{"id":92,"date":"2018-04-01T11:27:09","date_gmt":"2018-04-01T15:27:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/engineeringinsociety\/?post_type=part&#038;p=92"},"modified":"2018-04-01T19:18:08","modified_gmt":"2018-04-01T23:18:08","slug":"ancient-enginnering","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/engineeringinsociety\/part\/ancient-enginnering\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 2 - Ancient Engineering","rendered":"Chapter 2 &#8211; Ancient Engineering"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"body\">\r\n\r\nThe<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Seven_Wonders\/\">Seven Wonders<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>were first defined as<span>\u00a0<\/span><em>themata\u00a0<\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/greek\/\">Greek<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>for 'things to be seen\u2019 which, in today\u2019s common English, we would phrase as 'must sees\u2019) by Philo of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Byzantium\/\">Byzantium<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>in 225 BCE, in his work<span>\u00a0<\/span><em>On The Seven<\/em><span>\u00a0<\/span><em>Wonders<\/em>. Other writers on the Seven Wonders include<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/herodotus\/\">Herodotus<\/a>, Callimachus of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/cyrene\/\">Cyrene<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>and<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Antipater\/\">Antipater<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/sidon\/\">Sidon<\/a>. Of the original seven, only the Great Pyramid exists today.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/The_Seven_Wonders\/\">https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/The_Seven_Wonders\/<\/a>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"body\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/The_Seven_Wonders\/\">The Seven Wonders<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>of the Ancient World were:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>the Great<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/pyramid\/\">Pyramid<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>at<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/giza\/\">Giza<\/a>,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/egypt\/\">Egypt<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>the Hanging Gardens of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/babylon\/\">Babylon<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>the Statue of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/zeus\/\">Zeus<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>at<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Olympia\/\">Olympia<\/a>,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/greece\/\">Greece<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>the<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/temple\/\">Temple<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/artemis\/\">Artemis<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>at<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/ephesus\/\">Ephesus<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>the Mausoleum at<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/halicarnassus\/\">Halicarnassus<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>the Colossus of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Rhodes\/\">Rhodes<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>the Lighthouse at<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/alexandria\/\">Alexandria<\/a>, Egypt<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>How were they built?<\/h2>\r\nAs strange as it might sound to you in the year 2018, there was a strong belief that the ancients could not have made huge, complex structures that were found by Western archaeologists in the 18, 19th and 20th century.\u00a0 Even out of this world aliens have been proposed.\r\n\r\nHere is a good article from 2017 from a well respected archaeological organization about this.\r\n<h2>Racism is behind outlandish theories about Africa's ancient architecture<\/h2>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/racism-is-behind-outlandish-theories-about-africas-ancient-architecture-83898\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/racism-is-behind-outlandish-theories-about-africas-ancient-architecture-83898<\/a>\r\n\r\nSome of the most impressive buildings and cities ever made by humans can be found in Africa: the ruined city of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/364\">Great Zimbabwe<\/a>,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanparks.org\/parks\/mapungubwe\/\">Mapungubwe<\/a>in South Africa, Kenya\u2019s<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/tentativelists\/5501\/\">Gedi Ruins<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>and<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Meroe\/\">Meroe<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>in Sudan. Perhaps the most awe-inspiring of these are the last remaining of the<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/The_Seven_Wonders\/\">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World<\/a>, the<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/32616-how-were-the-egyptian-pyramids-built-.html\">Great Pyramid of Giza<\/a>, in Egypt.\r\n\r\nThis should come as no surprise. Africa has an extensive archaeological record, extending as far back as 3.3 million years ago when the<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v521\/n7552\/full\/nature14464.html\">first-ever stone tool<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>was made in what is today Kenya. The continent\u2019s cultural complexity and diversity is well established; it is home to the world\u2019s oldest-known<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/334\/6053\/219\">pieces of art<\/a>. And, of course, it is the birth place of modern humans\u2019 ancient ancestors,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v546\/n7657\/full\/nature22336.html\"><em>Homo sapiens<\/em><\/a>.\r\n\r\nDespite all this evidence, some people still refuse to believe that anyone from Africa (or anywhere in what is today considered the developing world) could possibly have created and constructed the Giza pyramids or other ancient masterpieces. Instead, they credit ancient astronauts, extraterestrials or time travellers as the real builders.\u00a0\u00a0<span>\u00a0<\/span>The direct link to a video on this subject by the BBC can be found here:\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/ancient\/egyptians\/pyramidology_01.shtml\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/ancient\/egyptians\/pyramidology_01.shtml\u00a0<\/a>","rendered":"<h1>The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World<\/h1>\n<div class=\"body\">\n<p>The<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Seven_Wonders\/\">Seven Wonders<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>were first defined as<span>\u00a0<\/span><em>themata\u00a0<\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/greek\/\">Greek<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>for &#8216;things to be seen\u2019 which, in today\u2019s common English, we would phrase as &#8216;must sees\u2019) by Philo of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Byzantium\/\">Byzantium<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>in 225 BCE, in his work<span>\u00a0<\/span><em>On The Seven<\/em><span>\u00a0<\/span><em>Wonders<\/em>. Other writers on the Seven Wonders include<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/herodotus\/\">Herodotus<\/a>, Callimachus of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/cyrene\/\">Cyrene<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>and<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Antipater\/\">Antipater<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/sidon\/\">Sidon<\/a>. Of the original seven, only the Great Pyramid exists today.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/The_Seven_Wonders\/\">https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/The_Seven_Wonders\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"body\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/The_Seven_Wonders\/\">The Seven Wonders<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>of the Ancient World were:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the Great<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/pyramid\/\">Pyramid<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>at<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/giza\/\">Giza<\/a>,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/egypt\/\">Egypt<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the Hanging Gardens of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/babylon\/\">Babylon<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the Statue of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/zeus\/\">Zeus<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>at<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Olympia\/\">Olympia<\/a>,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/greece\/\">Greece<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/temple\/\">Temple<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/artemis\/\">Artemis<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>at<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/ephesus\/\">Ephesus<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the Mausoleum at<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/halicarnassus\/\">Halicarnassus<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the Colossus of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Rhodes\/\">Rhodes<\/a><\/li>\n<li>the Lighthouse at<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/alexandria\/\">Alexandria<\/a>, Egypt<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>How were they built?<\/h2>\n<p>As strange as it might sound to you in the year 2018, there was a strong belief that the ancients could not have made huge, complex structures that were found by Western archaeologists in the 18, 19th and 20th century.\u00a0 Even out of this world aliens have been proposed.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a good article from 2017 from a well respected archaeological organization about this.<\/p>\n<h2>Racism is behind outlandish theories about Africa&#8217;s ancient architecture<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/racism-is-behind-outlandish-theories-about-africas-ancient-architecture-83898\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/racism-is-behind-outlandish-theories-about-africas-ancient-architecture-83898<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Some of the most impressive buildings and cities ever made by humans can be found in Africa: the ruined city of<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/364\">Great Zimbabwe<\/a>,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sanparks.org\/parks\/mapungubwe\/\">Mapungubwe<\/a>in South Africa, Kenya\u2019s<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/tentativelists\/5501\/\">Gedi Ruins<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>and<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/Meroe\/\">Meroe<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>in Sudan. Perhaps the most awe-inspiring of these are the last remaining of the<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/The_Seven_Wonders\/\">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World<\/a>, the<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/32616-how-were-the-egyptian-pyramids-built-.html\">Great Pyramid of Giza<\/a>, in Egypt.<\/p>\n<p>This should come as no surprise. Africa has an extensive archaeological record, extending as far back as 3.3 million years ago when the<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v521\/n7552\/full\/nature14464.html\">first-ever stone tool<\/a><span>\u00a0<\/span>was made in what is today Kenya. The continent\u2019s cultural complexity and diversity is well established; it is home to the world\u2019s oldest-known<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/334\/6053\/219\">pieces of art<\/a>. And, of course, it is the birth place of modern humans\u2019 ancient ancestors,<span>\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v546\/n7657\/full\/nature22336.html\"><em>Homo sapiens<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Despite all this evidence, some people still refuse to believe that anyone from Africa (or anywhere in what is today considered the developing world) could possibly have created and constructed the Giza pyramids or other ancient masterpieces. Instead, they credit ancient astronauts, extraterestrials or time travellers as the real builders.\u00a0\u00a0<span>\u00a0<\/span>The direct link to a video on this subject by the BBC can be found here:\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/ancient\/egyptians\/pyramidology_01.shtml\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/ancient\/egyptians\/pyramidology_01.shtml\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-92","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/engineeringinsociety\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/92","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/engineeringinsociety\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/engineeringinsociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/engineeringinsociety\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/92\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/engineeringinsociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=92"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/engineeringinsociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=92"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/engineeringinsociety\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=92"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}