{"id":439,"date":"2023-08-09T15:57:01","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T19:57:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/chapter\/basics\/"},"modified":"2025-10-30T08:57:37","modified_gmt":"2025-10-30T12:57:37","slug":"socio-econ-intro","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/chapter\/socio-econ-intro\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction","rendered":"Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n\r\nIf you need a refresher in economics, see, e.g., the open source textbooks Principles of Macroeconomics<\/a> and Principles of Microeconomics<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Fisheries systems are composed of linked biophysical and human subsystem with interacting ecological, economic, social, and cultural components.[footnote]Charles A., Human dimension in marine ecosystem-based management, in: M.J. Fogarty, J.J. McCarthy (Eds.), The Sea: Marine Ecosystem-Based Management, Harvard University Press, 2014: pp. 57\u201375. https:\/\/www.hup.harvard.edu\/books\/9780674072701<\/a>[\/footnote] In previous and subsequent sections of this book, information is provided on how to use EwE models to assess the ecological consequences of environmental change as well as of fisheries policies, conservation efforts (e.g., marine protected areas), and alternative uses of the marine environment (e.g., off-shore wind farms). Yet, humans, being integral parts of fisheries systems, also require attention in our modelling efforts.<\/p>\r\n

Fishers\u2019 actions are driven by economic objectives and their desire to secure their wellbeing.[footnote]Sethi S.A., T.A. Branch, R. Watson, Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107 (2010) 12163\u201312167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1003236107<\/a>[\/footnote] [footnote]Weeratunge N., C. B\u00e9n\u00e9, R. Siriwardane, A. Charles, D. Johnson, E.H. Allison, P.K. Nayak, M.-C. Badjeck, Small-scale fisheries through the wellbeing lens, Fish and Fisheries 15 (2014) 255\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/faf.12016<\/a>[\/footnote] Thus, their choices and behaviours, whether legal or not, occur along a gradient and are implemented by the same individuals or vessels, in their pursuit for a good life.[footnote]Cisneros-Montemayor A.M., S. Harper, T.C. Tai, The market and shadow value of informal fish catch: a framework and application to Panama, Natural Resources Forum 42 (2018) 83\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1477-8947.12143<\/a>[\/footnote] Understanding the socio-economic characteristics of the fishers and fleets operating in the systems we are modelling, is key to assess whether the economic incentives at play promote compliance with existing or proposed regulations. [footnote]Grafton R.Q., R. Arnason, T. Bj\u00f8rndal, D. Campbell, H.F. Campbell, C.W. Clark, R. Connor, D.P. Dupont, R. Hannesson, R. Hilborn, J.E. Kirkley, T. Kompas, D.E. Lane, G.R. Munro, S. Pascoe, D. Squires, S.I. Steinshamn, B.R. Turris, Q. Weninger, Incentive-based approaches to sustainable fisheries, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63 (2006) 699\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/f05-247<\/a>[\/footnote] [footnote]Grafton R.Q., T. Kompas, R. Hilborn, Economics of Overexploitation Revisited, Science 318 (2007) 1601\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1146017<\/a>[\/footnote] [footnote]N\u00f8stbakken L., Fisheries law enforcement\u2014A survey of the economic literature, Marine Policy 32 (2008) 293\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2007.06.002<\/a>[\/footnote]\u00a0 [footnote]Diekert F., L. N\u00f8stbakken, A. Richter, Control activities and compliance behavior\u2014Survey evidence from Norway, Marine Policy 125 (2021) 104381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2020.104381<\/a>[\/footnote] Moreover, environmental and policy changes have direct and indirect consequences on fishers\u2019 income and broader social and economic policy goals. Yet, managers, decision makers, and regulators often lack adequate performance metrics covering the human dimensions of fisheries systems. This limits their capacity to assess or predict the socio-economic consequences of change in fisheries systems, as well as trade-offs among conflicting management objectives and the uncertainty behind them.[footnote]Hilborn R,, Defining success in fisheries and conflicts in objectives, Marine Policy 31 (2007) 153\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2006.05.014<\/a>[\/footnote] [footnote]Stephenson R.L., A.J. Benson, K. Brooks, A. Charles, P. Degnbol, C.M. Dichmont, M. Kraan, S. Pascoe, S.D. Paul, A. Rindorf, M. Wiber, H. editor: L. Pendleton, Practical steps toward integrating economic, social and institutional elements in fisheries policy and management, ICES Journal of Marine Science 74 (2017) 1981\u20131989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsx057<\/a>[\/footnote] [footnote]Hilborn R., E.A. Fulton, B.S. Green, K. Hartmann, S.R. Tracey, R.A. Watson, When is a fishery sustainable?, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72 (2015) 1433\u20131441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjfas-2015-0062<\/a>[\/footnote] [footnote]Punt A.E., Strategic management decision-making in a complex world: quantifying, understanding, and using trade-offs, ICES Journal of Marine Science 74 (2017) 499\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsv193<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n

More efforts are needed to adequately characterize and couple fisheries and their linked downstream supply chain nodes in food web models so that they can be used to inform decisions in the realms of the ecosystem approach to fisheries, ecosystem-based fisheries management, ecosystem-based management.[footnote]Nielsen J.R. et al., Integrated ecological-economic fisheries models-Evaluation, review and challenges for implementation, Fish and Fisheries 19 (2018) 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/faf.12232<\/a>[\/footnote] [footnote]Craig J.K., J.S. Link, It is past time to use ecosystem models tactically to support ecosystem\u2010based fisheries management: Case studies using Ecopath with Ecosim in an operational management context, Fish Fish (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/faf.12733<\/a>[\/footnote] [13,14]. Fortunately, EwE has multiple capabilities for including fisheries socio-economics in food web models and improving our understanding of the feedbacks between human activities and ecosystem dynamics.<\/p>","rendered":"

\n

If you need a refresher in economics, see, e.g., the open source textbooks Principles of Macroeconomics<\/a> and Principles of Microeconomics<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Fisheries systems are composed of linked biophysical and human subsystem with interacting ecological, economic, social, and cultural components.[1]<\/sup><\/a> In previous and subsequent sections of this book, information is provided on how to use EwE models to assess the ecological consequences of environmental change as well as of fisheries policies, conservation efforts (e.g., marine protected areas), and alternative uses of the marine environment (e.g., off-shore wind farms). Yet, humans, being integral parts of fisheries systems, also require attention in our modelling efforts.<\/p>\n

Fishers\u2019 actions are driven by economic objectives and their desire to secure their wellbeing.[2]<\/sup><\/a> [3]<\/sup><\/a> Thus, their choices and behaviours, whether legal or not, occur along a gradient and are implemented by the same individuals or vessels, in their pursuit for a good life.[4]<\/sup><\/a> Understanding the socio-economic characteristics of the fishers and fleets operating in the systems we are modelling, is key to assess whether the economic incentives at play promote compliance with existing or proposed regulations. [5]<\/sup><\/a> [6]<\/sup><\/a> [7]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0 [8]<\/sup><\/a> Moreover, environmental and policy changes have direct and indirect consequences on fishers\u2019 income and broader social and economic policy goals. Yet, managers, decision makers, and regulators often lack adequate performance metrics covering the human dimensions of fisheries systems. This limits their capacity to assess or predict the socio-economic consequences of change in fisheries systems, as well as trade-offs among conflicting management objectives and the uncertainty behind them.[9]<\/sup><\/a> [10]<\/sup><\/a> [11]<\/sup><\/a> [12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

More efforts are needed to adequately characterize and couple fisheries and their linked downstream supply chain nodes in food web models so that they can be used to inform decisions in the realms of the ecosystem approach to fisheries, ecosystem-based fisheries management, ecosystem-based management.[13]<\/sup><\/a> [14]<\/sup><\/a> [13,14]. Fortunately, EwE has multiple capabilities for including fisheries socio-economics in food web models and improving our understanding of the feedbacks between human activities and ecosystem dynamics.<\/p>\n

  1. Charles A., Human dimension in marine ecosystem-based management, in: M.J. Fogarty, J.J. McCarthy (Eds.), The Sea: Marine Ecosystem-Based Management, Harvard University Press, 2014: pp. 57\u201375. https:\/\/www.hup.harvard.edu\/books\/9780674072701<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  2. Sethi S.A., T.A. Branch, R. Watson, Global fishery development patterns are driven by profit but not trophic level, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107 (2010) 12163\u201312167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1003236107<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  3. Weeratunge N., C. B\u00e9n\u00e9, R. Siriwardane, A. Charles, D. Johnson, E.H. Allison, P.K. Nayak, M.-C. Badjeck, Small-scale fisheries through the wellbeing lens, Fish and Fisheries 15 (2014) 255\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/faf.12016<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  4. Cisneros-Montemayor A.M., S. Harper, T.C. Tai, The market and shadow value of informal fish catch: a framework and application to Panama, Natural Resources Forum 42 (2018) 83\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1477-8947.12143<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  5. Grafton R.Q., R. Arnason, T. Bj\u00f8rndal, D. Campbell, H.F. Campbell, C.W. Clark, R. Connor, D.P. Dupont, R. Hannesson, R. Hilborn, J.E. Kirkley, T. Kompas, D.E. Lane, G.R. Munro, S. Pascoe, D. Squires, S.I. Steinshamn, B.R. Turris, Q. Weninger, Incentive-based approaches to sustainable fisheries, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63 (2006) 699\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/f05-247<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  6. Grafton R.Q., T. Kompas, R. Hilborn, Economics of Overexploitation Revisited, Science 318 (2007) 1601\u20131601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1146017<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  7. N\u00f8stbakken L., Fisheries law enforcement\u2014A survey of the economic literature, Marine Policy 32 (2008) 293\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2007.06.002<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  8. Diekert F., L. N\u00f8stbakken, A. Richter, Control activities and compliance behavior\u2014Survey evidence from Norway, Marine Policy 125 (2021) 104381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2020.104381<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  9. Hilborn R,, Defining success in fisheries and conflicts in objectives, Marine Policy 31 (2007) 153\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2006.05.014<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  10. Stephenson R.L., A.J. Benson, K. Brooks, A. Charles, P. Degnbol, C.M. Dichmont, M. Kraan, S. Pascoe, S.D. Paul, A. Rindorf, M. Wiber, H. editor: L. Pendleton, Practical steps toward integrating economic, social and institutional elements in fisheries policy and management, ICES Journal of Marine Science 74 (2017) 1981\u20131989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsx057<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  11. Hilborn R., E.A. Fulton, B.S. Green, K. Hartmann, S.R. Tracey, R.A. Watson, When is a fishery sustainable?, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72 (2015) 1433\u20131441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjfas-2015-0062<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  12. Punt A.E., Strategic management decision-making in a complex world: quantifying, understanding, and using trade-offs, ICES Journal of Marine Science 74 (2017) 499\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsv193<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  13. Nielsen J.R. et al., Integrated ecological-economic fisheries models-Evaluation, review and challenges for implementation, Fish and Fisheries 19 (2018) 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/faf.12232<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li>
  14. Craig J.K., J.S. Link, It is past time to use ecosystem models tactically to support ecosystem\u2010based fisheries management: Case studies using Ecopath with Ecosim in an operational management context, Fish Fish (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/faf.12733<\/a> ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1909,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["santiago-de-la-puente"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[66],"license":[],"class_list":["post-439","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-santiago-de-la-puente"],"part":438,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/439","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1909"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/439\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3759,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/439\/revisions\/3759"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/438"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/439\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=439"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=439"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=439"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=439"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}