ninternal energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex u $<\/td>\nquark flavor up<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{u} $<\/td>\nunified atomic mass unit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{u}} $<\/td>\nvelocity of an object relative to an observer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{u}}^{\\prime} $<\/td>\nvelocity relative to another observer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex V $<\/td>\nelectric potential<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex V $<\/td>\nterminal voltage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{V} $<\/td>\nvolt (unit)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex V $<\/td>\nvolume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{v}} $<\/td>\nrelative velocity between two observers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex v $<\/td>\nspeed of light in a material<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{v}} $<\/td>\nvelocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\overline{\\textbf{\\text{v}}} $<\/td>\naverage fluid velocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex V_B - V_A $<\/td>\nchange in potential<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{v}}_d $<\/td>\ndrift velocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex V_p $<\/td>\ntransformer input voltage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex V_{\\text{rms}} $<\/td>\nrms voltage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex V_s $<\/td>\ntransformer output voltage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{v}}_{\\text{tot}} $<\/td>\ntotal velocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex v_{\\text{w}} $<\/td>\npropagation speed of sound or other wave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\textbf{\\text{v}}_{\\text{w}} $<\/td>\nwave velocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex W $<\/td>\nwork<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex W $<\/td>\nnet work done by a system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{W} $<\/td>\nwatt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex w $<\/td>\nweight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex w_{\\text{fl}} $<\/td>\nweight of the fluid displaced by an object<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex W_c $<\/td>\ntotal work done by all conservative forces<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex W_{nc} $<\/td>\ntotal work done by all nonconservative forces<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex W_{out} $<\/td>\nuseful work output<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex X $<\/td>\namplitude<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\text{X} $<\/td>\nsymbol for an element<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex \\begin{matrix} Z \\\\ A \\end{matrix} K_N $<\/td>\nnotation for a particular nuclide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex x $<\/td>\ndeformation or displacement from equilibrium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex x $<\/td>\ndisplacement of a spring from its undeformed position<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex x $<\/td>\nhorizontal axis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex X_C $<\/td>\ncapacitive reactance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex X_L $<\/td>\ninductive reactance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex x_{\\text{rms}} $<\/td>\nroot mean square diffusion distance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex y $<\/td>\nvertical axis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex Y $<\/td>\nelastic modulus or Young's modulus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex Z $<\/td>\natomic number (number of protons in a nucleus)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
$latex Z $<\/td>\nimpedance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>","rendered":"

In this glossary, key symbols and notation are briefly defined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Symbol<\/th>\nDefinition<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
[latex]\\overline{\\text{any symbol}}[\/latex]<\/td>\naverage (indicated by a bar over a symbol\u2014e.g., [latex]\\bar{v}[\/latex] is average velocity)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]^{\\circ} \\text{C}[\/latex]<\/td>\nCelsius degree<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]^{\\circ} \\text{F}[\/latex]<\/td>\nFahrenheit degree<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\/\/[\/latex]<\/td>\nparallel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\bot[\/latex]<\/td>\nperpendicular<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\propto[\/latex]<\/td>\nproportional to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\pm[\/latex]<\/td>\nplus or minus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]_0[\/latex]<\/td>\nzero as a subscript denotes an initial value<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\alpha[\/latex]<\/td>\nalpha rays<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\alpha[\/latex]<\/td>\nangular acceleration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\alpha[\/latex]<\/td>\ntemperature coefficient(s) of resistivity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\beta[\/latex]<\/td>\nbeta rays<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\beta[\/latex]<\/td>\nsound level<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\beta[\/latex]<\/td>\nvolume coefficient of expansion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\beta ^{-}[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectron emitted in nuclear beta decay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\beta ^{+}[\/latex]<\/td>\npositron decay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\gamma[\/latex]<\/td>\ngamma rays<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\gamma[\/latex]<\/td>\nsurface tension<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\gamma = 1\/ \\sqrt{1 - v^2 \/ c^2}[\/latex]<\/td>\na constant used in relativity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\Delta[\/latex]<\/td>\nchange in whatever quantity follows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\delta[\/latex]<\/td>\nuncertainty in whatever quantity follows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta E[\/latex]<\/td>\nchange in energy between the initial and final orbits of an electron in an atom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta E[\/latex]<\/td>\nuncertainty in energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta m[\/latex]<\/td>\ndifference in mass between initial and final products<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta N[\/latex]<\/td>\nnumber of decays that occur<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta p[\/latex]<\/td>\nchange in momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta p[\/latex]<\/td>\nuncertainty in momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta \\text{PE}_{\\text{g}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nchange in gravitational potential energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta \\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\nrotation angle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta s[\/latex]<\/td>\ndistance traveled along a circular path<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta t[\/latex]<\/td>\nuncertainty in time<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta t_0[\/latex]<\/td>\nproper time as measured by an observer at rest relative to the process<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta V[\/latex]<\/td>\npotential difference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mathit\\Delta x[\/latex]<\/td>\nuncertainty in position<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\epsilon _0[\/latex]<\/td>\npermittivity of free space<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\eta[\/latex]<\/td>\nviscosity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\nangle between the force vector and the displacement vector<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\nangle between two lines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\ncontact angle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\ndirection of the resultant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\theta _b[\/latex]<\/td>\nBrewster’s angle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\theta _c[\/latex]<\/td>\ncritical angle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\kappa[\/latex]<\/td>\ndielectric constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\lambda[\/latex]<\/td>\ndecay constant of a nuclide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\lambda[\/latex]<\/td>\nwavelength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\lambda _n[\/latex]<\/td>\nwavelength in a medium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mu _0[\/latex]<\/td>\npermeability of free space<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mu _k[\/latex]<\/td>\ncoefficient of kinetic friction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\mu _s[\/latex]<\/td>\ncoefficient of static friction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]v_e[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectron neutrino<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\pi ^+[\/latex]<\/td>\npositive pion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\pi ^-[\/latex]<\/td>\nnegative pion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\pi ^0[\/latex]<\/td>\nneutral pion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\rho[\/latex]<\/td>\ndensity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\rho _{\\text{c}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ncritical density, the density needed to just halt universal expansion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\rho _{\\text{fl}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nfluid density<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\overline{\\rho} _{\\text{obj}}[\/latex]<\/td>\naverage density of an object<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\rho \/ \\rho _{\\text{w}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nspecific gravity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\tau[\/latex]<\/td>\ncharacteristic time constant for a resistance and inductance ([latex]RL[\/latex]) or resistance and capacitance ([latex]RC[\/latex]) circuit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\tau[\/latex]<\/td>\ncharacteristic time for a resistor and capacitor ([latex]RC[\/latex]) circuit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\tau[\/latex]<\/td>\ntorque<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\Upsilon[\/latex]<\/td>\nupsilon meson<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\Phi[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnetic flux<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\phi[\/latex]<\/td>\nphase angle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\Omega[\/latex]<\/td>\nohm (unit)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\omega[\/latex]<\/td>\nangular velocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{A}[\/latex]<\/td>\nampere (current unit)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]A[\/latex]<\/td>\narea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]A[\/latex]<\/td>\ncross-sectional area<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]A[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal number of nucleons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]a[\/latex]<\/td>\nacceleration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]a_{\\text{B}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nBohr radius<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]a_{\\text{c}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ncentripetal acceleration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]a_{\\text{t}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntangential acceleration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{AC}[\/latex]<\/td>\nalternating current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{AM}[\/latex]<\/td>\namplitude modulation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{atm}[\/latex]<\/td>\natmosphere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]B[\/latex]<\/td>\nbaryon number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]B[\/latex]<\/td>\nblue quark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\overline{B}[\/latex]<\/td>\nantiblue (yellow) antiquark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]b[\/latex]<\/td>\nquark flavor bottom or beauty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]B[\/latex]<\/td>\nbulk modulus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]B[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnetic field strength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]B_{\\text{int}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectron\u2019s intrinsic magnetic field<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]B_{\\text{orb}}[\/latex]<\/td>\norbital magnetic field<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{BE}[\/latex]<\/td>\nbinding energy of a nucleus\u2014it is the energy required to completely disassemble it into separate protons and neutrons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{BE\/A}[\/latex]<\/td>\nbinding energy per nucleon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{Bq}[\/latex]<\/td>\nbecquerel\u2014one decay per second<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]C[\/latex]<\/td>\ncapacitance (amount of charge stored per volt)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]C[\/latex]<\/td>\ncoulomb (a fundamental SI unit of charge)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]C_{\\text{p}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal capacitance in parallel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]C_{\\text{s}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal capacitance in series<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{CG}[\/latex]<\/td>\ncenter of gravity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{CM}[\/latex]<\/td>\ncenter of mass<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]c[\/latex]<\/td>\nquark flavor charm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]c[\/latex]<\/td>\nspecific heat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]c[\/latex]<\/td>\nspeed of light<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{Cal}[\/latex]<\/td>\nkilocalorie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{cal}[\/latex]<\/td>\ncalorie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textit{\\text{COP}}_{\\text{hp}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nheat pump\u2019s coefficient of performance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textit{\\text{COP}}_{\\text{ref}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ncoefficient of performance for refrigerators and air conditioners<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{cos} \\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\ncosine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{cot} \\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\ncotangent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{csc} \\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\ncosecant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]D[\/latex]<\/td>\ndiffusion constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]d[\/latex]<\/td>\ndisplacement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]d[\/latex]<\/td>\nquark flavor down<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{dB}[\/latex]<\/td>\ndecibel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]d_i[\/latex]<\/td>\ndistance of an image from the center of a lens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]d_o[\/latex]<\/td>\ndistance of an object from the center of a lens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{DC}[\/latex]<\/td>\ndirect current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectric field strength<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\epsilon[\/latex]<\/td>\nemf (voltage) or Hall electromotive force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{emf}[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectromotive force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E[\/latex]<\/td>\nenergy of a single photon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E[\/latex]<\/td>\nnuclear reaction energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E[\/latex]<\/td>\nrelativistic total energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E_0[\/latex]<\/td>\nground state energy for hydrogen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E_0[\/latex]<\/td>\nrest energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{EC}[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectron capture<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E_{\\text{cap}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nenergy stored in a capacitor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textit{\\text{Eff}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nefficiency\u2014the useful work output divided by the energy input<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textit{\\text{Eff}}_{\\textit{\\text{C}}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nCarnot efficiency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E_{\\text{in}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nenergy consumed (food digested in humans)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E_{\\text{ind}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nenergy stored in an inductor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]E_{\\text{out}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nenergy output<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]e[\/latex]<\/td>\nemissivity of an object<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]e^+[\/latex]<\/td>\nantielectron or positron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{eV}[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectron volt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{F}[\/latex]<\/td>\nfarad (unit of capacitance, a coulomb per volt)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{F}[\/latex]<\/td>\nfocal point of a lens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{F}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nforce<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]F[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnitude of a force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]F[\/latex]<\/td>\nrestoring force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]F_{\\text{B}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nbuoyant force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]F_{\\text{c}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ncentripetal force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]F_{\\text{i}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nforce input<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{F}_{\\text{net}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nnet force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]F_{\\text{o}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nforce output<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{FM}[\/latex]<\/td>\nfrequency modulation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]f[\/latex]<\/td>\nfocal length<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]f[\/latex]<\/td>\nfrequency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]f_0[\/latex]<\/td>\nresonant frequency of a resistance, inductance, and capacitance ([latex]RLC[\/latex]) series circuit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]f_0[\/latex]<\/td>\nthreshold frequency for a particular material (photoelectric effect)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]f_1[\/latex]<\/td>\nfundamental<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]f_2[\/latex]<\/td>\nfirst overtone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]f_3[\/latex]<\/td>\nsecond overtone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]f_{\\text{B}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nbeat frequency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]f_{\\text{k}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnitude of kinetic friction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]f_{\\text{s}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnitude of static friction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]G[\/latex]<\/td>\ngravitational constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]G[\/latex]<\/td>\ngreen quark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\overline{G}[\/latex]<\/td>\nantigreen (magenta) antiquark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]g[\/latex]<\/td>\nacceleration due to gravity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]g[\/latex]<\/td>\ngluons (carrier particles for strong nuclear force)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]h[\/latex]<\/td>\nchange in vertical position<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]h[\/latex]<\/td>\nheight above some reference point<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]h[\/latex]<\/td>\nmaximum height of a projectile<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]h[\/latex]<\/td>\nPlanck’s constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]hf[\/latex]<\/td>\nphoton energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]h_i[\/latex]<\/td>\nheight of the image<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]h_o[\/latex]<\/td>\nheight of the object<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]I[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectric current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]I[\/latex]<\/td>\nintensity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]I[\/latex]<\/td>\nintensity of a transmitted wave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]I[\/latex]<\/td>\nmoment of inertia (also called rotational inertia)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]I_0[\/latex]<\/td>\nintensity of a polarized wave before passing through a filter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]I_{\\text{ave}}[\/latex]<\/td>\naverage intensity for a continuous sinusoidal electromagnetic wave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]I_{\\text{rms}}[\/latex]<\/td>\naverage current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]J[\/latex]<\/td>\njoule<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]J \/ \\psi[\/latex]<\/td>\nJoules\/psi meson<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{K}[\/latex]<\/td>\nkelvin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]k[\/latex]<\/td>\nBoltzmann constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]k[\/latex]<\/td>\nforce constant of a spring<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]K_{\\alpha}[\/latex]<\/td>\nx rays created when an electron falls into an [latex]n = 1[\/latex] shell vacancy from the [latex]n = 3[\/latex] shell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]K_{\\beta}[\/latex]<\/td>\nx rays created when an electron falls into an [latex]n = 2[\/latex] shell vacancy from the [latex]n = 3[\/latex] shell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{kcal}[\/latex]<\/td>\nkilocalorie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{KE}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntranslational kinetic energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{KE} + \\text{PE}[\/latex]<\/td>\nmechanical energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{KE}_e[\/latex]<\/td>\nkinetic energy of an ejected electron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{KE}_{\\text{rel}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nrelativistic kinetic energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{KE}_{\\text{rot}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nrotational kinetic energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\overline{\\text{KE}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nthermal energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{kg}[\/latex]<\/td>\nkilogram (a fundamental SI unit of mass)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L[\/latex]<\/td>\nangular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{L}[\/latex]<\/td>\nliter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnitude of angular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L[\/latex]<\/td>\nself-inductance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\ell[\/latex]<\/td>\nangular momentum quantum number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L_{\\alpha}[\/latex]<\/td>\nx rays created when an electron falls into an [latex]n = 2[\/latex] shell from the [latex]n = 3[\/latex] shell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L_e[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectron total family number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L_{\\mu}[\/latex]<\/td>\nmuon family total number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L_{\\tau}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntau family total number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L_{\\text{f}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nheat of fusion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L_{\\text{f}}[\/latex] and [latex]L_{\\text{v}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nlatent heat coefficients<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L_{\\text{orb}}[\/latex]<\/td>\norbital angular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L_{\\text{s}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nheat of sublimation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L_{\\text{v}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nheat of vaporization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]L_z[\/latex]<\/td>\nz<\/em> – component of the angular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]M[\/latex]<\/td>\nangular magnification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]M[\/latex]<\/td>\nmutual inductance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\nindicates metastable state<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m[\/latex]<\/td>\nmass<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m[\/latex]<\/td>\nmass of an object as measured by a person at rest relative to the object<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\nmeter (a fundamental SI unit of length)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m[\/latex]<\/td>\norder of interference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m[\/latex]<\/td>\noverall magnification (product of the individual magnifications)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m(^AX)[\/latex]<\/td>\natomic mass of a nuclide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{MA}[\/latex]<\/td>\nmechanical advantage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m_{\\text{e}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnification of the eyepiece<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m_e[\/latex]<\/td>\nmass of the electron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m_{\\ell}[\/latex]<\/td>\nangular momentum projection quantum number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m_n[\/latex]<\/td>\nmass of a neutron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m_{\\text{o}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnification of the objective lens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{mol}[\/latex]<\/td>\nmole<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m_p[\/latex]<\/td>\nmass of a proton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]m_{\\text{s}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nspin projection quantum number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]N[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnitude of the normal force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{N}[\/latex]<\/td>\nnewton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{N}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nnormal force<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]N[\/latex]<\/td>\nnumber of neutrons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]n[\/latex]<\/td>\nindex of refraction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]n[\/latex]<\/td>\nnumber of free charges per unit volume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]N_A[\/latex]<\/td>\nAvogadro’s number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]N_{\\text{r}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nReynolds number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\nnewton-meter (work-energy unit)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{N} \\cdot \\text{m}[\/latex]<\/td>\nnewtons times meters (SI unit of torque)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{OE}[\/latex]<\/td>\nother energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]P[\/latex]<\/td>\npower<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]P[\/latex]<\/td>\npower of a lens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]P[\/latex]<\/td>\npressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{p}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nmomentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]p[\/latex]<\/td>\nmomentum magnitude<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]p[\/latex]<\/td>\nrelativistic momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{p}}_{\\text{tot}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{p}}^{\\prime}_{\\text{tot}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal momentum some time later<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]p_{\\text{abs}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nabsolute pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]p_{\\text{atm}}[\/latex]<\/td>\natmospheric pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]p_{\\text{atm}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nstandard atmospheric pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{PE}[\/latex]<\/td>\npotential energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{PE}_{el}[\/latex]<\/td>\nelastic potential energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{PE}_{\\text{elec}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectric potential energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{PE}_s[\/latex]<\/td>\npotential energy of a spring<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]P_g[\/latex]<\/td>\ngauge pressure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]P_{in}[\/latex]<\/td>\npower consumption or input<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]P_{out}[\/latex]<\/td>\nuseful power output going into useful work or a desired, form of energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/td>\nlatent heat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/td>\nnet heat transferred into a system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]Q[\/latex]<\/td>\nflow rate\u2014volume per unit time flowing past a point<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]+Q[\/latex]<\/td>\npositive charge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]-Q[\/latex]<\/td>\nnegative charge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]q[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectron charge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]q_p[\/latex]<\/td>\ncharge of a proton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]q[\/latex]<\/td>\ntest charge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{QF}[\/latex]<\/td>\nquality factor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]R[\/latex]<\/td>\nactivity, the rate of decay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]R[\/latex]<\/td>\nradius of curvature of a spherical mirror<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]R[\/latex]<\/td>\nred quark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\overline{R}[\/latex]<\/td>\nantired (cyan) quark color<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]R[\/latex]<\/td>\nresistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{R}[\/latex]<\/td>\nresultant or total displacement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]R[\/latex]<\/td>\nRydberg constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]R[\/latex]<\/td>\nuniversal gas constant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]r[\/latex]<\/td>\ndistance from pivot point to the point where a force is applied<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]r[\/latex]<\/td>\ninternal resistance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]r_{\\bot}[\/latex]<\/td>\nperpendicular lever arm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]r[\/latex]<\/td>\nradius of a nucleus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]r[\/latex]<\/td>\nradius of curvature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]r[\/latex]<\/td>\nresistivity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{r or rad}[\/latex]<\/td>\nradiation dose unit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{rem}[\/latex]<\/td>\nroentgen equivalent man<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{rad}[\/latex]<\/td>\nradian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{RBE}[\/latex]<\/td>\nrelative biological effectiveness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]RC[\/latex]<\/td>\nresistor and capacitor circuit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{rms}[\/latex]<\/td>\nroot mean square<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]r_n[\/latex]<\/td>\nradius of the n<\/em>th H-atom orbit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]R_p[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal resistance of a parallel connection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]R_s[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal resistance of a series connection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]R_s[\/latex]<\/td>\nSchwarzschild radius<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]S[\/latex]<\/td>\nentropy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{S}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nintrinsic spin (intrinsic angular momentum)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]S[\/latex]<\/td>\nmagnitude of the intrinsic (internal) spin angular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]S[\/latex]<\/td>\nshear modulus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]S[\/latex]<\/td>\nstrangeness quantum number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]s[\/latex]<\/td>\nquark flavor strange<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{s}[\/latex]<\/td>\nsecond (fundamental SI unit of time)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]s[\/latex]<\/td>\nspin quantum number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{s}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal displacement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{sec} \\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\nsecant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{sin} \\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\nsine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]s_z[\/latex]<\/td>\nz<\/em>-component of spin angular momentum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]T[\/latex]<\/td>\nperiod\u2014time to complete one oscillation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]T[\/latex]<\/td>\ntemperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]T_c[\/latex]<\/td>\ncritical temperature\u2014temperature below which a material becomes a superconductor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]T[\/latex]<\/td>\ntension<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{T}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntesla (magnetic field strength B<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]t[\/latex]<\/td>\nquark flavor top or truth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]t[\/latex]<\/td>\ntime<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]t_{1\/2}[\/latex]<\/td>\nhalf-life\u2014the time in which half of the original nuclei decay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{tan} \\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\ntangent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]U[\/latex]<\/td>\ninternal energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]u[\/latex]<\/td>\nquark flavor up<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{u}[\/latex]<\/td>\nunified atomic mass unit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{u}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nvelocity of an object relative to an observer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{u}}^{\\prime}[\/latex]<\/td>\nvelocity relative to another observer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]V[\/latex]<\/td>\nelectric potential<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]V[\/latex]<\/td>\nterminal voltage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{V}[\/latex]<\/td>\nvolt (unit)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]V[\/latex]<\/td>\nvolume<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{v}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nrelative velocity between two observers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]v[\/latex]<\/td>\nspeed of light in a material<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{v}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nvelocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\overline{\\textbf{\\text{v}}}[\/latex]<\/td>\naverage fluid velocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]V_B - V_A[\/latex]<\/td>\nchange in potential<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{v}}_d[\/latex]<\/td>\ndrift velocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]V_p[\/latex]<\/td>\ntransformer input voltage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]V_{\\text{rms}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nrms voltage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]V_s[\/latex]<\/td>\ntransformer output voltage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{v}}_{\\text{tot}}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal velocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]v_{\\text{w}}[\/latex]<\/td>\npropagation speed of sound or other wave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\textbf{\\text{v}}_{\\text{w}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nwave velocity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]W[\/latex]<\/td>\nwork<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]W[\/latex]<\/td>\nnet work done by a system<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{W}[\/latex]<\/td>\nwatt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]w[\/latex]<\/td>\nweight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]w_{\\text{fl}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nweight of the fluid displaced by an object<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]W_c[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal work done by all conservative forces<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]W_{nc}[\/latex]<\/td>\ntotal work done by all nonconservative forces<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]W_{out}[\/latex]<\/td>\nuseful work output<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]X[\/latex]<\/td>\namplitude<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\text{X}[\/latex]<\/td>\nsymbol for an element<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]\\begin{matrix} Z \\\\ A \\end{matrix} K_N[\/latex]<\/td>\nnotation for a particular nuclide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]x[\/latex]<\/td>\ndeformation or displacement from equilibrium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]x[\/latex]<\/td>\ndisplacement of a spring from its undeformed position<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]x[\/latex]<\/td>\nhorizontal axis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]X_C[\/latex]<\/td>\ncapacitive reactance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]X_L[\/latex]<\/td>\ninductive reactance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]x_{\\text{rms}}[\/latex]<\/td>\nroot mean square diffusion distance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]y[\/latex]<\/td>\nvertical axis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]Y[\/latex]<\/td>\nelastic modulus or Young’s modulus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[latex]Z[\/latex]<\/td>\natomic number (number of protons in a nucleus)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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