{"id":351,"date":"2017-09-18T18:08:56","date_gmt":"2017-09-18T22:08:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/chapter\/6-4-conservative-forces-and-potential-energy\/"},"modified":"2021-05-09T16:20:01","modified_gmt":"2021-05-09T20:20:01","slug":"6-4-conservative-forces-and-potential-energy","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/chapter\/6-4-conservative-forces-and-potential-energy\/","title":{"raw":"6.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy","rendered":"6.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<div>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Define conservative force, potential energy, and mechanical energy.<\/li>\n \t<li>Explain the potential energy of a spring in terms of its compression when Hooke\u2019s law applies.<\/li>\n \t<li>Use the work-energy theorem to show how having only conservative forces implies conservation of mechanical energy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-id2044114\">\n<h1>Potential Energy and Conservative Forces<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1532141\">Work is done by a force, and some forces, such as weight, have special characteristics. A <strong><span id=\"import-auto-id2259527\">conservative force<\/span><\/strong> is one, like the gravitational force, for which work done by or against it depends only on the starting and ending points of a motion and not on the path taken. We can define a <span id=\"import-auto-id2177452\"><strong>potential energy <\/strong><\/span>(<strong>PE<\/strong>) for any conservative force, just as we did for the gravitational force. For example, when you wind up a toy, an egg timer, or an old-fashioned watch, you do work against its spring and store energy in it. (We treat these springs as ideal, in that we assume there is no friction and no production of thermal energy.) This stored energy is recoverable as work, and it is useful to think of it as potential energy contained in the spring. Indeed, the reason that the spring has this characteristic is that its force is <em>conservative<\/em>. That is, a conservative force results in stored or potential energy. Gravitational potential energy is one example, as is the energy stored in a spring. We will also see how conservative forces are related to the conservation of energy.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fs-id2018328\" class=\"note\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"note\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\n<\/span><\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2201500\">Potential energy is the energy a system has due to position, shape, or configuration. It is stored energy that is completely recoverable.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2652298\">A conservative force is one for which work done by or against it depends only on the starting and ending points of a motion and not on the path taken.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1891830\">We can define a potential energy (<strong>PE<\/strong>) for any conservative force. The work done against a conservative force to reach a final configuration depends on the configuration, not the path followed, and is the potential energy added.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id1859042\">\n<h1>Potential Energy of a Spring<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1746304\">First, let us obtain an expression for the potential energy stored in a spring (<strong>PE<sub>s<\/sub><\/strong>). We calculate the work done to stretch or compress a spring that obeys Hooke\u2019s law. Hooke's Law states that the magnitude of force <em><strong>F<\/strong><\/em> on the spring and the resulting deformation <strong>\u0394<em>L<\/em><\/strong> are proportional, <strong><em>F<\/em> = <em>k<\/em>\u0394<em>L<\/em><\/strong>.) (See <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1593673\">Figure 1<\/a>.) For our spring, we will replace <strong>\u0394<em>L<\/em><\/strong> (the amount of deformation produced by a force <em><strong>F<\/strong><\/em>) by the distance <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> that the spring is stretched or compressed along its length. So the force needed to stretch the spring has magnitude <strong><em>F<\/em> = <em>kx<\/em><\/strong>, where <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em> is the spring\u2019s force constant. The force increases linearly from 0 at the start to <em><strong>kx<\/strong><\/em> in the fully stretched position. The average force is <strong><em>kx<\/em>\/2<\/strong>. Thus the work done in stretching or compressing the spring is [latex]\\boldsymbol{W_{\\textbf{s}}=Fd=(\\frac{kx}{2})x=\\frac{1}{2}kx^2}.[\/latex] Alternatively, we noted in <a href=\"\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/chapter\/7-2-kinetic-energy-and-the-work-energy-theorem\/\">Chapter 6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem<\/a> that the area under a graph of <em><strong>F<\/strong><\/em> vs. <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is the work done by the force. In <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1593673\">Figure 1<\/a>(c) we see that this area is also [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}kx^2}.[\/latex] We therefore define the <strong>potential energy of a spring<\/strong>, <strong>PE<sub>s<\/sub><\/strong>, to be<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fs-id2759202\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{s}}\\:=}[\/latex][latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{kx^2,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1635452\">where <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em> is the spring\u2019s force constant and <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is the displacement from its undeformed position. The potential energy represents the work done <em>on<\/em> the spring and the energy stored in it as a result of stretching or compressing it a distance <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em>. The potential energy of the spring <strong>PE<sub>s<\/sub><\/strong> does not depend on the path taken; it depends only on the stretch or squeeze <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> in the final configuration.<\/p>\n\n<figure id=\"fs-id1593673\"><figcaption><\/figcaption>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2017\/09\/Figure_08_04_01a-1.jpg\" alt=\"An undeformed spring fixed at one end with no potential energy. (b) A spring fixed at one end and stretched by a distance x by a force F equal to k x. Work done W is equal to one half k x squared. P E s is equal to one half k x squared. (c) A graph of force F versus elongation x in the spring. A straight line inclined to x axis starts from origin. The area under this line forms a right triangle with base of x and height of k x. Area of this triangle is equal to one half k x squared.\" width=\"600\" height=\"272\"> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> (a) An undeformed spring has no <strong>PE<sub>s<\/sub><\/strong> stored in it. (b) The force needed to stretch (or compress) the spring a distance <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> has a magnitude<strong> F=<em>kx<\/em><\/strong>, and the work done to stretch (or compress) it is<strong> 1\/2<em> kx<\/em><sup>2<\/sup><\/strong>. Because the force is conservative, this work is stored as potential energy <strong>(PE<sub>s<\/sub>)<\/strong> in the spring, and it can be fully recovered. (c) A graph of <strong>F<\/strong> vs. <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> has a slope of <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em>, and the area under the graph is <strong>1\/2 <em>kx<\/em><sup>2<\/sup><\/strong>. Thus the work done or potential energy stored is <strong>1\/2 <em>kx<\/em><sup>2<\/sup><\/strong>.[\/caption]<\/figure>\nThe equation [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{s}}=\\frac{1}{2}kx^2}[\/latex] has general validity beyond the special case for which it was derived. Potential energy can be stored in any elastic medium by deforming it. Indeed, the general definition of <strong>potential energy<\/strong> is energy due to position, shape, or configuration. For shape or position deformations, stored energy is [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{s}}=\\frac{1}{2}kx^2},[\/latex] where <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em> is the force constant of the particular system and <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is its deformation. Another example is seen in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1089734\">Figure 2<\/a> for a guitar string.\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id1089734\"><figcaption><\/figcaption>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"150\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2021\/05\/Figure_08_04_02a-1.jpg\" alt=\"A six-string guitar is placed vertically. The left-most string is plucked in the left direction with a force F shown by an arrow pointing left. The displacement of the string from the mean position is d. The plucked string is labeled P E sub string, to represent the potential energy of the string.\" width=\"150\" height=\"768\"> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Work is done to deform the guitar string, giving it potential energy. When released, the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and back to potential as the string oscillates back and forth. A very small fraction is dissipated as sound energy, slowly removing energy from the string.[\/caption]<\/figure>\n<\/section><section>\n<h1>Conservation of Mechanical Energy<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1647883\">Let us now consider what form the work-energy theorem takes when only conservative forces are involved. This will lead us to the conservation of energy principle. The work-energy theorem states that the net work done by all forces acting on a system equals its change in kinetic energy. In equation form, this is<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fs-id1023510\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{W_{\\textbf{net}}\\:=}[\/latex][latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{mv^2\\:-}[\/latex][latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{mv_0}^2=\\Delta\\textbf{KE}}.[\/latex]<\/div>\nIf only conservative forces act, then\n<div id=\"fs-id1215817\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{W_{\\textbf{net}}=W_{\\textbf{c}}},[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1541884\">where <strong><em>W<\/em><sub>c<\/sub><\/strong> is the total work done by all conservative forces. Thus,<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fs-id1856861\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{W_{\\textbf{c}}=\\Delta\\textbf{KE}}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1849020\">Now, if the conservative force, such as the gravitational force or a spring force, does work, the system loses potential energy. That is, <strong><em>W<\/em><sub>c<\/sub> = -\u0394PE<\/strong>. Therefore,<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fs-id1476064\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{-\\Delta\\textbf{PE}=\\Delta\\textbf{KE}}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2495230\">or<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fs-id1066460\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{\\Delta\\textbf{KE}+\\Delta\\textbf{PE}=0}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1946049\">This equation means that the total kinetic and potential energy is constant for any process involving only conservative forces. That is,<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"fs-id1898898\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lc} {} &amp; \\boldsymbol{\\textbf{KE}+\\textbf{PE}=\\textbf{constant}} \\\\ \\textbf{or} &amp; {} \\\\ {} &amp; \\boldsymbol{\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{i}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{i}}=\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{f}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{f}}} \\end{array}[\/latex][latex size=\"4\"]\\rbrace[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{(\\textbf{conservative forces only})},[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1005764\">where i and f denote initial and final values. This equation is a form of the work-energy theorem for conservative forces; it is known as the <strong>conservation of mechanical energy<\/strong> principle. Remember that this applies to the extent that all the forces are conservative, so that friction is negligible. The total kinetic plus potential energy of a system is defined to be its <strong>mechanical energy<\/strong>, (<strong>KE+PE<\/strong>). In a system that experiences only conservative forces, there is a potential energy associated with each force, and the energy only changes form between <strong>KE<\/strong> and the various types of <strong>PE<\/strong>, with the total energy remaining constant.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1893243\" class=\"example\">\n<h3 id=\"import-auto-id955724\">Example 1: Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy to Calculate the Speed of a Toy Car<\/h3>\nA 0.100-kg toy car is propelled by a compressed spring, as shown in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id2687249\">Figure 3<\/a>. The car follows a track that rises 0.180 m above the starting point. The spring is compressed 4.00 cm and has a force constant of 250.0 N\/m. Assuming work done by friction to be negligible, find (a) how fast the car is going before it starts up the slope and (b) how fast it is going at the top of the slope.\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id2687249\"><figcaption><\/figcaption>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2021\/05\/Figure_08_04_03a-1.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a toy race car that has just been released from a spring. Two possible paths for the car are shown. One path has a gradual upward incline, leveling off at a height of eighteen centimeters above its starting level. An alternative path shows the car descending from its starting point, making a loop, and then ascending back up and leveling off at a height of eighteen centimeters above its starting level.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"125\"> <strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> A toy car is pushed by a compressed spring and coasts up a slope. Assuming negligible friction, the potential energy in the spring is first completely converted to kinetic energy, and then to a combination of kinetic and gravitational potential energy as the car rises. The details of the path are unimportant because all forces are conservative\u2014the car would have the same final speed if it took the alternate path shown.[\/caption]<\/figure>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2021795\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2739842\">The spring force and the gravitational force are conservative forces, so conservation of mechanical energy can be used. Thus,<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{i}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{i}}=\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{f}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{f}}}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1395400\">or<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"eip-82\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{mv_{\\textbf{i}}}^2+mgh_{\\textbf{i}}+}[\/latex][latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{kx_{\\textbf{i}}}^2=}[\/latex][latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{mv_{\\textbf{f}}}^2+mgh_{\\textbf{f}}+}[\/latex][latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{kx_{\\textbf{f}}^2},[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1410758\">where <em><strong>h<\/strong><\/em> is the height (vertical position) and <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is the compression of the spring. This general statement looks complex but becomes much simpler when we start considering specific situations. First, we must identify the initial and final conditions in a problem; then, we enter them into the last equation to solve for an unknown.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1661555\"><strong>Solution for (a)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1522337\">This part of the problem is limited to conditions just before the car is released and just after it leaves the spring. Take the initial height to be zero, so that both <strong><em>h<\/em><sub>i<\/sub><\/strong> and <strong><em>h<\/em><sub>f<\/sub><\/strong> are zero. Furthermore, the initial speed <strong><em>v<\/em><sub>i<\/sub><\/strong> is zero and the final compression of the spring <strong><em>x<\/em><sub>f<\/sub><\/strong> is zero, and so several terms in the conservation of mechanical energy equation are zero and it simplifies to<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"eip-654\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{kx_{\\textbf{i}}}^2\\:=}[\/latex][latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{mv_{\\textbf{f}}}^2}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2026403\">In other words, the initial potential energy in the spring is converted completely to kinetic energy in the absence of friction. Solving for the final speed and entering known values yields<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lcl} \\boldsymbol{v_{\\textbf{f}}} &amp; \\boldsymbol{=} &amp; \\boldsymbol{\\sqrt{\\frac{k}{m}}x_\\textbf{i}} \\\\ {} &amp; \\boldsymbol{=} &amp; \\boldsymbol{\\sqrt{\\frac{250.0\\textbf{ N\/m}}{0.100\\textbf{ kg}}}(0.0400\\textbf{ m})} \\\\ {} &amp; \\boldsymbol{=} &amp; \\boldsymbol{2.00\\textbf{ m\/s.}} \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2052328\"><strong>Solution for (b)<\/strong><\/p>\nOne method of finding the speed at the top of the slope is to consider conditions just before the car is released and just after it reaches the top of the slope, completely ignoring everything in between. Doing the same type of analysis to find which terms are zero, the conservation of mechanical energy becomes\n<div id=\"fs-id1617450\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{kx_{\\textbf{i}}}^2=}[\/latex][latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{mv_{\\textbf{f}}}^2+mgh_{\\textbf{f}}}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2486746\">This form of the equation means that the spring\u2019s initial potential energy is converted partly to gravitational potential energy and partly to kinetic energy. The final speed at the top of the slope will be less than at the bottom. Solving for[latex]\\boldsymbol{v_{\\textbf{f}}}[\/latex]and substituting known values gives<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"eip-334\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lcl} \\boldsymbol{v_{\\textbf{f}}} &amp; \\boldsymbol{=} &amp; \\boldsymbol{\\sqrt{\\frac{{kx_{\\textbf{i}}}^2}{m}-2gh_{\\textbf{f}}}} \\\\ {} &amp; \\boldsymbol{=} &amp; \\boldsymbol{\\sqrt{(\\frac{250.0\\textbf{ N\/m}}{0.100\\textbf{ kg}})(0.0400\\textbf{ m})^2-2(9.80\\textbf{ m\/s}^2)(0.180\\textbf{ m})}} \\\\ {} &amp; \\boldsymbol{=} &amp; \\boldsymbol{0.687\\textbf{ m\/s.}} \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2019781\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1956551\">Another way to solve this problem is to realize that the car\u2019s kinetic energy before it goes up the slope is converted partly to potential energy\u2014that is, to take the final conditions in part (a) to be the initial conditions in part (b).<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nNote that, for conservative forces, we do not directly calculate the work they do; rather, we consider their effects through their corresponding potential energies, just as we did in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1893243\">Example 1<\/a>. Note also that we do not consider details of the path taken\u2014only the starting and ending points are important (as long as the path is not impossible). This assumption is usually a tremendous simplification, because the path may be complicated and forces may vary along the way.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">PHET EXPLORATIONS: ENERGY SKATE PARK<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-id1795353\">Learn about conservation of energy with a skater dude! Build tracks, ramps and jumps for the skater and view the kinetic energy, potential energy and friction as he moves. You can also take the skater to different planets or even space!<\/p>\n\n<figure id=\"fs-id1328639\"><figcaption><\/figcaption>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"450\"]<a href=\"\/resources\/697fde7c797977c361cd5e2c8c61aecc26e18c84\/energy-skate-park_en.jar\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2021\/05\/PhET_Icon-16-1.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"450\" height=\"147\"><\/a> <strong>Figure 4.<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phet.colorado.edu\/en\/simulation\/energy-skate-park-basics\"> Energy Skate Park<\/a>[\/caption]<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id2026635\" class=\"section-summary\">\n<h1>Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1337667\">\n \t<li>A conservative force is one for which work depends only on the starting and ending points of a motion, not on the path taken.<\/li>\n \t<li>We can define potential energy <strong>(PE)<\/strong> for any conservative force, just as we defined<strong> PE<sub>g<\/sub><\/strong> for the gravitational force.<\/li>\n \t<li>The potential energy of a spring is [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{s}}=\\frac{1}{2}kx^2},[\/latex] where <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em> is the spring\u2019s force constant and <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is the displacement from its undeformed position.<\/li>\n \t<li>Mechanical energy is defined to be <strong>KE+PE<\/strong> for a conservative force.<\/li>\n \t<li>When only conservative forces act on and within a system, the total mechanical energy is constant. In equation form,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lc} {} &amp; \\boldsymbol{\\textbf{KE}+\\textbf{PE}=\\textbf{constant}} \\\\ \\textbf{or} &amp; {} \\\\ {} &amp; \\boldsymbol{\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{i}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{i}}=\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{f}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{f}}} \\end{array}[\/latex][latex size=\"4\"]\\rbrace[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2085554\">where i and f denote initial and final values. This is known as the conservation of mechanical energy.<\/p>\n\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id2090554\" class=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Conceptual Questions<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id2769430\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1975900\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1009401\"><strong>1: <\/strong>What is a conservative force?<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2731704\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1615208\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1332834\"><strong>2: <\/strong>The force exerted by a diving board is conservative, provided the internal friction is negligible. Assuming friction is negligible, describe changes in the potential energy of a diving board as a swimmer dives from it, starting just before the swimmer steps on the board until just after his feet leave it.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1862083\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1423142\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1354976\"><strong>3: <\/strong>Define mechanical energy. What is the relationship of mechanical energy to nonconservative forces? What happens to mechanical energy if only conservative forces act?<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1707793\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1484518\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1378890\"><strong>4: <\/strong>What is the relationship of potential energy to conservative force?<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-id2187058\" class=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1088644\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1994009\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1999125\"><strong>1: <\/strong>A 5.00 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup>-kg subway train is brought to a stop from a speed of 0.500 m\/s in 0.400 m by a large spring bumper at the end of its track. What is the force constant <em>k<\/em> of the spring?<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1628356\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id2125854\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2189143\"><strong>2: <\/strong>A pogo stick has a spring with a force constant of 2.50 \u00d7 10<sup>4<\/sup> N\/m, which can be compressed 12.0 cm. To what maximum height can a child jump on the stick using only the energy in the spring, if the child and stick have a total mass of 40.0 kg? Explicitly show how you follow the steps for problem solving.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2090686\" class=\"definition\">\n \t<dt id=\"import-auto-id1304386\">conservative force<\/dt>\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id1780282\">a force that does the same work for any given initial and final configuration, regardless of the path followed<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2203729\" class=\"definition\">\n \t<dt id=\"import-auto-id1727224\">potential energy<\/dt>\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id1997664\">energy due to position, shape, or configuration<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2008668\" class=\"definition\">\n \t<dt id=\"import-auto-id1417165\">potential energy of a spring<\/dt>\n \t<dd>the stored energy of a spring as a function of its displacement; when Hooke\u2019s law applies, it is given by the expression [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}kx^2}[\/latex] where <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is the distance the spring is compressed or extended and <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em> is the spring constant<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id1891971\" class=\"definition\">\n \t<dt id=\"import-auto-id2881710\">conservation of mechanical energy<\/dt>\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id2127800\">the rule that the sum of the kinetic energies and potential energies remains constant if only conservative forces act on and within a system<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id1942504\" class=\"definition\">\n \t<dt id=\"import-auto-id2089770\">mechanical energy<\/dt>\n \t<dd>the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Solutions<\/h3>\n<strong>Problems &amp; Exercises<\/strong>\n\n<strong>1: <\/strong>7.81 x 10<sup>5<\/sup> N\/m\u00a0 as kinetic energy = <sup>1<\/sup>\/<sub>2<\/sub> mv<sup>2<\/sup> = elastic energy = <sup>1<\/sup>\/<sub>2<\/sub> kx<sup>2\u00a0<\/sup>\n\n<strong>2:<\/strong>\u00a0 gravitational potential energy = m g h = elastic spring energy =\u00a0<sup>1<\/sup>\/<sub>2<\/sub> kx<sup>2\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0 =\u00a0<sup>1<\/sup>\/<sub>2<\/sub> (\u00a02.50 \u00d7 10<sup>4<\/sup> N\/m ) (0.12 m)<sup>2<\/sup>\n\n,\n\n&nbsp;\n\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Define conservative force, potential energy, and mechanical energy.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the potential energy of a spring in terms of its compression when Hooke\u2019s law applies.<\/li>\n<li>Use the work-energy theorem to show how having only conservative forces implies conservation of mechanical energy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-id2044114\">\n<h1>Potential Energy and Conservative Forces<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1532141\">Work is done by a force, and some forces, such as weight, have special characteristics. A <strong><span id=\"import-auto-id2259527\">conservative force<\/span><\/strong> is one, like the gravitational force, for which work done by or against it depends only on the starting and ending points of a motion and not on the path taken. We can define a <span id=\"import-auto-id2177452\"><strong>potential energy <\/strong><\/span>(<strong>PE<\/strong>) for any conservative force, just as we did for the gravitational force. For example, when you wind up a toy, an egg timer, or an old-fashioned watch, you do work against its spring and store energy in it. (We treat these springs as ideal, in that we assume there is no friction and no production of thermal energy.) This stored energy is recoverable as work, and it is useful to think of it as potential energy contained in the spring. Indeed, the reason that the spring has this characteristic is that its force is <em>conservative<\/em>. That is, a conservative force results in stored or potential energy. Gravitational potential energy is one example, as is the energy stored in a spring. We will also see how conservative forces are related to the conservation of energy.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id2018328\" class=\"note\">\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div class=\"note\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATIVE FORCES<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2201500\">Potential energy is the energy a system has due to position, shape, or configuration. It is stored energy that is completely recoverable.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2652298\">A conservative force is one for which work done by or against it depends only on the starting and ending points of a motion and not on the path taken.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1891830\">We can define a potential energy (<strong>PE<\/strong>) for any conservative force. The work done against a conservative force to reach a final configuration depends on the configuration, not the path followed, and is the potential energy added.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id1859042\">\n<h1>Potential Energy of a Spring<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1746304\">First, let us obtain an expression for the potential energy stored in a spring (<strong>PE<sub>s<\/sub><\/strong>). We calculate the work done to stretch or compress a spring that obeys Hooke\u2019s law. Hooke&#8217;s Law states that the magnitude of force <em><strong>F<\/strong><\/em> on the spring and the resulting deformation <strong>\u0394<em>L<\/em><\/strong> are proportional, <strong><em>F<\/em> = <em>k<\/em>\u0394<em>L<\/em><\/strong>.) (See <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1593673\">Figure 1<\/a>.) For our spring, we will replace <strong>\u0394<em>L<\/em><\/strong> (the amount of deformation produced by a force <em><strong>F<\/strong><\/em>) by the distance <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> that the spring is stretched or compressed along its length. So the force needed to stretch the spring has magnitude <strong><em>F<\/em> = <em>kx<\/em><\/strong>, where <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em> is the spring\u2019s force constant. The force increases linearly from 0 at the start to <em><strong>kx<\/strong><\/em> in the fully stretched position. The average force is <strong><em>kx<\/em>\/2<\/strong>. Thus the work done in stretching or compressing the spring is [latex]\\boldsymbol{W_{\\textbf{s}}=Fd=(\\frac{kx}{2})x=\\frac{1}{2}kx^2}.[\/latex] Alternatively, we noted in <a href=\"\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/chapter\/7-2-kinetic-energy-and-the-work-energy-theorem\/\">Chapter 6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem<\/a> that the area under a graph of <em><strong>F<\/strong><\/em> vs. <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is the work done by the force. In <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1593673\">Figure 1<\/a>(c) we see that this area is also [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}kx^2}.[\/latex] We therefore define the <strong>potential energy of a spring<\/strong>, <strong>PE<sub>s<\/sub><\/strong>, to be<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id2759202\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{s}}\\:=}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{kx^2,}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1635452\">where <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em> is the spring\u2019s force constant and <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is the displacement from its undeformed position. The potential energy represents the work done <em>on<\/em> the spring and the energy stored in it as a result of stretching or compressing it a distance <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em>. The potential energy of the spring <strong>PE<sub>s<\/sub><\/strong> does not depend on the path taken; it depends only on the stretch or squeeze <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> in the final configuration.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"fs-id1593673\"><figcaption><\/figcaption><figure style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2017\/09\/Figure_08_04_01a-1.jpg\" alt=\"An undeformed spring fixed at one end with no potential energy. (b) A spring fixed at one end and stretched by a distance x by a force F equal to k x. Work done W is equal to one half k x squared. P E s is equal to one half k x squared. (c) A graph of force F versus elongation x in the spring. A straight line inclined to x axis starts from origin. The area under this line forms a right triangle with base of x and height of k x. Area of this triangle is equal to one half k x squared.\" width=\"600\" height=\"272\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> (a) An undeformed spring has no <strong>PE<sub>s<\/sub><\/strong> stored in it. (b) The force needed to stretch (or compress) the spring a distance <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> has a magnitude<strong> F=<em>kx<\/em><\/strong>, and the work done to stretch (or compress) it is<strong> 1\/2<em> kx<\/em><sup>2<\/sup><\/strong>. Because the force is conservative, this work is stored as potential energy <strong>(PE<sub>s<\/sub>)<\/strong> in the spring, and it can be fully recovered. (c) A graph of <strong>F<\/strong> vs. <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> has a slope of <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em>, and the area under the graph is <strong>1\/2 <em>kx<\/em><sup>2<\/sup><\/strong>. Thus the work done or potential energy stored is <strong>1\/2 <em>kx<\/em><sup>2<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<p>The equation [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{s}}=\\frac{1}{2}kx^2}[\/latex] has general validity beyond the special case for which it was derived. Potential energy can be stored in any elastic medium by deforming it. Indeed, the general definition of <strong>potential energy<\/strong> is energy due to position, shape, or configuration. For shape or position deformations, stored energy is [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{s}}=\\frac{1}{2}kx^2},[\/latex] where <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em> is the force constant of the particular system and <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is its deformation. Another example is seen in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id1089734\">Figure 2<\/a> for a guitar string.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id1089734\"><figcaption><\/figcaption><figure style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2021\/05\/Figure_08_04_02a-1.jpg\" alt=\"A six-string guitar is placed vertically. The left-most string is plucked in the left direction with a force F shown by an arrow pointing left. The displacement of the string from the mean position is d. The plucked string is labeled P E sub string, to represent the potential energy of the string.\" width=\"150\" height=\"768\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Work is done to deform the guitar string, giving it potential energy. When released, the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy and back to potential as the string oscillates back and forth. A very small fraction is dissipated as sound energy, slowly removing energy from the string.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h1>Conservation of Mechanical Energy<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1647883\">Let us now consider what form the work-energy theorem takes when only conservative forces are involved. This will lead us to the conservation of energy principle. The work-energy theorem states that the net work done by all forces acting on a system equals its change in kinetic energy. In equation form, this is<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1023510\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{W_{\\textbf{net}}\\:=}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{mv^2\\:-}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{mv_0}^2=\\Delta\\textbf{KE}}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>If only conservative forces act, then<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1215817\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{W_{\\textbf{net}}=W_{\\textbf{c}}},[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1541884\">where <strong><em>W<\/em><sub>c<\/sub><\/strong> is the total work done by all conservative forces. Thus,<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1856861\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{W_{\\textbf{c}}=\\Delta\\textbf{KE}}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1849020\">Now, if the conservative force, such as the gravitational force or a spring force, does work, the system loses potential energy. That is, <strong><em>W<\/em><sub>c<\/sub> = -\u0394PE<\/strong>. Therefore,<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1476064\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{-\\Delta\\textbf{PE}=\\Delta\\textbf{KE}}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2495230\">or<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1066460\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{\\Delta\\textbf{KE}+\\Delta\\textbf{PE}=0}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1946049\">This equation means that the total kinetic and potential energy is constant for any process involving only conservative forces. That is,<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1898898\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lc} {} & \\boldsymbol{\\textbf{KE}+\\textbf{PE}=\\textbf{constant}} \\\\ \\textbf{or} & {} \\\\ {} & \\boldsymbol{\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{i}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{i}}=\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{f}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{f}}} \\end{array}[\/latex][latex]\\rbrace[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{(\\textbf{conservative forces only})},[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1005764\">where i and f denote initial and final values. This equation is a form of the work-energy theorem for conservative forces; it is known as the <strong>conservation of mechanical energy<\/strong> principle. Remember that this applies to the extent that all the forces are conservative, so that friction is negligible. The total kinetic plus potential energy of a system is defined to be its <strong>mechanical energy<\/strong>, (<strong>KE+PE<\/strong>). In a system that experiences only conservative forces, there is a potential energy associated with each force, and the energy only changes form between <strong>KE<\/strong> and the various types of <strong>PE<\/strong>, with the total energy remaining constant.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1893243\" class=\"example\">\n<h3 id=\"import-auto-id955724\">Example 1: Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy to Calculate the Speed of a Toy Car<\/h3>\n<p>A 0.100-kg toy car is propelled by a compressed spring, as shown in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id2687249\">Figure 3<\/a>. The car follows a track that rises 0.180 m above the starting point. The spring is compressed 4.00 cm and has a force constant of 250.0 N\/m. Assuming work done by friction to be negligible, find (a) how fast the car is going before it starts up the slope and (b) how fast it is going at the top of the slope.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id2687249\"><figcaption><\/figcaption><figure style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2021\/05\/Figure_08_04_03a-1.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a toy race car that has just been released from a spring. Two possible paths for the car are shown. One path has a gradual upward incline, leveling off at a height of eighteen centimeters above its starting level. An alternative path shows the car descending from its starting point, making a loop, and then ascending back up and leveling off at a height of eighteen centimeters above its starting level.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"125\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> A toy car is pushed by a compressed spring and coasts up a slope. Assuming negligible friction, the potential energy in the spring is first completely converted to kinetic energy, and then to a combination of kinetic and gravitational potential energy as the car rises. The details of the path are unimportant because all forces are conservative\u2014the car would have the same final speed if it took the alternate path shown.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2021795\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2739842\">The spring force and the gravitational force are conservative forces, so conservation of mechanical energy can be used. Thus,<\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{i}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{i}}=\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{f}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{f}}}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1395400\">or<\/p>\n<div id=\"eip-82\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{mv_{\\textbf{i}}}^2+mgh_{\\textbf{i}}+}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{kx_{\\textbf{i}}}^2=}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{mv_{\\textbf{f}}}^2+mgh_{\\textbf{f}}+}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{kx_{\\textbf{f}}^2},[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1410758\">where <em><strong>h<\/strong><\/em> is the height (vertical position) and <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is the compression of the spring. This general statement looks complex but becomes much simpler when we start considering specific situations. First, we must identify the initial and final conditions in a problem; then, we enter them into the last equation to solve for an unknown.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1661555\"><strong>Solution for (a)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1522337\">This part of the problem is limited to conditions just before the car is released and just after it leaves the spring. Take the initial height to be zero, so that both <strong><em>h<\/em><sub>i<\/sub><\/strong> and <strong><em>h<\/em><sub>f<\/sub><\/strong> are zero. Furthermore, the initial speed <strong><em>v<\/em><sub>i<\/sub><\/strong> is zero and the final compression of the spring <strong><em>x<\/em><sub>f<\/sub><\/strong> is zero, and so several terms in the conservation of mechanical energy equation are zero and it simplifies to<\/p>\n<div id=\"eip-654\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{kx_{\\textbf{i}}}^2\\:=}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{mv_{\\textbf{f}}}^2}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2026403\">In other words, the initial potential energy in the spring is converted completely to kinetic energy in the absence of friction. Solving for the final speed and entering known values yields<\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lcl} \\boldsymbol{v_{\\textbf{f}}} & \\boldsymbol{=} & \\boldsymbol{\\sqrt{\\frac{k}{m}}x_\\textbf{i}} \\\\ {} & \\boldsymbol{=} & \\boldsymbol{\\sqrt{\\frac{250.0\\textbf{ N\/m}}{0.100\\textbf{ kg}}}(0.0400\\textbf{ m})} \\\\ {} & \\boldsymbol{=} & \\boldsymbol{2.00\\textbf{ m\/s.}} \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2052328\"><strong>Solution for (b)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One method of finding the speed at the top of the slope is to consider conditions just before the car is released and just after it reaches the top of the slope, completely ignoring everything in between. Doing the same type of analysis to find which terms are zero, the conservation of mechanical energy becomes<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1617450\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{kx_{\\textbf{i}}}^2=}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}}[\/latex][latex]\\boldsymbol{{mv_{\\textbf{f}}}^2+mgh_{\\textbf{f}}}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2486746\">This form of the equation means that the spring\u2019s initial potential energy is converted partly to gravitational potential energy and partly to kinetic energy. The final speed at the top of the slope will be less than at the bottom. Solving for[latex]\\boldsymbol{v_{\\textbf{f}}}[\/latex]and substituting known values gives<\/p>\n<div id=\"eip-334\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lcl} \\boldsymbol{v_{\\textbf{f}}} & \\boldsymbol{=} & \\boldsymbol{\\sqrt{\\frac{{kx_{\\textbf{i}}}^2}{m}-2gh_{\\textbf{f}}}} \\\\ {} & \\boldsymbol{=} & \\boldsymbol{\\sqrt{(\\frac{250.0\\textbf{ N\/m}}{0.100\\textbf{ kg}})(0.0400\\textbf{ m})^2-2(9.80\\textbf{ m\/s}^2)(0.180\\textbf{ m})}} \\\\ {} & \\boldsymbol{=} & \\boldsymbol{0.687\\textbf{ m\/s.}} \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2019781\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1956551\">Another way to solve this problem is to realize that the car\u2019s kinetic energy before it goes up the slope is converted partly to potential energy\u2014that is, to take the final conditions in part (a) to be the initial conditions in part (b).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Note that, for conservative forces, we do not directly calculate the work they do; rather, we consider their effects through their corresponding potential energies, just as we did in <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#fs-id1893243\">Example 1<\/a>. Note also that we do not consider details of the path taken\u2014only the starting and ending points are important (as long as the path is not impossible). This assumption is usually a tremendous simplification, because the path may be complicated and forces may vary along the way.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">PHET EXPLORATIONS: ENERGY SKATE PARK<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-id1795353\">Learn about conservation of energy with a skater dude! Build tracks, ramps and jumps for the skater and view the kinetic energy, potential energy and friction as he moves. You can also take the skater to different planets or even space!<\/p>\n<figure id=\"fs-id1328639\"><figcaption><\/figcaption><figure style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"\/resources\/697fde7c797977c361cd5e2c8c61aecc26e18c84\/energy-skate-park_en.jar\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2021\/05\/PhET_Icon-16-1.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"450\" height=\"147\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4.<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phet.colorado.edu\/en\/simulation\/energy-skate-park-basics\"> Energy Skate Park<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id2026635\" class=\"section-summary\">\n<h1>Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"fs-id1337667\">\n<li>A conservative force is one for which work depends only on the starting and ending points of a motion, not on the path taken.<\/li>\n<li>We can define potential energy <strong>(PE)<\/strong> for any conservative force, just as we defined<strong> PE<sub>g<\/sub><\/strong> for the gravitational force.<\/li>\n<li>The potential energy of a spring is [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{s}}=\\frac{1}{2}kx^2},[\/latex] where <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em> is the spring\u2019s force constant and <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is the displacement from its undeformed position.<\/li>\n<li>Mechanical energy is defined to be <strong>KE+PE<\/strong> for a conservative force.<\/li>\n<li>When only conservative forces act on and within a system, the total mechanical energy is constant. In equation form,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lc} {} & \\boldsymbol{\\textbf{KE}+\\textbf{PE}=\\textbf{constant}} \\\\ \\textbf{or} & {} \\\\ {} & \\boldsymbol{\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{i}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{i}}=\\textbf{KE}_{\\textbf{f}}+\\textbf{PE}_{\\textbf{f}}} \\end{array}[\/latex][latex]\\rbrace[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2085554\">where i and f denote initial and final values. This is known as the conservation of mechanical energy.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id2090554\" class=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Conceptual Questions<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id2769430\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1975900\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1009401\"><strong>1: <\/strong>What is a conservative force?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2731704\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1615208\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1332834\"><strong>2: <\/strong>The force exerted by a diving board is conservative, provided the internal friction is negligible. Assuming friction is negligible, describe changes in the potential energy of a diving board as a swimmer dives from it, starting just before the swimmer steps on the board until just after his feet leave it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1862083\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1423142\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1354976\"><strong>3: <\/strong>Define mechanical energy. What is the relationship of mechanical energy to nonconservative forces? What happens to mechanical energy if only conservative forces act?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1707793\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1484518\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1378890\"><strong>4: <\/strong>What is the relationship of potential energy to conservative force?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-id2187058\" class=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1088644\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1994009\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1999125\"><strong>1: <\/strong>A 5.00 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup>-kg subway train is brought to a stop from a speed of 0.500 m\/s in 0.400 m by a large spring bumper at the end of its track. What is the force constant <em>k<\/em> of the spring?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1628356\" class=\"exercise\">\n<div id=\"fs-id2125854\" class=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2189143\"><strong>2: <\/strong>A pogo stick has a spring with a force constant of 2.50 \u00d7 10<sup>4<\/sup> N\/m, which can be compressed 12.0 cm. To what maximum height can a child jump on the stick using only the energy in the spring, if the child and stick have a total mass of 40.0 kg? Explicitly show how you follow the steps for problem solving.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2090686\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt id=\"import-auto-id1304386\">conservative force<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1780282\">a force that does the same work for any given initial and final configuration, regardless of the path followed<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2203729\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt id=\"import-auto-id1727224\">potential energy<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1997664\">energy due to position, shape, or configuration<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2008668\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt id=\"import-auto-id1417165\">potential energy of a spring<\/dt>\n<dd>the stored energy of a spring as a function of its displacement; when Hooke\u2019s law applies, it is given by the expression [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{1}{2}kx^2}[\/latex] where <em><strong>x<\/strong><\/em> is the distance the spring is compressed or extended and <em><strong>k<\/strong><\/em> is the spring constant<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id1891971\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt id=\"import-auto-id2881710\">conservation of mechanical energy<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id2127800\">the rule that the sum of the kinetic energies and potential energies remains constant if only conservative forces act on and within a system<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id1942504\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt id=\"import-auto-id2089770\">mechanical energy<\/dt>\n<dd>the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Solutions<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Problems &amp; Exercises<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1: <\/strong>7.81 x 10<sup>5<\/sup> N\/m\u00a0 as kinetic energy = <sup>1<\/sup>\/<sub>2<\/sub> mv<sup>2<\/sup> = elastic energy = <sup>1<\/sup>\/<sub>2<\/sub> kx<sup>2\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>2:<\/strong>\u00a0 gravitational potential energy = m g h = elastic spring energy =\u00a0<sup>1<\/sup>\/<sub>2<\/sub> kx<sup>2\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0 =\u00a0<sup>1<\/sup>\/<sub>2<\/sub> (\u00a02.50 \u00d7 10<sup>4<\/sup> N\/m ) (0.12 m)<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>,<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-351","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":326,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/351","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=351"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/351\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":352,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/351\/revisions\/352"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/326"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/351\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=351"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=351"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=351"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}