{"id":27,"date":"2020-12-23T16:02:02","date_gmt":"2020-12-23T21:02:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/?post_type=front-matter&p=27"},"modified":"2021-01-04T15:48:52","modified_gmt":"2021-01-04T20:48:52","slug":"guide-to-fossil-classification","status":"publish","type":"front-matter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/front-matter\/guide-to-fossil-classification\/","title":{"raw":"Guide to Fossil Classification","rendered":"Guide to Fossil Classification"},"content":{"raw":"Table 0.1 summarizes the kingdoms in the Linnaean classification system that we will follow for this course. Most of the groups we will be examining are part of Kingdom Animalia, but there are a few exceptions.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_184\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1566\"]\"Table Click here<\/a> to see this table as a PDF file.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe laboratory exercises for this course will focus on the major marine invertebrate groups that evolved since the Precambrian, listed below.\r\n\r\nYou will be responsible for naming and describing the significance (geological or evolutionary) of each bolded <\/strong>group, and in some cases identifying them from fossilized remains (also underlined<\/span><\/strong>). Other groups are listed below for which you will examine fossils, but are not expected to remember classification, or are provided for context only.\r\n\r\nThis can seem like a daunting amount of information to remember at first look, but you will have several weeks to become familiar with these organisms and their fossils. Starting with Lab 6 you will start working with the Fossil Identification Flowchart<\/a> (Figure 0.1) that will help you. You will be able to use this flowchart in the lab final.\r\n

Lab 6: Life in the Precambrian and the Cambrian Explosion<\/h1>\r\nKingdom Monera (<\/strong>Archea and Bacteria) <\/strong>\u2013 e.g. stromatolites<\/strong>\r\n\r\nKingdom Protista <\/strong>\u2013 single celled Eukaryotes<\/strong>\r\n\r\nKingdom Animalia\r\n<\/strong>\r\n

Phylum Annelidia \u2013 worms (and worm burrows)<\/p>\r\n

Phylum Porifera\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\u2013<\/strong> sponges <\/strong>& Phylum (?) Archeocyatha <\/strong>(may or may not be part of Porifera)<\/p>\r\n

Phylum Cnidaria<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 the jellies and sea anemones<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Phylum Arthropoda \u2013 invertebrate animals with jointed legs and segmented bodies<\/p>\r\n

Class Insecta \u2013 insects<\/p>\r\n

Class Crustacea \u2013 lobsters, crabs, barnacles<\/p>\r\n

Class Trilobita<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 trilobites<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Phylum Hemichordata<\/p>\r\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Class Graptolithina<\/strong><\/span> \u2013<\/strong> graptolites<\/strong><\/span>\r\n

Lab 7: Fossils of the Paleozoic, and Paleoecology<\/h1>\r\nKingdom Animalia<\/strong>\r\n

Phylum Cnidaria<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 the corals<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Tabulate<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Rugose<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Scleractinian<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Phylum<\/strong><\/span> Bryozoa<\/span> \u2013 bryozoans<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Phylum Brachiopoda<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 brachiopods <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Phylum Mollusca<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 molluscs<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Class Bivalvia<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 bivalves<\/strong> (clams, oysters, scallops)<\/p>\r\n

Class Gastropoda<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 snails,<\/strong> conchs<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Lab 8: Fossils of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic<\/h1>\r\nKingdom Protista\r\n<\/strong>\r\n\r\nNote: The Linnaean classifications for the microscopic organisms we will examine in Protista are too complex to be worth remembering. You will be expected to know the \u201cworking\u201d names of these groups, along with what they are, what their shells were made of, and whether they were plants or animals.\r\n

Acritarchs<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Dinoflagellates<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Coccoliths<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n

Diatoms<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Radiolaria<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Foraminifera<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\nKingdom Animalia<\/strong>\r\n

Phylum Echinodermata<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 echinoderms<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Class Echinoidea<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 sea urchins, sand dollars, heart urchins <\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Class Crinoidea<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 crinoids (\"sea lilies\")<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Class Blastoidea<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 blastoids (\"sea buds\")<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Class Asteroidea \u2013 starfish,<\/p>\r\n

Class Ophiuroidea \u2013 brittle stars<\/p>\r\n

Phylum Mollusca<\/strong> - molluscs<\/p>\r\n

Class Cephalopoda<\/strong><\/span> - squids, nautiloids, ammonites, belemnites<\/p>\r\n

Note: The sub-classes of Cephalopoda will be discussed using their \u201cworking names\u201d (e.g., goniatites) rather than the exact classification names (e.g., Goniatitina). The \u201coid\u201d names for sub-classes (nautiloids, ammonoids) and the \u201cites\u201d names for orders (ceratites, goniatites, ammonites) are the ones you are expected to remember.<\/p>\r\n

Sub-Class Nautiloidea<\/span><\/strong> - nautiloids<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Sub-Class Ammonoidea<\/span><\/strong> - ammonoids<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Order Goniatitina<\/span> \u2013 goniatites<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Order Ceratitina<\/span> - ceratites<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

Order Ammonotitina<\/span> - ammonites<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n

<\/a>Fossil Identification Flowchart<\/h1>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_192\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1440\"]\"Fossil Click here<\/a> to see this diagram as a PDF file.[\/caption]","rendered":"

Table 0.1 summarizes the kingdoms in the Linnaean classification system that we will follow for this course. Most of the groups we will be examining are part of Kingdom Animalia, but there are a few exceptions.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Table
Click here<\/a> to see this table as a PDF file.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The laboratory exercises for this course will focus on the major marine invertebrate groups that evolved since the Precambrian, listed below.<\/p>\n

You will be responsible for naming and describing the significance (geological or evolutionary) of each bolded <\/strong>group, and in some cases identifying them from fossilized remains (also underlined<\/span><\/strong>). Other groups are listed below for which you will examine fossils, but are not expected to remember classification, or are provided for context only.<\/p>\n

This can seem like a daunting amount of information to remember at first look, but you will have several weeks to become familiar with these organisms and their fossils. Starting with Lab 6 you will start working with the Fossil Identification Flowchart<\/a> (Figure 0.1) that will help you. You will be able to use this flowchart in the lab final.<\/p>\n

Lab 6: Life in the Precambrian and the Cambrian Explosion<\/h1>\n

Kingdom Monera (<\/strong>Archea and Bacteria) <\/strong>\u2013 e.g. stromatolites<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kingdom Protista <\/strong>\u2013 single celled Eukaryotes<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kingdom Animalia
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phylum Annelidia \u2013 worms (and worm burrows)<\/p>\n

Phylum Porifera\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\u2013<\/strong> sponges <\/strong>& Phylum (?) Archeocyatha <\/strong>(may or may not be part of Porifera)<\/p>\n

Phylum Cnidaria<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 the jellies and sea anemones<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phylum Arthropoda \u2013 invertebrate animals with jointed legs and segmented bodies<\/p>\n

Class Insecta \u2013 insects<\/p>\n

Class Crustacea \u2013 lobsters, crabs, barnacles<\/p>\n

Class Trilobita<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 trilobites<\/span> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Phylum Hemichordata<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Class Graptolithina<\/strong><\/span> \u2013<\/strong> graptolites<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Lab 7: Fossils of the Paleozoic, and Paleoecology<\/h1>\n

Kingdom Animalia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phylum Cnidaria<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 the corals<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tabulate<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Rugose<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Scleractinian<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Phylum<\/strong><\/span> Bryozoa<\/span> \u2013 bryozoans<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phylum Brachiopoda<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 brachiopods <\/strong><\/p>\n

Phylum Mollusca<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 molluscs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Class Bivalvia<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 bivalves<\/strong> (clams, oysters, scallops)<\/p>\n

Class Gastropoda<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 snails,<\/strong> conchs<\/p>\n

Lab 8: Fossils of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic<\/h1>\n

Kingdom Protista
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Note: The Linnaean classifications for the microscopic organisms we will examine in Protista are too complex to be worth remembering. You will be expected to know the \u201cworking\u201d names of these groups, along with what they are, what their shells were made of, and whether they were plants or animals.<\/p>\n

Acritarchs<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dinoflagellates<\/strong><\/p>\n

Coccoliths<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Diatoms<\/strong><\/p>\n

Radiolaria<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foraminifera<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Kingdom Animalia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phylum Echinodermata<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 echinoderms<\/strong><\/p>\n

Class Echinoidea<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 sea urchins, sand dollars, heart urchins <\/strong><\/p>\n

Class Crinoidea<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 crinoids (“sea lilies”)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Class Blastoidea<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 blastoids (“sea buds”)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Class Asteroidea \u2013 starfish,<\/p>\n

Class Ophiuroidea \u2013 brittle stars<\/p>\n

Phylum Mollusca<\/strong> – molluscs<\/p>\n

Class Cephalopoda<\/strong><\/span> – squids, nautiloids, ammonites, belemnites<\/p>\n

Note: The sub-classes of Cephalopoda will be discussed using their \u201cworking names\u201d (e.g., goniatites) rather than the exact classification names (e.g., Goniatitina). The \u201coid\u201d names for sub-classes (nautiloids, ammonoids) and the \u201cites\u201d names for orders (ceratites, goniatites, ammonites) are the ones you are expected to remember.<\/p>\n

Sub-Class Nautiloidea<\/span><\/strong> – nautiloids<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sub-Class Ammonoidea<\/span><\/strong> – ammonoids<\/strong><\/p>\n

Order Goniatitina<\/span> \u2013 goniatites<\/strong><\/p>\n

Order Ceratitina<\/span> – ceratites<\/strong><\/p>\n

Order Ammonotitina<\/span> – ammonites<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a>Fossil Identification Flowchart<\/h1>\n
\"Fossil
Click here<\/a> to see this diagram as a PDF file.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"author":1019,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"front-matter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-27","front-matter","type-front-matter","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/27","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/front-matter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1019"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/27\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":196,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/27\/revisions\/196"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter\/27\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"front-matter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/front-matter-type?post=27"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=27"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/earthhistorylab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=27"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}