{"id":622,"date":"2017-09-18T18:09:31","date_gmt":"2017-09-18T22:09:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/chapter\/12-4-electric-field-concept-of-a-field-revisited\/"},"modified":"2021-05-09T16:21:28","modified_gmt":"2021-05-09T20:21:28","slug":"12-4-electric-field-concept-of-a-field-revisited","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/chapter\/12-4-electric-field-concept-of-a-field-revisited\/","title":{"raw":"12.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited","rendered":"12.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul>\n \t<li>Describe a force field and calculate the strength of an electric field due to a point charge.<\/li>\n \t<li>Calculate the force exerted on a test charge by an electric field.<\/li>\n \t<li>Explain the relationship between electrical force (F) on a test charge and electrical field strength (E).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2688112\">Contact forces, such as between a baseball and a bat, are explained on the small scale by the interaction of the charges in atoms and molecules in close proximity. They interact through forces that include the <strong id=\"import-auto-id2648325\">Coulomb force<\/strong>. Action at a distance is a force between objects that are not close enough for their atoms to \u201ctouch.\u201d That is, they are separated by more than a few atomic diameters.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2590313\">For example, a charged rubber comb attracts neutral bits of paper from a distance via the Coulomb force. It is very useful to think of an object being surrounded in space by a <strong id=\"import-auto-id3145066\">force field<\/strong>. The force field carries the force to another object (called a test object) some distance away.<\/p>\n\n<section id=\"fs-id2662859\">\n<h1>Concept of a Field<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1954099\">A field is a way of conceptualizing and mapping the force that surrounds any object and acts on another object at a distance without apparent physical connection. For example, the gravitational field surrounding the earth (and all other masses) represents the gravitational force that would be experienced if another mass were placed at a given point within the field.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3408279\">In the same way, the Coulomb force field surrounding any charge extends throughout space. Using Coulomb\u2019s law, $latex \\boldsymbol{F = k|{q_1}{q_2}|\/r^2}$, its magnitude is given by the equation $latex \\boldsymbol{F = k|qQ|\/r^2} $, for a <strong id=\"import-auto-id1916842\">point charge<\/strong> (a particle having a charge $latex \\boldsymbol{Q} $) acting on a <strong id=\"import-auto-id2383341\">test charge <\/strong> $latex \\boldsymbol{q} $ at a distance $latex \\boldsymbol{r} $ (see <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id2408057\">[link]<\/a>). Both the magnitude and direction of the Coulomb force field depend on $latex \\boldsymbol{Q} $ and the test charge $latex \\boldsymbol{q} $.<\/p>\n\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id2408057\">\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"283\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2016\/04\/Figure_19_04_02a.jpg\"><img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2017\/09\/Figure_19_04_02a-1.jpg\" alt=\"In part a, two charges Q and q one are placed at a distance r. The force vector F one on charge q one is shown by an arrow pointing toward right away from Q. In part b, two charges Q and q two are placed at a distance r. The force vector F two on charge q two is shown by an arrow pointing toward left toward Q.\" width=\"283\" height=\"306\"><\/a> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The Coulomb force field due to a positive charge <em><strong>Q<\/strong><\/em> is shown acting on two different charges. Both charges are the same distance from <em><strong>Q<\/strong><\/em>. (a) Since <strong><em>q<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><\/strong> is positive, the force <strong><em>F<\/em>1<\/strong> acting on it is repulsive. (b) The charge <strong><em>q<\/em><sub>2<\/sub><\/strong> is negative and greater in magnitude than <strong><em>q<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><\/strong>, and so the force <strong><em>F<\/em><sub>2<\/sub><\/strong> acting on it is attractive and stronger than <strong><em>F<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><\/strong>. The Coulomb force field is thus not unique at any point in space, because it depends on the test charges <strong><em>q<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><\/strong> and <strong><em>q<\/em><sub>2<\/sub><\/strong> as well as the charge <strong><em>Q<\/em><\/strong>.[\/caption]<\/figure>\nTo simplify things, we would prefer to have a field that depends only on $latex \\boldsymbol{Q} $\u00a0and not on the test charge $latex \\boldsymbol{q} $. The electric field is defined in such a manner that it represents only the charge creating it and is unique at every point in space. Specifically, the electric field $latex \\boldsymbol{E} $ is defined to be the ratio of the Coulomb force to the test charge:\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">$latex \\boldsymbol{E =}$ [latex size=\"2\"] \\boldsymbol{\\frac{F}{q}} [\/latex],<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1576569\">where $latex \\boldsymbol{F} $ is the electrostatic force (or Coulomb force) exerted on a positive test charge\n$latex \\boldsymbol{q} $. It is understood that\u00a0$latex \\boldsymbol{E} $ is in the same direction as\n$latex \\boldsymbol{F} $. It is also assumed that $latex \\boldsymbol{q} $ is so small that it does not alter the charge distribution creating the electric field. The units of electric field are newtons per coulomb (N\/C). If the electric field is known, then the electrostatic force on any charge $latex \\boldsymbol{q} $ is simply obtained by multiplying charge times electric field, or $latex \\boldsymbol{ \\textbf{F} = q \\textbf{E}} $. Consider the electric field due to a point charge $latex \\boldsymbol{Q} $. According to Coulomb\u2019s law, the force it exerts on a test charge\u00a0$latex \\boldsymbol{q} $ is\u00a0$latex \\boldsymbol{ F = k|qQ|\/r^2 }$ . Thus the magnitude of the electric field,\u00a0$latex \\boldsymbol{E} $, for a point charge is<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"eip-588\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">$latex \\boldsymbol{E =} $ [latex size=\"2\"] \\boldsymbol{|\\frac{F}{q}|} [\/latex] $latex \\boldsymbol{= k}$ [latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{|\\frac{qQ}{qr^2}|}[\/latex] $latex \\boldsymbol{= k} $ [latex size=\"2\"] \\boldsymbol{\\frac{|Q|}{r^2}}. [\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3008249\">Since the test charge cancels, we see that<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">$latex \\boldsymbol{E = k}$ [latex size=\"2\"] \\boldsymbol{\\frac{|Q|}{r^2}}[\/latex]<\/div>\nThe electric field is thus seen to depend only on the charge $latex \\boldsymbol{Q} $\u00a0and the distance $latex \\boldsymbol{r} $; it is completely independent of the test charge $latex \\boldsymbol{q} $.\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 1: Calculating the Electric Field of a Point Charge<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3028516\">Calculate the strength and direction of the electric field $latex \\boldsymbol{E} $ due to a point charge of 2.00 nC (nano-Coulombs) at a distance of 5.00 mm from the charge.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1427922\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1448833\">We can find the electric field created by a point charge by using the equation $latex \\boldsymbol{E = kQ\/r^2} $.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id408742\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2661548\">Here $latex \\boldsymbol{ Q = 2.00 \\times 10^{-9} \\;\\textbf{C}} $ and $latex \\boldsymbol{r = 5.00 \\times 10^{-3} \\;\\textbf{m}} $. Entering those values into the above equation gives<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"eip-380\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">$latex \\begin{array}{r @{{}={}} l} \\boldsymbol{E} &amp; \\boldsymbol{k \\frac{Q}{r^2}} \\\\[1em] &amp; \\boldsymbol{(8.99 \\times 10^9 \\; \\textbf{N} \\cdot \\textbf{m}^2 \/ \\textbf{C}^2) \\times \\frac{(2.00 \\times 10^{-9} \\;\\textbf{C})}{(5.00 \\times 10^{-3} \\;\\textbf{m})^2}} \\\\[1em] &amp; \\boldsymbol{7.19 \\times 10^5 \\;\\textbf{N} \/ \\textbf{C}.} \\end{array}$<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2452411\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2442802\">This <strong id=\"import-auto-id3085589\">electric field strength<\/strong> is the same at any point 5.00 mm away from the charge $latex \\boldsymbol{Q} $\u00a0that creates the field. It is positive, meaning that it has a direction pointing away from the charge $latex \\boldsymbol{Q} $.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2429320\" class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 2: Calculating the Force Exerted on a Point Charge by an Electric Field<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2598572\">What force does the electric field found in the previous example exert on a point charge of $latex \\boldsymbol{-0.250 \\;\\mu \\textbf{C}} $?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2672938\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2424249\">Since we know the electric field strength and the charge in the field, the force on that charge can be calculated using the definition of electric field $latex \\boldsymbol{\\textbf{E} = \\textbf{F}\/q} $ rearranged to $latex \\boldsymbol{ \\textbf{F} = q \\textbf{E}} $.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2055367\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3356261\">The magnitude of the force on a charge $latex \\boldsymbol{q = -0.250 \\;\\mu\\textbf{C}} $ exerted by a field of strength $latex \\boldsymbol{E = 7.20 \\times 10^5} $ N\/C is thus,<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"eip-502\" class=\"equation\">$latex \\begin{array}{r @{{}={}} l} \\boldsymbol{F} &amp; \\boldsymbol{-qE} \\\\[1em] &amp; \\boldsymbol{(0.250 \\times 10^{-6} \\;\\textbf{C})(7.20 \\times 10^5 \\;\\textbf{N} \/ \\textbf{C})} \\\\[1em] &amp; \\boldsymbol{0.180 \\;\\textbf{N}.} \\end{array} $<\/div>\nBecause $latex \\boldsymbol{q} $ is negative, the force is directed opposite to the direction of the field.\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2979684\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1997901\">The force is attractive, as expected for unlike charges. (The field was created by a positive charge and here acts on a negative charge.) The charges in this example are typical of common static electricity, and the modest attractive force obtained is similar to forces experienced in static cling and similar situations.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">PhET Explorations: Electric Field of Dreams<\/h3>\n<p id=\"eip-161\">Play ball! Add charges to the Field of Dreams and see how they react to the electric field. Turn on a background electric field and adjust the direction and magnitude.<\/p>\n\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"450\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/resources\/5cbe37ce1e93b892ccf08efaf855a23fdd3227b2\/efield_en.jar\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2021\/05\/PhET_Icon-41-1.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"450\" height=\"147\"><\/a> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/phet.colorado.edu\/en\/simulation\/legacy\/efield\">Electric Field of Dreams<\/a>[\/caption]\n\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-id2684001\" class=\"section-summary\">\n<h1>Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"fs-id2957147\">\n \t<li id=\"import-auto-id3389125\">The electrostatic force field surrounding a charged object extends out into space in all directions.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"import-auto-id3054736\">The electrostatic force exerted by a point charge on a test charge at a distance $latex \\boldsymbol{r}$ depends on the charge of both charges, as well as the distance between the two.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"import-auto-id1427738\">The electric field $latex \\textbf{E} $ is defined to be\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">$latex \\boldsymbol{E =}$ [latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{\\textbf{F}}{q,}} [\/latex]<\/div>\nwhere $latex \\textbf{F} $ is the Coulomb or electrostatic force exerted on a small positive test charge $latex \\boldsymbol{q}$. $latex \\textbf{E} $ has units of N\/C.<\/li>\n \t<li id=\"import-auto-id1486899\">The magnitude of the electric field $latex \\textbf{E} $ created by a point charge $latex \\boldsymbol{Q}$\u00a0is\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">$latex \\boldsymbol{\\textbf{E} = k}$ [latex size=\"2\"]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{|Q|}{r^2}}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2437723\">where $latex \\boldsymbol{r} $ is the distance from $latex \\boldsymbol{Q} $. The electric field $latex \\boldsymbol{E} $ is a vector and fields due to multiple charges add like vectors.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section><section class=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Conceptual Questions<\/h3>\n<strong>1:<\/strong> Why must the test charge $latex \\boldsymbol{q}$ in the definition of the electric field be vanishingly small?\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2450132\"><strong>2:<\/strong> Are the direction and magnitude of the Coulomb force unique at a given point in space? What about the electric field?<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/section><section class=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Problem Exercises<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1908117\"><strong>1:<\/strong> What is the magnitude and direction of an electric field that exerts a $latex \\boldsymbol{2.00 \\times 10^{-5} \\;\\textbf{N}} $ upward force on a $latex \\boldsymbol{-1.75 \\;\\mu \\textbf{C}} $ charge?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2669656\"><strong>2:<\/strong> What is the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on a $latex \\boldsymbol{3.50 \\;\\mu \\textbf{C}} $ charge by a 250 N\/C electric field that points due east?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1888472\"><strong>3:<\/strong> Calculate the magnitude of the electric field 2.00 m from a point charge of 5.00 mC (such as found on the terminal of a Van de Graaff).<\/p>\n<strong>4:<\/strong> (a) What magnitude point charge creates a 10,000 N\/C electric field at a distance of 0.250 m? (b) How large is the field at 10.0 m?\n\n<strong>5:<\/strong> Calculate the initial (from rest) acceleration of a proton in a $latex \\boldsymbol{5.00 \\times 10^6 \\;\\textbf{N} \/ \\textbf{C}} $ electric field (such as created by a research Van de Graaff). Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategy for electrostatics.\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3042498\"><strong>6:<\/strong> (a) Find the direction and magnitude of an electric field that exerts a $latex \\boldsymbol{4.80 \\times 10^{-17} \\;\\textbf{N}} $ westward force on an electron. (b) What magnitude and direction force does this field exert on a proton?<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2057931\" class=\"definition\">\n \t<dt>field<\/dt>\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id1899657\">a map of the amount and direction of a force acting on other objects, extending out into space<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2017072\" class=\"definition\">\n \t<dt>point charge<\/dt>\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id3077230\">A charged particle, designated $latex \\boldsymbol{Q} $, generating an electric field<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\">\n \t<dt>test charge<\/dt>\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id742532\">A particle (designated $latex \\boldsymbol{q} $) with either a positive or negative charge set down within an electric field generated by a point charge<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Problem Exercises<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1386271\"><strong>2:<\/strong> $latex \\boldsymbol{8.75 \\times 10{-4} \\;\\textbf{N}} $<\/p>\n<strong>4:<\/strong>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3398477\">(a) $latex \\boldsymbol{6.94 \\times 10^{-8} \\;\\textbf{C}} $<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3122616\">(b) $latex \\boldsymbol{6.25 \\;\\textbf{N} \/ \\textbf{C}} $<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1845690\"><strong>6:<\/strong><\/p>\n(a) 300 N\/C (east)\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2401155\">(b) $latex \\boldsymbol{4.80 \\times 10^{-17} \\;\\textbf{N (east)}} $<\/p>\n\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe a force field and calculate the strength of an electric field due to a point charge.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate the force exerted on a test charge by an electric field.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the relationship between electrical force (F) on a test charge and electrical field strength (E).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2688112\">Contact forces, such as between a baseball and a bat, are explained on the small scale by the interaction of the charges in atoms and molecules in close proximity. They interact through forces that include the <strong id=\"import-auto-id2648325\">Coulomb force<\/strong>. Action at a distance is a force between objects that are not close enough for their atoms to \u201ctouch.\u201d That is, they are separated by more than a few atomic diameters.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2590313\">For example, a charged rubber comb attracts neutral bits of paper from a distance via the Coulomb force. It is very useful to think of an object being surrounded in space by a <strong id=\"import-auto-id3145066\">force field<\/strong>. The force field carries the force to another object (called a test object) some distance away.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-id2662859\">\n<h1>Concept of a Field<\/h1>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1954099\">A field is a way of conceptualizing and mapping the force that surrounds any object and acts on another object at a distance without apparent physical connection. For example, the gravitational field surrounding the earth (and all other masses) represents the gravitational force that would be experienced if another mass were placed at a given point within the field.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3408279\">In the same way, the Coulomb force field surrounding any charge extends throughout space. Using Coulomb\u2019s law, [latex]\\boldsymbol{F = k|{q_1}{q_2}|\/r^2}[\/latex], its magnitude is given by the equation [latex]\\boldsymbol{F = k|qQ|\/r^2}[\/latex], for a <strong id=\"import-auto-id1916842\">point charge<\/strong> (a particle having a charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{Q}[\/latex]) acting on a <strong id=\"import-auto-id2383341\">test charge <\/strong> [latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex] at a distance [latex]\\boldsymbol{r}[\/latex] (see <a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"#import-auto-id2408057\">[link]<\/a>). Both the magnitude and direction of the Coulomb force field depend on [latex]\\boldsymbol{Q}[\/latex] and the test charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<figure id=\"import-auto-id2408057\">\n<figure style=\"width: 283px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/collegephysics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2016\/04\/Figure_19_04_02a.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2017\/09\/Figure_19_04_02a-1.jpg\" alt=\"In part a, two charges Q and q one are placed at a distance r. The force vector F one on charge q one is shown by an arrow pointing toward right away from Q. In part b, two charges Q and q two are placed at a distance r. The force vector F two on charge q two is shown by an arrow pointing toward left toward Q.\" width=\"283\" height=\"306\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The Coulomb force field due to a positive charge <em><strong>Q<\/strong><\/em> is shown acting on two different charges. Both charges are the same distance from <em><strong>Q<\/strong><\/em>. (a) Since <strong><em>q<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><\/strong> is positive, the force <strong><em>F<\/em>1<\/strong> acting on it is repulsive. (b) The charge <strong><em>q<\/em><sub>2<\/sub><\/strong> is negative and greater in magnitude than <strong><em>q<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><\/strong>, and so the force <strong><em>F<\/em><sub>2<\/sub><\/strong> acting on it is attractive and stronger than <strong><em>F<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><\/strong>. The Coulomb force field is thus not unique at any point in space, because it depends on the test charges <strong><em>q<\/em><sub>1<\/sub><\/strong> and <strong><em>q<\/em><sub>2<\/sub><\/strong> as well as the charge <strong><em>Q<\/em><\/strong>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<p>To simplify things, we would prefer to have a field that depends only on [latex]\\boldsymbol{Q}[\/latex]\u00a0and not on the test charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex]. The electric field is defined in such a manner that it represents only the charge creating it and is unique at every point in space. Specifically, the electric field [latex]\\boldsymbol{E}[\/latex] is defined to be the ratio of the Coulomb force to the test charge:<\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{E =}[\/latex] [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{F}{q}}[\/latex],<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1576569\">where [latex]\\boldsymbol{F}[\/latex] is the electrostatic force (or Coulomb force) exerted on a positive test charge<br \/>\n[latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex]. It is understood that\u00a0[latex]\\boldsymbol{E}[\/latex] is in the same direction as<br \/>\n[latex]\\boldsymbol{F}[\/latex]. It is also assumed that [latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex] is so small that it does not alter the charge distribution creating the electric field. The units of electric field are newtons per coulomb (N\/C). If the electric field is known, then the electrostatic force on any charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex] is simply obtained by multiplying charge times electric field, or [latex]\\boldsymbol{ \\textbf{F} = q \\textbf{E}}[\/latex]. Consider the electric field due to a point charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{Q}[\/latex]. According to Coulomb\u2019s law, the force it exerts on a test charge\u00a0[latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex] is\u00a0[latex]\\boldsymbol{ F = k|qQ|\/r^2 }[\/latex] . Thus the magnitude of the electric field,\u00a0[latex]\\boldsymbol{E}[\/latex], for a point charge is<\/p>\n<div id=\"eip-588\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{E =}[\/latex] [latex]\\boldsymbol{|\\frac{F}{q}|}[\/latex] [latex]\\boldsymbol{= k}[\/latex] [latex]\\boldsymbol{|\\frac{qQ}{qr^2}|}[\/latex] [latex]\\boldsymbol{= k}[\/latex] [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{|Q|}{r^2}}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3008249\">Since the test charge cancels, we see that<\/p>\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{E = k}[\/latex] [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{|Q|}{r^2}}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>The electric field is thus seen to depend only on the charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{Q}[\/latex]\u00a0and the distance [latex]\\boldsymbol{r}[\/latex]; it is completely independent of the test charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 1: Calculating the Electric Field of a Point Charge<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3028516\">Calculate the strength and direction of the electric field [latex]\\boldsymbol{E}[\/latex] due to a point charge of 2.00 nC (nano-Coulombs) at a distance of 5.00 mm from the charge.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1427922\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1448833\">We can find the electric field created by a point charge by using the equation [latex]\\boldsymbol{E = kQ\/r^2}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id408742\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2661548\">Here [latex]\\boldsymbol{ Q = 2.00 \\times 10^{-9} \\;\\textbf{C}}[\/latex] and [latex]\\boldsymbol{r = 5.00 \\times 10^{-3} \\;\\textbf{m}}[\/latex]. Entering those values into the above equation gives<\/p>\n<div id=\"eip-380\" class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\begin{array}{r @{{}={}} l} \\boldsymbol{E} & \\boldsymbol{k \\frac{Q}{r^2}} \\\\[1em] & \\boldsymbol{(8.99 \\times 10^9 \\; \\textbf{N} \\cdot \\textbf{m}^2 \/ \\textbf{C}^2) \\times \\frac{(2.00 \\times 10^{-9} \\;\\textbf{C})}{(5.00 \\times 10^{-3} \\;\\textbf{m})^2}} \\\\[1em] & \\boldsymbol{7.19 \\times 10^5 \\;\\textbf{N} \/ \\textbf{C}.} \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2452411\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2442802\">This <strong id=\"import-auto-id3085589\">electric field strength<\/strong> is the same at any point 5.00 mm away from the charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{Q}[\/latex]\u00a0that creates the field. It is positive, meaning that it has a direction pointing away from the charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{Q}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2429320\" class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">Example 2: Calculating the Force Exerted on a Point Charge by an Electric Field<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2598572\">What force does the electric field found in the previous example exert on a point charge of [latex]\\boldsymbol{-0.250 \\;\\mu \\textbf{C}}[\/latex]?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2672938\"><strong>Strategy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2424249\">Since we know the electric field strength and the charge in the field, the force on that charge can be calculated using the definition of electric field [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{E} = \\textbf{F}\/q}[\/latex] rearranged to [latex]\\boldsymbol{ \\textbf{F} = q \\textbf{E}}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2055367\"><strong>Solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3356261\">The magnitude of the force on a charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{q = -0.250 \\;\\mu\\textbf{C}}[\/latex] exerted by a field of strength [latex]\\boldsymbol{E = 7.20 \\times 10^5}[\/latex] N\/C is thus,<\/p>\n<div id=\"eip-502\" class=\"equation\">[latex]\\begin{array}{r @{{}={}} l} \\boldsymbol{F} & \\boldsymbol{-qE} \\\\[1em] & \\boldsymbol{(0.250 \\times 10^{-6} \\;\\textbf{C})(7.20 \\times 10^5 \\;\\textbf{N} \/ \\textbf{C})} \\\\[1em] & \\boldsymbol{0.180 \\;\\textbf{N}.} \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>Because [latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex] is negative, the force is directed opposite to the direction of the field.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2979684\"><strong>Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1997901\">The force is attractive, as expected for unlike charges. (The field was created by a positive charge and here acts on a negative charge.) The charges in this example are typical of common static electricity, and the modest attractive force obtained is similar to forces experienced in static cling and similar situations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3 class=\"title\">PhET Explorations: Electric Field of Dreams<\/h3>\n<p id=\"eip-161\">Play ball! Add charges to the Field of Dreams and see how they react to the electric field. Turn on a background electric field and adjust the direction and magnitude.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 450px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/resources\/5cbe37ce1e93b892ccf08efaf855a23fdd3227b2\/efield_en.jar\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1393\/2021\/05\/PhET_Icon-41-1.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"450\" height=\"147\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/phet.colorado.edu\/en\/simulation\/legacy\/efield\">Electric Field of Dreams<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-id2684001\" class=\"section-summary\">\n<h1>Section Summary<\/h1>\n<ul id=\"fs-id2957147\">\n<li id=\"import-auto-id3389125\">The electrostatic force field surrounding a charged object extends out into space in all directions.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id3054736\">The electrostatic force exerted by a point charge on a test charge at a distance [latex]\\boldsymbol{r}[\/latex] depends on the charge of both charges, as well as the distance between the two.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1427738\">The electric field [latex]\\textbf{E}[\/latex] is defined to be\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{E =}[\/latex] [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{\\textbf{F}}{q,}}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>where [latex]\\textbf{F}[\/latex] is the Coulomb or electrostatic force exerted on a small positive test charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex]. [latex]\\textbf{E}[\/latex] has units of N\/C.<\/li>\n<li id=\"import-auto-id1486899\">The magnitude of the electric field [latex]\\textbf{E}[\/latex] created by a point charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{Q}[\/latex]\u00a0is\n<div class=\"equation\" style=\"text-align: center\">[latex]\\boldsymbol{\\textbf{E} = k}[\/latex] [latex]\\boldsymbol{\\frac{|Q|}{r^2}}.[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2437723\">where [latex]\\boldsymbol{r}[\/latex] is the distance from [latex]\\boldsymbol{Q}[\/latex]. The electric field [latex]\\boldsymbol{E}[\/latex] is a vector and fields due to multiple charges add like vectors.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Conceptual Questions<\/h3>\n<p><strong>1:<\/strong> Why must the test charge [latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex] in the definition of the electric field be vanishingly small?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2450132\"><strong>2:<\/strong> Are the direction and magnitude of the Coulomb force unique at a given point in space? What about the electric field?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Problem Exercises<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1908117\"><strong>1:<\/strong> What is the magnitude and direction of an electric field that exerts a [latex]\\boldsymbol{2.00 \\times 10^{-5} \\;\\textbf{N}}[\/latex] upward force on a [latex]\\boldsymbol{-1.75 \\;\\mu \\textbf{C}}[\/latex] charge?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2669656\"><strong>2:<\/strong> What is the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on a [latex]\\boldsymbol{3.50 \\;\\mu \\textbf{C}}[\/latex] charge by a 250 N\/C electric field that points due east?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1888472\"><strong>3:<\/strong> Calculate the magnitude of the electric field 2.00 m from a point charge of 5.00 mC (such as found on the terminal of a Van de Graaff).<\/p>\n<p><strong>4:<\/strong> (a) What magnitude point charge creates a 10,000 N\/C electric field at a distance of 0.250 m? (b) How large is the field at 10.0 m?<\/p>\n<p><strong>5:<\/strong> Calculate the initial (from rest) acceleration of a proton in a [latex]\\boldsymbol{5.00 \\times 10^6 \\;\\textbf{N} \/ \\textbf{C}}[\/latex] electric field (such as created by a research Van de Graaff). Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategy for electrostatics.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3042498\"><strong>6:<\/strong> (a) Find the direction and magnitude of an electric field that exerts a [latex]\\boldsymbol{4.80 \\times 10^{-17} \\;\\textbf{N}}[\/latex] westward force on an electron. (b) What magnitude and direction force does this field exert on a proton?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2057931\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>field<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1899657\">a map of the amount and direction of a force acting on other objects, extending out into space<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id2017072\" class=\"definition\">\n<dt>point charge<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3077230\">A charged particle, designated [latex]\\boldsymbol{Q}[\/latex], generating an electric field<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl class=\"definition\">\n<dt>test charge<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id742532\">A particle (designated [latex]\\boldsymbol{q}[\/latex]) with either a positive or negative charge set down within an electric field generated by a point charge<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Problem Exercises<\/h3>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1386271\"><strong>2:<\/strong> [latex]\\boldsymbol{8.75 \\times 10{-4} \\;\\textbf{N}}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><strong>4:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3398477\">(a) [latex]\\boldsymbol{6.94 \\times 10^{-8} \\;\\textbf{C}}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3122616\">(b) [latex]\\boldsymbol{6.25 \\;\\textbf{N} \/ \\textbf{C}}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1845690\"><strong>6:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(a) 300 N\/C (east)<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2401155\">(b) [latex]\\boldsymbol{4.80 \\times 10^{-17} \\;\\textbf{N (east)}}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-622","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":595,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/622","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=622"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/622\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":623,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/622\/revisions\/623"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/595"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/622\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=622"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=622"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=622"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1104summer2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=622"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}