{"id":795,"date":"2020-11-08T15:38:38","date_gmt":"2020-11-08T20:38:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=795"},"modified":"2020-11-08T15:38:38","modified_gmt":"2020-11-08T20:38:38","slug":"1-flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/chapter\/1-flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/","title":{"raw":"1 Flow rate and its Relation to Velocity","rendered":"1 Flow rate and its Relation to Velocity"},"content":{"raw":"<header>\r\n<h1 class=\"entry-title\">Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity<\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Calculate flow rate.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define units of volume.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe incompressible fluids.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the consequences of the equation of continuity.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3151377\"><span id=\"import-auto-id3399640\" data-type=\"term\">Flow rate<\/span><em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" \/><\/em>\u00a0is defined to be the volume of fluid passing by some location through an area during a period of time, as seen in\u00a0<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/chapter\/flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/#import-auto-id1062406\">(Figure)<\/a>. In symbols, this can be written as<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3254631\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7480acb18a03ee53fd3ee9dc21233793_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=\\frac{V}{t}\\text{,}\" width=\"57\" height=\"22\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3285790\">where\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.svg\" alt=\"V\" width=\"14\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0is the volume and\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0is the elapsed time.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2655857\">The SI unit for flow rate is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-52555c5b350e0314d9fff9ddec85f878_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"38\" height=\"19\" \/>, but a number of other units for\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" \/><\/em>\u00a0are in common use. For example, the heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 liters per minute (L\/min). Note that a\u00a0<span id=\"import-auto-id3112840\" data-type=\"term\">liter<\/span>\u00a0(L) is 1\/1000 of a cubic meter or 1000 cubic centimeters (<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cf56c1b377cbe367bb9d6d86da6f099f_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0<sup>or\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-662b478be5e375ff71dc504a90ebd955_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\" width=\"59\" height=\"16\" \/>). In this text we shall use whatever metric units are most convenient for a given situation.<\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"import-auto-id1062406\" class=\"bc-figure figure\">\r\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Flow rate is the volume of fluid per unit time flowing past a point through the area\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.svg\" alt=\"A\" width=\"13\" height=\"12\" \/>. Here the shaded cylinder of fluid flows past point\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9a82f0689d03e1a6426b99dd9a039bdf_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{P}\" width=\"12\" height=\"13\" \/>\u00a0in a uniform pipe in time\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/>. The volume of the cylinder is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bd2bc87421e09740f7c78bcb7dfdc864_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{Ad}\" width=\"23\" height=\"14\" \/>\u00a0and the average velocity is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-713402593b54134f4e8382ed0d70db59_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}=d\/t\" width=\"57\" height=\"18\" \/>\u00a0so that the flow rate is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2d42a681e1bf237cd79ab561c5cd4b7_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=\\text{Ad}\/t=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"123\" height=\"18\" \/>.<\/div>\r\n<span id=\"import-auto-id3181830\" data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a fluid flowing through a cylindrical pipe open at both ends. A portion of the cylindrical pipe with the fluid is shaded for a length d. The velocity of the fluid in the shaded region is shown by v toward the right. The cross sections of the shaded cylinder are marked as A. This cylinder of fluid flows past a point P on the cylindrical pipe. The velocity v is equal to d over t.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/272\/2019\/07\/Figure_13_01_01a.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a fluid flowing through a cylindrical pipe open at both ends. A portion of the cylindrical pipe with the fluid is shaded for a length d. The velocity of the fluid in the shaded region is shown by v toward the right. The cross sections of the shaded cylinder are marked as A. This cylinder of fluid flows past a point P on the cylindrical pipe. The velocity v is equal to d over t.\" width=\"275\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2963224\" class=\"textbox textbox--examples\" data-type=\"example\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">Calculating Volume from Flow Rate: The Heart Pumps a Lot of Blood in a Lifetime<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2662952\">How many cubic meters of blood does the heart pump in a 75-year lifetime, assuming the average flow rate is 5.00 L\/min?<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1434803\"><span data-type=\"title\">Strategy<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1575796\">Time and flow rate\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" \/><\/em>\u00a0are given, and so the volume\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.svg\" alt=\"V\" width=\"14\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0can be calculated from the definition of flow rate.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3162878\"><span data-type=\"title\">Solution<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id3397174\">Solving\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2a95780f02b2f2cc92a0454412b136c_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=V\/t\" width=\"65\" height=\"18\" \/>\u00a0for volume gives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2590610\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-638956b5261e8710cabf80b5e784db13_l3.svg\" alt=\"V=\\text{Qt}\\text{.}\" width=\"63\" height=\"15\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2393627\">Substituting known values yields<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3138372\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3b3e842e273af1064c192d487f8f7526_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\begin{array}{lll}V&amp; =&amp; \\left(\\frac{5\\text{.}\\text{00}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L}}{\\text{1 min}}\\right)\\left(\\text{75}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{y}\\right)\\left(\\frac{1\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}}{{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L}}\\right)\\left(5\\text{.}\\text{26}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{5}\\frac{\\text{min}}{\\text{y}}\\right)\\\\ \\text{}&amp; =&amp; 2\\text{.}0\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{5}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{.}\\end{array}\" width=\"333\" height=\"49\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2437020\"><span data-type=\"title\">Discussion<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id2950171\">This amount is about 200,000 tons of blood. For comparison, this value is equivalent to about 200 times the volume of water contained in a 6-lane 50-m lap pool.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2448171\">Flow rate and velocity are related, but quite different, physical quantities. To make the distinction clear, think about the flow rate of a river. The greater the velocity of the water, the greater the flow rate of the river. But flow rate also depends on the size of the river. A rapid mountain stream carries far less water than the Amazon River in Brazil, for example. The precise relationship between flow rate\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" \/><\/em>\u00a0and velocity\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e5da8ac77bab3bc8ac354d72f3abdacd_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}\" width=\"10\" height=\"11\" \/>\u00a0is<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3135337\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8442274acc67014404b4062f286cd626_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\\text{,}\" width=\"64\" height=\"16\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3397398\">where\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.svg\" alt=\"A\" width=\"13\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0is the cross-sectional area and\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e5da8ac77bab3bc8ac354d72f3abdacd_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}\" width=\"10\" height=\"11\" \/>\u00a0is the average velocity. This equation seems logical enough. The relationship tells us that flow rate is directly proportional to both the magnitude of the average velocity (hereafter referred to as the speed) and the size of a river, pipe, or other conduit. The larger the conduit, the greater its cross-sectional area.\u00a0<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/chapter\/flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/#import-auto-id1062406\">(Figure)<\/a>\u00a0illustrates how this relationship is obtained. The shaded cylinder has a volume<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1867952\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3537706ec1fb7cf6e19e74761ed7ccb6_l3.svg\" alt=\"V=\\text{Ad}\\text{,}\" width=\"65\" height=\"16\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2381286\">which flows past the point\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9a82f0689d03e1a6426b99dd9a039bdf_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{P}\" width=\"12\" height=\"13\" \/>\u00a0in a time\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/>. Dividing both sides of this relationship by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0gives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2668235\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a0f72d34f688ac45eba0fd85be3dc626_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\frac{V}{t}=\\frac{\\text{Ad}}{t}\\text{.}\" width=\"62\" height=\"23\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2648082\">We note that\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2a95780f02b2f2cc92a0454412b136c_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=V\/t\" width=\"65\" height=\"18\" \/>\u00a0and the average speed is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-713402593b54134f4e8382ed0d70db59_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}=d\/t\" width=\"57\" height=\"18\" \/>. Thus the equation becomes\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2671288\"><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/chapter\/flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/#fs-id3175177\">(Figure)<\/a>\u00a0shows an incompressible fluid flowing along a pipe of decreasing radius. Because the fluid is incompressible, the same amount of fluid must flow past any point in the tube in a given time to ensure continuity of flow. In this case, because the cross-sectional area of the pipe decreases, the velocity must necessarily increase. This logic can be extended to say that the flow rate must be the same at all points along the pipe. In particular, for points 1 and 2,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1546161\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c3c3de88285110de1d0f6fcdffc5cafc_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\begin{array}{c}{Q}_{1}={Q}_{2}\\\\ {A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\end{array}\\right\\}\\text{.}\" width=\"112\" height=\"38\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3047364\">This is called the equation of continuity and is valid for any incompressible fluid. The consequences of the equation of continuity can be observed when water flows from a hose into a narrow spray nozzle: it emerges with a large speed\u2014that is the purpose of the nozzle. Conversely, when a river empties into one end of a reservoir, the water slows considerably, perhaps picking up speed again when it leaves the other end of the reservoir. In other words, speed increases when cross-sectional area decreases, and speed decreases when cross-sectional area increases.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3175177\" class=\"bc-figure figure\">\r\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">When a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. For the same volume to pass points 1 and 2 in a given time, the speed must be greater at point 2. The process is exactly reversible. If the fluid flows in the opposite direction, its speed will decrease when the tube widens. (Note that the relative volumes of the two cylinders and the corresponding velocity vector arrows are not drawn to scale.)<\/div>\r\n<span id=\"fs-id3399724\" data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a cylindrical tube broad at the left and narrow at the right. The fluid is shown to flow through the cylindrical tube toward right along the axis of the tube. A shaded area is marked on the broader cylinder on the left. A cross section is marked on it as A one. A point one is marked on this cross section. The velocity of the fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked by v one as an arrow toward right. Another shaded area is marked on the narrow cylindrical on the right. The shaded area on narrow tube is longer than the one on broader tube to show that when a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. A cross section is marked on the narrow cylindrical tube as A two. A point two is marked on this cross section. The velocity of fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked v two toward right. The arrow depicting v two is longer than for v one showing v two to be greater in value than v one.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/272\/2019\/07\/Figure_13_01_02a.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a cylindrical tube broad at the left and narrow at the right. The fluid is shown to flow through the cylindrical tube toward right along the axis of the tube. A shaded area is marked on the broader cylinder on the left. A cross section is marked on it as A one. A point one is marked on this cross section. The velocity of the fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked by v one as an arrow toward right. Another shaded area is marked on the narrow cylindrical on the right. The shaded area on narrow tube is longer than the one on broader tube to show that when a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. A cross section is marked on the narrow cylindrical tube as A two. A point two is marked on this cross section. The velocity of fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked v two toward right. The arrow depicting v two is longer than for v one showing v two to be greater in value than v one.\" width=\"450\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3358539\">Since liquids are essentially incompressible, the equation of continuity is valid for all liquids. However, gases are compressible, and so the equation must be applied with caution to gases if they are subjected to compression or expansion.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3230619\" class=\"textbox textbox--examples\" data-type=\"example\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">Calculating Fluid Speed: Speed Increases When a Tube Narrows<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2950524\">A nozzle with a radius of 0.250 cm is attached to a garden hose with a radius of 0.900 cm. The flow rate through hose and nozzle is 0.500 L\/s. Calculate the speed of the water (a) in the hose and (b) in the nozzle.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3158568\"><span data-type=\"title\">Strategy<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id2668071\">We can use the relationship between flow rate and speed to find both velocities. We will use the subscript 1 for the hose and 2 for the nozzle.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3229579\"><span data-type=\"title\">Solution for (a)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1462186\">First, we solve\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0for\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2ae0996f672b3c41b449ed8af9d729b6_l3.svg\" alt=\"{v}_{1}\" width=\"15\" height=\"12\" \/>\u00a0and note that the cross-sectional area is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f18df9cb15867739694108f0028121f3_l3.svg\" alt=\"A={\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{2}\" width=\"62\" height=\"16\" \/>, yielding<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1616200\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0263ea05a4175f5f036c9c06244ba40d_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{Q}{{A}_{1}}=\\frac{Q}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}_{1}^{2}}\\text{.}\" width=\"113\" height=\"29\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2385058\">Substituting known values and making appropriate unit conversions yields<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1537613\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e273d69b92b4f2a90e3f7d5fe8671d8c_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{500}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L\/s}\\right)\\left({\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\/\\text{L}\\right)}{\\pi \\left(9\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}{\\right)}^{2}}=1\\text{.}\\text{96}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}\\text{.}\" width=\"296\" height=\"41\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1386574\"><span data-type=\"title\">Solution for (b)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id2057762\">We could repeat this calculation to find the speed in the nozzle\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4a69d7e42b098c79fe9f303e749bfe96_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{2}\" width=\"16\" height=\"14\" \/>, but we will use the equation of continuity to give a somewhat different insight. Using the equation which states<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3082712\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bf540cfa1593846c3ffcaac879c9d697_l3.svg\" alt=\"{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\text{,}\" width=\"103\" height=\"16\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1119518\">solving for\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4a69d7e42b098c79fe9f303e749bfe96_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{2}\" width=\"16\" height=\"14\" \/>\u00a0and substituting\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5780c8f52c2a0739a3ef9bd1e6da2c0a_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{2}\" width=\"25\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0for the cross-sectional area yields<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2590734\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-34ea9fd178786449a47d50d98db462e7_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{2}=\\frac{{A}_{1}}{{A}_{2}}{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}_{1}^{2}}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}_{2}^{2}}{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{{r}_{{1}^{2}}}{{r}_{{2}^{2}}}{\\overline{v}}_{1}\\text{.}\" width=\"211\" height=\"31\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1186311\">Substituting known values,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3025743\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f00aecc046c958392d1727a1e1fdb642_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{2}=\\frac{\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{900}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{cm}{\\right)}^{2}}{\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{250}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{cm}{\\right)}^{2}}1\\text{.}\\text{96}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}=\\text{25}\\text{.}\\text{5 m\/s}\\text{.}\" width=\"285\" height=\"34\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3418172\"><span data-type=\"title\">Discussion<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1909073\">A speed of 1.96 m\/s is about right for water emerging from a nozzleless hose. The nozzle produces a considerably faster stream merely by constricting the flow to a narrower tube.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1011172\">The solution to the last part of the example shows that speed is inversely proportional to the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">square<\/em>\u00a0of the radius of the tube, making for large effects when radius varies. We can blow out a candle at quite a distance, for example, by pursing our lips, whereas blowing on a candle with our mouth wide open is quite ineffective.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3450198\">In many situations, including in the cardiovascular system, branching of the flow occurs. The blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that subdivide into smaller arteries (arterioles) which branch into very fine vessels called capillaries. In this situation, continuity of flow is maintained but it is the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">sum<\/em>\u00a0of the flow rates in each of the branches in any portion along the tube that is maintained. The equation of continuity in a more general form becomes<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3026881\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1bb45774b5dac763e6720fe0ea3236e9_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={n}_{2}{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\text{,}\" width=\"140\" height=\"16\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2404447\">where\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5ec105631a98188a023966b8df420845_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{1}\" width=\"17\" height=\"12\" \/>\u00a0and\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b9d5dd6b91867bc7f95c1d0507ce3fc8_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{2}\" width=\"18\" height=\"11\" \/>\u00a0are the number of branches in each of the sections along the tube.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1895376\" class=\"textbox textbox--examples\" data-type=\"example\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">Calculating Flow Speed and Vessel Diameter: Branching in the Cardiovascular System<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1824959\">The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L\/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L\/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm\/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-754c5c872137120ae5581ece3ae37b1f_l3.svg\" alt=\"8.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\mu \\text{m}\" width=\"53\" height=\"16\" \/>, calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3181202\"><span data-type=\"title\">Strategy<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1222304\">We can use\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0to calculate the speed of flow in the aorta and then use the general form of the equation of continuity to calculate the number of capillaries as all of the other variables are known.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3007976\"><span data-type=\"title\">Solution for (a)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id1860922\">The flow rate is given by\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0or\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-78f3aa7c2b707c9932933ec80e7a07ba_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}=\\frac{Q}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{2}}\" width=\"56\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0for a cylindrical vessel.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2612267\">Substituting the known values (converted to units of meters and seconds) gives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3104729\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cceb1d8be326700f1b4e5d258be2dd9b_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}=\\frac{\\left(5.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L\/min}\\right)\\left({\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/L}\\right)\\left(1\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{min\/}\\text{60}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{s}\\right)}{\\pi {\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{010 m}\\right)}^{2}}=0\\text{.}\\text{27}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}.\" width=\"359\" height=\"36\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"eip-444\"><span data-type=\"title\">Solution for (b)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3229045\">Using\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-91bc9159a9402391f3d050d522a8204b_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={n}_{2}{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{1}\" width=\"134\" height=\"16\" \/>, assigning the subscript 1 to the aorta and 2 to the capillaries, and solving for\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b9d5dd6b91867bc7f95c1d0507ce3fc8_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{2}\" width=\"18\" height=\"11\" \/>\u00a0(the number of capillaries) gives\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-07700416d82533c2f1b273a1816708d1_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{2}=\\frac{{n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}}{{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}}\" width=\"91\" height=\"24\" \/>. Converting all quantities to units of meters and seconds and substituting into the equation above gives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3175565\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5964ddefb9765612b4a2e89e56f42897_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{2}=\\frac{\\left(1\\right)\\left(\\pi \\right){\\left(\\text{10}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}\\right)}^{2}\\left(0.27 m\/s\\right)}{\\left(\\pi \\right){\\left(4.0\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-6}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}\\right)}^{2}\\left(0.33\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}\\right)}=5.0\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{9}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{capillaries}.\" width=\"402\" height=\"41\" \/><\/div>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3375035\"><span data-type=\"title\">Discussion<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-id2591082\">Note that the speed of flow in the capillaries is considerably reduced relative to the speed in the aorta due to the significant increase in the total cross-sectional area at the capillaries. This low speed is to allow sufficient time for effective exchange to occur although it is equally important for the flow not to become stationary in order to avoid the possibility of clotting. Does this large number of capillaries in the body seem reasonable? In active muscle, one finds about 200 capillaries per\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae60267d215d2ebd3fe2f2d58d84f64_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{mm}}^{3}\" width=\"37\" height=\"15\" \/>, or about\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e89cceee939ff142a3d8600e9c249ca2_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{200}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{6}\" width=\"51\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0per 1 kg of muscle. For 20 kg of muscle, this amounts to about\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2a29911ded51e97e669f255281268862_l3.svg\" alt=\"4\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{9}\" width=\"34\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0capillaries.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"eip-299\" class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Section Summary<\/h3>\r\n<ul id=\"eip-id2616738\">\r\n \t<li>Flow rate\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" \/><\/em>\u00a0is defined to be the volume\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.svg\" alt=\"V\" width=\"14\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0flowing past a point in time\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>, or\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b6ac7752361d16e9316b49baff3390ce_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=\\frac{V}{t}\" width=\"52\" height=\"22\" \/>\u00a0where\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.svg\" alt=\"V\" width=\"14\" height=\"12\" \/>\u00a0is volume and\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/>\u00a0is time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The SI unit of volume is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e3b87847f2822cabdde235117b9f5dc8_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{m}}^{3}\" width=\"22\" height=\"15\" \/>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another common unit is the liter (L), which is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cf56c1b377cbe367bb9d6d86da6f099f_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Flow rate and velocity are related by\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0where\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.svg\" alt=\"A\" width=\"13\" height=\"12\" \/>\u00a0is the cross-sectional area of the flow and\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e5da8ac77bab3bc8ac354d72f3abdacd_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}\" width=\"10\" height=\"11\" \/>\u00a0is its average velocity.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For incompressible fluids, flow rate at various points is constant. That is,\r\n<div id=\"eip-537\" data-type=\"equation\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1641c811085001ee174144488a6b50ce_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\begin{array}{c}{Q}_{1}={Q}_{2}\\\\ {A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\\\ {n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={n}_{2}{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\end{array}}\\text{.}\" width=\"148\" height=\"60\" \/><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1910291\" class=\"conceptual-questions\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Conceptual Questions<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1549295\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3422246\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2346921\">What is the difference between flow rate and fluid velocity? How are they related?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1917833\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1402564\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3090033\">Many figures in the text show streamlines. Explain why fluid velocity is greatest where streamlines are closest together. (Hint: Consider the relationship between fluid velocity and the cross-sectional area through which it flows.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1434712\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2346921\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2499530\">Identify some substances that are incompressible and some that are not.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1849834\" class=\"problems-exercises\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2115593\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1177794\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3163228\">What is the average flow rate in\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4124ac5013c8816c349d7a8caba7483_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"46\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0of gasoline to the engine of a car traveling at 100 km\/h if it averages 10.0 km\/L?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3130566\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3450007\"><img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-42c1924db763d879a4c50ebaddc837cd_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{2.78}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"82\" height=\"19\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2382376\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1895566\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2445544\">The heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 L\/min. (a) Convert this to\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4124ac5013c8816c349d7a8caba7483_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"46\" height=\"19\" \/>. (b) What is this rate in\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-52555c5b350e0314d9fff9ddec85f878_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"38\" height=\"19\" \/>?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2017637\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3184855\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1596400\">Blood is pumped from the heart at a rate of 5.0 L\/min into the aorta (of radius 1.0 cm). Determine the speed of blood through the aorta.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2449465\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2688942\">27 cm\/s<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1931967\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1174033\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1824582\">Blood is flowing through an artery of radius 2 mm at a rate of 40 cm\/s. Determine the flow rate and the volume that passes through the artery in a period of 30 s.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2438354\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2444640\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2017637\">The Huka Falls on the Waikato River is one of New Zealand\u2019s most visited natural tourist attractions (see\u00a0<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/chapter\/flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/#import-auto-id953259\">(Figure)<\/a>). On average the river has a flow rate of about 300,000 L\/s. At the gorge, the river narrows to 20 m wide and averages 20 m deep. (a) What is the average speed of the river in the gorge? (b) What is the average speed of the water in the river downstream of the falls when it widens to 60 m and its depth increases to an average of 40 m?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"import-auto-id953259\" class=\"bc-figure figure\">\r\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The Huka Falls in Taupo, New Zealand, demonstrate flow rate. (credit: RaviGogna, Flickr)<\/div>\r\n<span id=\"import-auto-id3353414\" data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"Water rushes over a fall.\"><img src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/272\/2019\/07\/Figure_13_01_04a.jpg\" alt=\"Water rushes over a fall.\" width=\"275\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" \/><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2681296\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3042804\">(a) 0.75 m\/s<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3181183\">(b) 0.13 m\/s<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1909395\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1562504\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3306781\">A major artery with a cross-sectional area of\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fa3038e52eadbb4280361ccd3fff39ca_l3.svg\" alt=\"1\\text{.}\\text{00}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}\" width=\"65\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0branches into 18 smaller arteries, each with an average cross-sectional area of\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-006a4823359abd0c0a63b8a9225e5c10_l3.svg\" alt=\"0\\text{.}\\text{400}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}\" width=\"74\" height=\"16\" \/>. By what factor is the average velocity of the blood reduced when it passes into these branches?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2677825\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3213491\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3006657\">(a) As blood passes through the capillary bed in an organ, the capillaries join to form venules (small veins). If the blood speed increases by a factor of 4.00 and the total cross-sectional area of the venules is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b51733bf8e034665a17a7e1ff8032cb6_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{10}\\text{.}0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}\" width=\"65\" height=\"16\" \/>, what is the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries feeding these venules? (b) How many capillaries are involved if their average diameter is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e8c63c4cfc732a0122f984d027477d1e_l3.svg\" alt=\"10.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\mu \\text{m}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2400374\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2962557\">(a)\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7a916293763847ecf1582d7cadea8288_l3.svg\" alt=\"40.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}\" width=\"66\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2016935\">(b)\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9938c91fdd8663519c30a0b8eacfdb5f_l3.svg\" alt=\"5\\text{.}\\text{09}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{7}\" width=\"56\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3137420\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2005958\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2595060\">The human circulation system has approximately\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c6bc7559ce35d31878c154bec125b276_l3.svg\" alt=\"1\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{9}\" width=\"33\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0capillary vessels. Each vessel has a diameter of about\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-791c22b6107431c2038fc58409b9a523_l3.svg\" alt=\"8\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\mu \\text{m}\" width=\"39\" height=\"16\" \/>. Assuming cardiac output is 5\u00a0L\/min, determine the average velocity of blood flow through each capillary vessel.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1580788\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2393682\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2016654\">(a) Estimate the time it would take to fill a private swimming pool with a capacity of 80,000 L using a garden hose delivering 60 L\/min. (b) How long would it take to fill if you could divert a moderate size river, flowing at\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9894d850d32d6de57807a690c006ae34_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{5000}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"78\" height=\"19\" \/>, into it?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2928667\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3080881\">(a) 22 h<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2062601\">(b) 0.016 s<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3149885\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3011861\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3114281\">The flow rate of blood through a\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1ee952d3954e10c6ed85ec7344a2facb_l3.svg\" alt=\"2\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{\\text{-6}}\\text{-m}\" width=\"83\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0-radius capillary is\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dd64078ca3da442b69b594901d5302a5_l3.svg\" alt=\"3\\text{.}\\text{80}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-9}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"118\" height=\"19\" \/>. (a) What is the speed of the blood flow? (This small speed allows time for diffusion of materials to and from the blood.) (b) Assuming all the blood in the body passes through capillaries, how many of them must there be to carry a total flow of\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a1bef5697e91a21d807bbdd5b8c655df_l3.svg\" alt=\"90\\text{.}0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"82\" height=\"19\" \/>? (The large number obtained is an overestimate, but it is still reasonable.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3048002\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1947265\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2589946\">(a) What is the fluid speed in a fire hose with a 9.00-cm diameter carrying 80.0 L of water per second? (b) What is the flow rate in cubic meters per second? (c) Would your answers be different if salt water replaced the fresh water in the fire hose?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1618161\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1361504\">(a) 12.6 m\/s<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2990529\">(b)\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be9e361aae9210b6c3ce5cf96601fc5e_l3.svg\" alt=\"0.0800\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"92\" height=\"19\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3116723\">(c) No, independent of density.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2658266\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2673530\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2672070\">The main uptake air duct of a forced air gas heater is 0.300 m in diameter. What is the average speed of air in the duct if it carries a volume equal to that of the house\u2019s interior every 15 min? The inside volume of the house is equivalent to a rectangular solid 13.0 m wide by 20.0 m long by 2.75 m high.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3079662\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3119404\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3230995\">Water is moving at a velocity of 2.00 m\/s through a hose with an internal diameter of 1.60 cm. (a) What is the flow rate in liters per second? (b) The fluid velocity in this hose\u2019s nozzle is 15.0 m\/s. What is the nozzle\u2019s inside diameter?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"eip-id3634982\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"eip-id2569242\">(a) 0.402 L\/s<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"eip-id2309768\">(b) 0.584 cm<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1365720\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3047261\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2442473\">Prove that the speed of an incompressible fluid through a constriction, such as in a Venturi tube, increases by a factor equal to the square of the factor by which the diameter decreases. (The converse applies for flow out of a constriction into a larger-diameter region.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2421219\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id2057369\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2429788\">Water emerges straight down from a faucet with a 1.80-cm diameter at a speed of 0.500 m\/s. (Because of the construction of the faucet, there is no variation in speed across the stream.) (a) What is the flow rate in\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4124ac5013c8816c349d7a8caba7483_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"46\" height=\"19\" \/>? (b) What is the diameter of the stream 0.200 m below the faucet? Neglect any effects due to surface tension.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"eip-id3242584\" data-type=\"solution\">\r\n<p id=\"eip-id3382045\">(a)\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-32d9eae0675825c0f1ea93421516885b_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{127}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{\\text{3}}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"76\" height=\"19\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"eip-id2821627\">(b) 0.890 cm<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-id3088759\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-id1548219\" data-type=\"problem\">\r\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3013678\"><span data-type=\"title\">Unreasonable Results<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"eip-id2447363\">A mountain stream is 10.0 m wide and averages 2.00 m in depth. During the spring runoff, the flow in the stream reaches\u00a0<img class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5ef629e239bb13ea140f8a319e53f350_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{100,000}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"100\" height=\"19\" \/>. (a) What is the average velocity of the stream under these conditions? (b) What is unreasonable about this velocity? (c) What is unreasonable or inconsistent about the premises?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" data-type=\"glossary\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id1245730\">\r\n \t<dt>flow rate<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id3191546\">abbreviated\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Q<\/em>, it is the volume\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">V<\/em>\u00a0that flows past a particular point during a time\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">t<\/em>, or\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Q = V\/t<\/em><\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id3378881\">\r\n \t<dt>liter<\/dt>\r\n \t<dd id=\"fs-id1562453\">a unit of volume, equal to 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup>\u00a0m<sup>3<\/sup><\/dd>\r\n<\/dl>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<header>\n<h1 class=\"entry-title\">Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Calculate flow rate.<\/li>\n<li>Define units of volume.<\/li>\n<li>Describe incompressible fluids.<\/li>\n<li>Explain the consequences of the equation of continuity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3151377\"><span id=\"import-auto-id3399640\" data-type=\"term\">Flow rate<\/span><em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" \/><\/em>\u00a0is defined to be the volume of fluid passing by some location through an area during a period of time, as seen in\u00a0<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/chapter\/flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/#import-auto-id1062406\">(Figure)<\/a>. In symbols, this can be written as<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id3254631\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7480acb18a03ee53fd3ee9dc21233793_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=\\frac{V}{t}\\text{,}\" width=\"57\" height=\"22\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3285790\">where\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.svg\" alt=\"V\" width=\"14\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0is the volume and\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0is the elapsed time.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2655857\">The SI unit for flow rate is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-52555c5b350e0314d9fff9ddec85f878_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"38\" height=\"19\" \/>, but a number of other units for\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" \/><\/em>\u00a0are in common use. For example, the heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 liters per minute (L\/min). Note that a\u00a0<span id=\"import-auto-id3112840\" data-type=\"term\">liter<\/span>\u00a0(L) is 1\/1000 of a cubic meter or 1000 cubic centimeters (<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cf56c1b377cbe367bb9d6d86da6f099f_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0<sup>or\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-662b478be5e375ff71dc504a90ebd955_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\" width=\"59\" height=\"16\" \/>). In this text we shall use whatever metric units are most convenient for a given situation.<\/sup><\/p>\n<div id=\"import-auto-id1062406\" class=\"bc-figure figure\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">Flow rate is the volume of fluid per unit time flowing past a point through the area\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.svg\" alt=\"A\" width=\"13\" height=\"12\" \/>. Here the shaded cylinder of fluid flows past point\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9a82f0689d03e1a6426b99dd9a039bdf_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{P}\" width=\"12\" height=\"13\" \/>\u00a0in a uniform pipe in time\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/>. The volume of the cylinder is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bd2bc87421e09740f7c78bcb7dfdc864_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{Ad}\" width=\"23\" height=\"14\" \/>\u00a0and the average velocity is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-713402593b54134f4e8382ed0d70db59_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}=d\/t\" width=\"57\" height=\"18\" \/>\u00a0so that the flow rate is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2d42a681e1bf237cd79ab561c5cd4b7_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=\\text{Ad}\/t=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"123\" height=\"18\" \/>.<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"import-auto-id3181830\" data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a fluid flowing through a cylindrical pipe open at both ends. A portion of the cylindrical pipe with the fluid is shaded for a length d. The velocity of the fluid in the shaded region is shown by v toward the right. The cross sections of the shaded cylinder are marked as A. This cylinder of fluid flows past a point P on the cylindrical pipe. The velocity v is equal to d over t.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/272\/2019\/07\/Figure_13_01_01a.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a fluid flowing through a cylindrical pipe open at both ends. A portion of the cylindrical pipe with the fluid is shaded for a length d. The velocity of the fluid in the shaded region is shown by v toward the right. The cross sections of the shaded cylinder are marked as A. This cylinder of fluid flows past a point P on the cylindrical pipe. The velocity v is equal to d over t.\" width=\"275\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2963224\" class=\"textbox textbox--examples\" data-type=\"example\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">Calculating Volume from Flow Rate: The Heart Pumps a Lot of Blood in a Lifetime<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2662952\">How many cubic meters of blood does the heart pump in a 75-year lifetime, assuming the average flow rate is 5.00 L\/min?<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1434803\"><span data-type=\"title\">Strategy<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1575796\">Time and flow rate\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" \/><\/em>\u00a0are given, and so the volume\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.svg\" alt=\"V\" width=\"14\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0can be calculated from the definition of flow rate.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3162878\"><span data-type=\"title\">Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id3397174\">Solving\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2a95780f02b2f2cc92a0454412b136c_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=V\/t\" width=\"65\" height=\"18\" \/>\u00a0for volume gives<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id2590610\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-638956b5261e8710cabf80b5e784db13_l3.svg\" alt=\"V=\\text{Qt}\\text{.}\" width=\"63\" height=\"15\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2393627\">Substituting known values yields<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id3138372\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3b3e842e273af1064c192d487f8f7526_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\begin{array}{lll}V&amp; =&amp; \\left(\\frac{5\\text{.}\\text{00}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L}}{\\text{1 min}}\\right)\\left(\\text{75}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{y}\\right)\\left(\\frac{1\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}}{{\\text{10}}^{3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L}}\\right)\\left(5\\text{.}\\text{26}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{5}\\frac{\\text{min}}{\\text{y}}\\right)\\\\ \\text{}&amp; =&amp; 2\\text{.}0\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{5}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{.}\\end{array}\" width=\"333\" height=\"49\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2437020\"><span data-type=\"title\">Discussion<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2950171\">This amount is about 200,000 tons of blood. For comparison, this value is equivalent to about 200 times the volume of water contained in a 6-lane 50-m lap pool.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2448171\">Flow rate and velocity are related, but quite different, physical quantities. To make the distinction clear, think about the flow rate of a river. The greater the velocity of the water, the greater the flow rate of the river. But flow rate also depends on the size of the river. A rapid mountain stream carries far less water than the Amazon River in Brazil, for example. The precise relationship between flow rate\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" \/><\/em>\u00a0and velocity\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e5da8ac77bab3bc8ac354d72f3abdacd_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}\" width=\"10\" height=\"11\" \/>\u00a0is<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id3135337\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8442274acc67014404b4062f286cd626_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\\text{,}\" width=\"64\" height=\"16\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3397398\">where\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.svg\" alt=\"A\" width=\"13\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0is the cross-sectional area and\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e5da8ac77bab3bc8ac354d72f3abdacd_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}\" width=\"10\" height=\"11\" \/>\u00a0is the average velocity. This equation seems logical enough. The relationship tells us that flow rate is directly proportional to both the magnitude of the average velocity (hereafter referred to as the speed) and the size of a river, pipe, or other conduit. The larger the conduit, the greater its cross-sectional area.\u00a0<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/chapter\/flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/#import-auto-id1062406\">(Figure)<\/a>\u00a0illustrates how this relationship is obtained. The shaded cylinder has a volume<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1867952\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-3537706ec1fb7cf6e19e74761ed7ccb6_l3.svg\" alt=\"V=\\text{Ad}\\text{,}\" width=\"65\" height=\"16\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2381286\">which flows past the point\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9a82f0689d03e1a6426b99dd9a039bdf_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{P}\" width=\"12\" height=\"13\" \/>\u00a0in a time\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/>. Dividing both sides of this relationship by\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0gives<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id2668235\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a0f72d34f688ac45eba0fd85be3dc626_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\frac{V}{t}=\\frac{\\text{Ad}}{t}\\text{.}\" width=\"62\" height=\"23\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2648082\">We note that\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a2a95780f02b2f2cc92a0454412b136c_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=V\/t\" width=\"65\" height=\"18\" \/>\u00a0and the average speed is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-713402593b54134f4e8382ed0d70db59_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}=d\/t\" width=\"57\" height=\"18\" \/>. Thus the equation becomes\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2671288\"><a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/chapter\/flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/#fs-id3175177\">(Figure)<\/a>\u00a0shows an incompressible fluid flowing along a pipe of decreasing radius. Because the fluid is incompressible, the same amount of fluid must flow past any point in the tube in a given time to ensure continuity of flow. In this case, because the cross-sectional area of the pipe decreases, the velocity must necessarily increase. This logic can be extended to say that the flow rate must be the same at all points along the pipe. In particular, for points 1 and 2,<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1546161\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c3c3de88285110de1d0f6fcdffc5cafc_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\begin{array}{c}{Q}_{1}={Q}_{2}\\\\ {A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\end{array}\\right\\}\\text{.}\" width=\"112\" height=\"38\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3047364\">This is called the equation of continuity and is valid for any incompressible fluid. The consequences of the equation of continuity can be observed when water flows from a hose into a narrow spray nozzle: it emerges with a large speed\u2014that is the purpose of the nozzle. Conversely, when a river empties into one end of a reservoir, the water slows considerably, perhaps picking up speed again when it leaves the other end of the reservoir. In other words, speed increases when cross-sectional area decreases, and speed decreases when cross-sectional area increases.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id3175177\" class=\"bc-figure figure\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">When a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. For the same volume to pass points 1 and 2 in a given time, the speed must be greater at point 2. The process is exactly reversible. If the fluid flows in the opposite direction, its speed will decrease when the tube widens. (Note that the relative volumes of the two cylinders and the corresponding velocity vector arrows are not drawn to scale.)<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"fs-id3399724\" data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"The figure shows a cylindrical tube broad at the left and narrow at the right. The fluid is shown to flow through the cylindrical tube toward right along the axis of the tube. A shaded area is marked on the broader cylinder on the left. A cross section is marked on it as A one. A point one is marked on this cross section. The velocity of the fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked by v one as an arrow toward right. Another shaded area is marked on the narrow cylindrical on the right. The shaded area on narrow tube is longer than the one on broader tube to show that when a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. A cross section is marked on the narrow cylindrical tube as A two. A point two is marked on this cross section. The velocity of fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked v two toward right. The arrow depicting v two is longer than for v one showing v two to be greater in value than v one.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/272\/2019\/07\/Figure_13_01_02a.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a cylindrical tube broad at the left and narrow at the right. The fluid is shown to flow through the cylindrical tube toward right along the axis of the tube. A shaded area is marked on the broader cylinder on the left. A cross section is marked on it as A one. A point one is marked on this cross section. The velocity of the fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked by v one as an arrow toward right. Another shaded area is marked on the narrow cylindrical on the right. The shaded area on narrow tube is longer than the one on broader tube to show that when a tube narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length. A cross section is marked on the narrow cylindrical tube as A two. A point two is marked on this cross section. The velocity of fluid through the shaded area on narrow tube is marked v two toward right. The arrow depicting v two is longer than for v one showing v two to be greater in value than v one.\" width=\"450\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3358539\">Since liquids are essentially incompressible, the equation of continuity is valid for all liquids. However, gases are compressible, and so the equation must be applied with caution to gases if they are subjected to compression or expansion.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id3230619\" class=\"textbox textbox--examples\" data-type=\"example\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">Calculating Fluid Speed: Speed Increases When a Tube Narrows<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2950524\">A nozzle with a radius of 0.250 cm is attached to a garden hose with a radius of 0.900 cm. The flow rate through hose and nozzle is 0.500 L\/s. Calculate the speed of the water (a) in the hose and (b) in the nozzle.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3158568\"><span data-type=\"title\">Strategy<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2668071\">We can use the relationship between flow rate and speed to find both velocities. We will use the subscript 1 for the hose and 2 for the nozzle.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3229579\"><span data-type=\"title\">Solution for (a)<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1462186\">First, we solve\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0for\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2ae0996f672b3c41b449ed8af9d729b6_l3.svg\" alt=\"{v}_{1}\" width=\"15\" height=\"12\" \/>\u00a0and note that the cross-sectional area is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f18df9cb15867739694108f0028121f3_l3.svg\" alt=\"A={\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{2}\" width=\"62\" height=\"16\" \/>, yielding<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1616200\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0263ea05a4175f5f036c9c06244ba40d_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{Q}{{A}_{1}}=\\frac{Q}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}_{1}^{2}}\\text{.}\" width=\"113\" height=\"29\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2385058\">Substituting known values and making appropriate unit conversions yields<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1537613\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e273d69b92b4f2a90e3f7d5fe8671d8c_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{500}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L\/s}\\right)\\left({\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\/\\text{L}\\right)}{\\pi \\left(9\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}{\\right)}^{2}}=1\\text{.}\\text{96}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}\\text{.}\" width=\"296\" height=\"41\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1386574\"><span data-type=\"title\">Solution for (b)<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2057762\">We could repeat this calculation to find the speed in the nozzle\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4a69d7e42b098c79fe9f303e749bfe96_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{2}\" width=\"16\" height=\"14\" \/>, but we will use the equation of continuity to give a somewhat different insight. Using the equation which states<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id3082712\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-bf540cfa1593846c3ffcaac879c9d697_l3.svg\" alt=\"{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\text{,}\" width=\"103\" height=\"16\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1119518\">solving for\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-4a69d7e42b098c79fe9f303e749bfe96_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{2}\" width=\"16\" height=\"14\" \/>\u00a0and substituting\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5780c8f52c2a0739a3ef9bd1e6da2c0a_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{2}\" width=\"25\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0for the cross-sectional area yields<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id2590734\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-34ea9fd178786449a47d50d98db462e7_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{2}=\\frac{{A}_{1}}{{A}_{2}}{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}_{1}^{2}}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}_{2}^{2}}{\\overline{v}}_{1}=\\frac{{r}_{{1}^{2}}}{{r}_{{2}^{2}}}{\\overline{v}}_{1}\\text{.}\" width=\"211\" height=\"31\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1186311\">Substituting known values,<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id3025743\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-f00aecc046c958392d1727a1e1fdb642_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\overline{v}}_{2}=\\frac{\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{900}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{cm}{\\right)}^{2}}{\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{250}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{cm}{\\right)}^{2}}1\\text{.}\\text{96}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}=\\text{25}\\text{.}\\text{5 m\/s}\\text{.}\" width=\"285\" height=\"34\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3418172\"><span data-type=\"title\">Discussion<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1909073\">A speed of 1.96 m\/s is about right for water emerging from a nozzleless hose. The nozzle produces a considerably faster stream merely by constricting the flow to a narrower tube.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1011172\">The solution to the last part of the example shows that speed is inversely proportional to the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">square<\/em>\u00a0of the radius of the tube, making for large effects when radius varies. We can blow out a candle at quite a distance, for example, by pursing our lips, whereas blowing on a candle with our mouth wide open is quite ineffective.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3450198\">In many situations, including in the cardiovascular system, branching of the flow occurs. The blood is pumped from the heart into arteries that subdivide into smaller arteries (arterioles) which branch into very fine vessels called capillaries. In this situation, continuity of flow is maintained but it is the\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">sum<\/em>\u00a0of the flow rates in each of the branches in any portion along the tube that is maintained. The equation of continuity in a more general form becomes<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id3026881\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1bb45774b5dac763e6720fe0ea3236e9_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={n}_{2}{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\text{,}\" width=\"140\" height=\"16\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2404447\">where\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5ec105631a98188a023966b8df420845_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{1}\" width=\"17\" height=\"12\" \/>\u00a0and\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b9d5dd6b91867bc7f95c1d0507ce3fc8_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{2}\" width=\"18\" height=\"11\" \/>\u00a0are the number of branches in each of the sections along the tube.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id1895376\" class=\"textbox textbox--examples\" data-type=\"example\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">Calculating Flow Speed and Vessel Diameter: Branching in the Cardiovascular System<\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1824959\">The aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L\/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L\/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm\/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-754c5c872137120ae5581ece3ae37b1f_l3.svg\" alt=\"8.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\mu \\text{m}\" width=\"53\" height=\"16\" \/>, calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3181202\"><span data-type=\"title\">Strategy<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1222304\">We can use\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0to calculate the speed of flow in the aorta and then use the general form of the equation of continuity to calculate the number of capillaries as all of the other variables are known.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3007976\"><span data-type=\"title\">Solution for (a)<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1860922\">The flow rate is given by\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0or\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-78f3aa7c2b707c9932933ec80e7a07ba_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}=\\frac{Q}{{\\mathrm{\\pi r}}^{2}}\" width=\"56\" height=\"25\" \/>\u00a0for a cylindrical vessel.<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2612267\">Substituting the known values (converted to units of meters and seconds) gives<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id3104729\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cceb1d8be326700f1b4e5d258be2dd9b_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}=\\frac{\\left(5.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{L\/min}\\right)\\left({\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/L}\\right)\\left(1\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{min\/}\\text{60}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{s}\\right)}{\\pi {\\left(0\\text{.}\\text{010 m}\\right)}^{2}}=0\\text{.}\\text{27}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}.\" width=\"359\" height=\"36\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"eip-444\"><span data-type=\"title\">Solution for (b)<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3229045\">Using\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-91bc9159a9402391f3d050d522a8204b_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={n}_{2}{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{1}\" width=\"134\" height=\"16\" \/>, assigning the subscript 1 to the aorta and 2 to the capillaries, and solving for\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b9d5dd6b91867bc7f95c1d0507ce3fc8_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{2}\" width=\"18\" height=\"11\" \/>\u00a0(the number of capillaries) gives\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-07700416d82533c2f1b273a1816708d1_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{2}=\\frac{{n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}}{{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}}\" width=\"91\" height=\"24\" \/>. Converting all quantities to units of meters and seconds and substituting into the equation above gives<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-id3175565\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5964ddefb9765612b4a2e89e56f42897_l3.svg\" alt=\"{n}_{2}=\\frac{\\left(1\\right)\\left(\\pi \\right){\\left(\\text{10}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}\\right)}^{2}\\left(0.27 m\/s\\right)}{\\left(\\pi \\right){\\left(4.0\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-6}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m}\\right)}^{2}\\left(0.33\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{m\/s}\\right)}=5.0\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{9}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\text{capillaries}.\" width=\"402\" height=\"41\" \/><\/div>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3375035\"><span data-type=\"title\">Discussion<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id2591082\">Note that the speed of flow in the capillaries is considerably reduced relative to the speed in the aorta due to the significant increase in the total cross-sectional area at the capillaries. This low speed is to allow sufficient time for effective exchange to occur although it is equally important for the flow not to become stationary in order to avoid the possibility of clotting. Does this large number of capillaries in the body seem reasonable? In active muscle, one finds about 200 capillaries per\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dae60267d215d2ebd3fe2f2d58d84f64_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{mm}}^{3}\" width=\"37\" height=\"15\" \/>, or about\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e89cceee939ff142a3d8600e9c249ca2_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{200}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{6}\" width=\"51\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0per 1 kg of muscle. For 20 kg of muscle, this amounts to about\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2a29911ded51e97e669f255281268862_l3.svg\" alt=\"4\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{9}\" width=\"34\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0capillaries.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"eip-299\" class=\"section-summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Section Summary<\/h3>\n<ul id=\"eip-id2616738\">\n<li>Flow rate\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2c758bec4c272382411b95fc0e7ee250_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q\" width=\"14\" height=\"16\" \/><\/em>\u00a0is defined to be the volume\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.svg\" alt=\"V\" width=\"14\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>\u00a0flowing past a point in time\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/><\/em>, or\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b6ac7752361d16e9316b49baff3390ce_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=\\frac{V}{t}\" width=\"52\" height=\"22\" \/>\u00a0where\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-63ada879859a9e41fd935f035b7313bc_l3.svg\" alt=\"V\" width=\"14\" height=\"12\" \/>\u00a0is volume and\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4e3cbf5d4c5c6d9b702dd139f14c147_l3.svg\" alt=\"t\" width=\"6\" height=\"12\" \/>\u00a0is time.<\/li>\n<li>The SI unit of volume is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e3b87847f2822cabdde235117b9f5dc8_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{m}}^{3}\" width=\"22\" height=\"15\" \/>.<\/li>\n<li>Another common unit is the liter (L), which is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-cf56c1b377cbe367bb9d6d86da6f099f_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{10}}^{-3}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>.<\/li>\n<li>Flow rate and velocity are related by\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-072b9290803eddf119a4f15c53f7f49b_l3.svg\" alt=\"Q=A\\overline{v}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0where\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-25b206f25506e6d6f46be832f7119ffa_l3.svg\" alt=\"A\" width=\"13\" height=\"12\" \/>\u00a0is the cross-sectional area of the flow and\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e5da8ac77bab3bc8ac354d72f3abdacd_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\overline{v}\" width=\"10\" height=\"11\" \/>\u00a0is its average velocity.<\/li>\n<li>For incompressible fluids, flow rate at various points is constant. That is,\n<div id=\"eip-537\" data-type=\"equation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1641c811085001ee174144488a6b50ce_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\begin{array}{c}{Q}_{1}={Q}_{2}\\\\ {A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\\\ {n}_{1}{A}_{1}{\\overline{v}}_{1}={n}_{2}{A}_{2}{\\overline{v}}_{2}\\end{array}}\\text{.}\" width=\"148\" height=\"60\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1910291\" class=\"conceptual-questions\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Conceptual Questions<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id1549295\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div id=\"fs-id3422246\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2346921\">What is the difference between flow rate and fluid velocity? How are they related?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1917833\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1402564\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3090033\">Many figures in the text show streamlines. Explain why fluid velocity is greatest where streamlines are closest together. (Hint: Consider the relationship between fluid velocity and the cross-sectional area through which it flows.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1434712\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"conceptual-questions\">\n<div id=\"fs-id2346921\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2499530\">Identify some substances that are incompressible and some that are not.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1849834\" class=\"problems-exercises\" data-depth=\"1\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\n<div id=\"fs-id2115593\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1177794\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3163228\">What is the average flow rate in\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4124ac5013c8816c349d7a8caba7483_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"46\" height=\"19\" \/>\u00a0of gasoline to the engine of a car traveling at 100 km\/h if it averages 10.0 km\/L?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id3130566\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3450007\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-42c1924db763d879a4c50ebaddc837cd_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{2.78}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"82\" height=\"19\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2382376\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1895566\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2445544\">The heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 L\/min. (a) Convert this to\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4124ac5013c8816c349d7a8caba7483_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"46\" height=\"19\" \/>. (b) What is this rate in\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-52555c5b350e0314d9fff9ddec85f878_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"38\" height=\"19\" \/>?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2017637\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id3184855\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1596400\">Blood is pumped from the heart at a rate of 5.0 L\/min into the aorta (of radius 1.0 cm). Determine the speed of blood through the aorta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2449465\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2688942\">27 cm\/s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1931967\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1174033\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1824582\">Blood is flowing through an artery of radius 2 mm at a rate of 40 cm\/s. Determine the flow rate and the volume that passes through the artery in a period of 30 s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2438354\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id2444640\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2017637\">The Huka Falls on the Waikato River is one of New Zealand\u2019s most visited natural tourist attractions (see\u00a0<a class=\"autogenerated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/chapter\/flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity\/#import-auto-id953259\">(Figure)<\/a>). On average the river has a flow rate of about 300,000 L\/s. At the gorge, the river narrows to 20 m wide and averages 20 m deep. (a) What is the average speed of the river in the gorge? (b) What is the average speed of the water in the river downstream of the falls when it widens to 60 m and its depth increases to an average of 40 m?<\/p>\n<div id=\"import-auto-id953259\" class=\"bc-figure figure\">\n<div class=\"bc-figcaption figcaption\">The Huka Falls in Taupo, New Zealand, demonstrate flow rate. (credit: RaviGogna, Flickr)<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"import-auto-id3353414\" data-type=\"media\" data-alt=\"Water rushes over a fall.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/272\/2019\/07\/Figure_13_01_04a.jpg\" alt=\"Water rushes over a fall.\" width=\"275\" data-media-type=\"image\/png\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2681296\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3042804\">(a) 0.75 m\/s<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3181183\">(b) 0.13 m\/s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1909395\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1562504\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3306781\">A major artery with a cross-sectional area of\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-fa3038e52eadbb4280361ccd3fff39ca_l3.svg\" alt=\"1\\text{.}\\text{00}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}\" width=\"65\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0branches into 18 smaller arteries, each with an average cross-sectional area of\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-006a4823359abd0c0a63b8a9225e5c10_l3.svg\" alt=\"0\\text{.}\\text{400}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}\" width=\"74\" height=\"16\" \/>. By what factor is the average velocity of the blood reduced when it passes into these branches?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2677825\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id3213491\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3006657\">(a) As blood passes through the capillary bed in an organ, the capillaries join to form venules (small veins). If the blood speed increases by a factor of 4.00 and the total cross-sectional area of the venules is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b51733bf8e034665a17a7e1ff8032cb6_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{10}\\text{.}0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}\" width=\"65\" height=\"16\" \/>, what is the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries feeding these venules? (b) How many capillaries are involved if their average diameter is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e8c63c4cfc732a0122f984d027477d1e_l3.svg\" alt=\"10.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\mu \\text{m}\" width=\"61\" height=\"16\" \/>?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2400374\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2962557\">(a)\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7a916293763847ecf1582d7cadea8288_l3.svg\" alt=\"40.0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{2}\" width=\"66\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2016935\">(b)\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9938c91fdd8663519c30a0b8eacfdb5f_l3.svg\" alt=\"5\\text{.}\\text{09}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{7}\" width=\"56\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id3137420\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id2005958\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2595060\">The human circulation system has approximately\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c6bc7559ce35d31878c154bec125b276_l3.svg\" alt=\"1\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{9}\" width=\"33\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0capillary vessels. Each vessel has a diameter of about\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-791c22b6107431c2038fc58409b9a523_l3.svg\" alt=\"8\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\\mu \\text{m}\" width=\"39\" height=\"16\" \/>. Assuming cardiac output is 5\u00a0L\/min, determine the average velocity of blood flow through each capillary vessel.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1580788\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id2393682\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2016654\">(a) Estimate the time it would take to fill a private swimming pool with a capacity of 80,000 L using a garden hose delivering 60 L\/min. (b) How long would it take to fill if you could divert a moderate size river, flowing at\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-9894d850d32d6de57807a690c006ae34_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{5000}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"78\" height=\"19\" \/>, into it?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2928667\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3080881\">(a) 22 h<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2062601\">(b) 0.016 s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id3149885\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id3011861\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3114281\">The flow rate of blood through a\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1ee952d3954e10c6ed85ec7344a2facb_l3.svg\" alt=\"2\\text{.}\\text{00}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{\\text{-6}}\\text{-m}\" width=\"83\" height=\"16\" \/>\u00a0-radius capillary is\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-dd64078ca3da442b69b594901d5302a5_l3.svg\" alt=\"3\\text{.}\\text{80}\u00d7{\\text{10}}^{-9}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"118\" height=\"19\" \/>. (a) What is the speed of the blood flow? (This small speed allows time for diffusion of materials to and from the blood.) (b) Assuming all the blood in the body passes through capillaries, how many of them must there be to carry a total flow of\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a1bef5697e91a21d807bbdd5b8c655df_l3.svg\" alt=\"90\\text{.}0\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"82\" height=\"19\" \/>? (The large number obtained is an overestimate, but it is still reasonable.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id3048002\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1947265\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2589946\">(a) What is the fluid speed in a fire hose with a 9.00-cm diameter carrying 80.0 L of water per second? (b) What is the flow rate in cubic meters per second? (c) Would your answers be different if salt water replaced the fresh water in the fire hose?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1618161\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id1361504\">(a) 12.6 m\/s<\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2990529\">(b)\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-be9e361aae9210b6c3ce5cf96601fc5e_l3.svg\" alt=\"0.0800\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"92\" height=\"19\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3116723\">(c) No, independent of density.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2658266\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id2673530\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2672070\">The main uptake air duct of a forced air gas heater is 0.300 m in diameter. What is the average speed of air in the duct if it carries a volume equal to that of the house\u2019s interior every 15 min? The inside volume of the house is equivalent to a rectangular solid 13.0 m wide by 20.0 m long by 2.75 m high.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id3079662\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id3119404\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3230995\">Water is moving at a velocity of 2.00 m\/s through a hose with an internal diameter of 1.60 cm. (a) What is the flow rate in liters per second? (b) The fluid velocity in this hose\u2019s nozzle is 15.0 m\/s. What is the nozzle\u2019s inside diameter?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"eip-id3634982\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"eip-id2569242\">(a) 0.402 L\/s<\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id2309768\">(b) 0.584 cm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1365720\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id3047261\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2442473\">Prove that the speed of an incompressible fluid through a constriction, such as in a Venturi tube, increases by a factor equal to the square of the factor by which the diameter decreases. (The converse applies for flow out of a constriction into a larger-diameter region.)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id2421219\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id2057369\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id2429788\">Water emerges straight down from a faucet with a 1.80-cm diameter at a speed of 0.500 m\/s. (Because of the construction of the faucet, there is no variation in speed across the stream.) (a) What is the flow rate in\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-b4124ac5013c8816c349d7a8caba7483_l3.svg\" alt=\"{\\text{cm}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"46\" height=\"19\" \/>? (b) What is the diameter of the stream 0.200 m below the faucet? Neglect any effects due to surface tension.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"eip-id3242584\" data-type=\"solution\">\n<p id=\"eip-id3382045\">(a)\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-32d9eae0675825c0f1ea93421516885b_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{127}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{cm}}^{\\text{3}}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"76\" height=\"19\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id2821627\">(b) 0.890 cm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id3088759\" data-type=\"exercise\" data-element-type=\"problems-exercises\">\n<div id=\"fs-id1548219\" data-type=\"problem\">\n<p id=\"import-auto-id3013678\"><span data-type=\"title\">Unreasonable Results<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"eip-id2447363\">A mountain stream is 10.0 m wide and averages 2.00 m in depth. During the spring runoff, the flow in the stream reaches\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" src=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/openstaxcollegephysics\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-5ef629e239bb13ea140f8a319e53f350_l3.svg\" alt=\"\\text{100,000}\\phantom{\\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\\text{m}}^{3}\\text{\/s}\" width=\"100\" height=\"19\" \/>. (a) What is the average velocity of the stream under these conditions? (b) What is unreasonable about this velocity? (c) What is unreasonable or inconsistent about the premises?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\" data-type=\"glossary\">\n<h3 data-type=\"glossary-title\">Glossary<\/h3>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id1245730\">\n<dt>flow rate<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id3191546\">abbreviated\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Q<\/em>, it is the volume\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">V<\/em>\u00a0that flows past a particular point during a time\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">t<\/em>, or\u00a0<em data-effect=\"italics\">Q = V\/t<\/em><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<dl id=\"import-auto-id3378881\">\n<dt>liter<\/dt>\n<dd id=\"fs-id1562453\">a unit of volume, equal to 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup>\u00a0m<sup>3<\/sup><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-795","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":792,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/795","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/795\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":796,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/795\/revisions\/796"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/792"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/795\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=795"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=795"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=795"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/douglasphys1108\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=795"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}