{"id":933,"date":"2023-09-28T16:47:01","date_gmt":"2023-09-28T20:47:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=933"},"modified":"2026-02-18T18:23:30","modified_gmt":"2026-02-18T23:23:30","slug":"tutorial-incorporating-environmental-forcing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/chapter\/tutorial-incorporating-environmental-forcing\/","title":{"raw":"Tutorial: Incorporating environmental forcing","rendered":"Tutorial: Incorporating environmental forcing"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<div><span lang=\"EN-US\">Obtain experience with how to incorporate environmental preference functions in EwE<\/span><\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">We will, once again, use the ecosystem model of Anchovy Bay that we constructed in a previous tutorial (<a href=\"https:\/\/ln5.sync.com\/dl\/7e8920510\/cpr3mexp-nhn9ab3i-7cg883k8-rdav86dn\">download<\/a>). The purpose of this exercise is to incorporate environmental effects using environmental preference functions.<\/p>\r\nIn preparation for this tutorial, please read the section about incorporating environmental forcing as well as the paper describing the underlying habitat capacity model[footnote]Christensen, V, M Coll, J Steenbeek, J Buszowski, D Chagaris, and CJ Walters. 2014. Representing variable habitat quality in a spatial food web model. <a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10021-014-9803-3\/fulltext.html\">Ecosystems<\/a> 17(8): 1397-1412[\/footnote].\r\n<h2>Modelling impact of changing environmental conditions<\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ecosim and Ecospace both have a flexible way to incorporate environmental effects. One can define an environmental preference function and in essence let the productivity (or other factors) be impacted by for instance temperature, O<sub>2<\/sub>, or pH. To illustrate the capabilities, we:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Set up Ecosim to use the forcing function <em>T bottom<\/em>\u00a0(bottom temperature) that is included in the Anchovy Bay time series file in Table 1 (below, or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ln5.sync.com\/dl\/8cb028510\/pt6v67tq-t4hhfkaz-rhx9wckr-gm6pmscv\">download<\/a>) to force temperature over time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Set up Ecosim to use an environmental preference function that will translate the impact of changing temperature for one group in the system (here: whiting)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Environmental forcing function<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--sidebar shaded\">Environmental forcing functions can also be read in as monthly values from a CSV file.<\/div>\r\nWhen using environmental preference functions (such as temperature, O<sub>2<\/sub>, salinity) they should be read in with the appropriate units, so, e.g., temperature in \u02daC \u2013 not relative to the baseline temperature. \u00a0For this exercise we will use bottom temperature, which can be read in as annual values and included in a time series file (see Table 1).\r\n\r\nCheck your model <em>(Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Forcing function<\/em>) and load a time series (the one called <em>anchovybay T<\/em> in the downloaded database) to make sure you have the \"T bottom\" temperature read in. If not, read it in from the CSV file (below, or <a href=\"https:\/\/ln5.sync.com\/dl\/168365df0\/cwczy2nt-ege5u5pa-mqkp7g2k-durbkgkj\">download<\/a>).\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2637\" title=\"Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Forcing function form\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"627\" height=\"359\" \/><strong>Figure 1. Screenshot <em>(Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Forcing function<\/em> form) of forcing function \"T bottom\" read in via a CSV time series file. The function has annual bottom temperature values for Anchovy Bay. If preferable, monthly temperatures could be read in instead.\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<h3>Environmental preference function<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">We next set up the preference function. Click <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses<\/em>. Next click <em>Add<\/em> (in the lower left section of the form at the right) to add a new functional response function, double click on the name of the new function (at the bottom of the lower left panel), and a form <em>Change shape <\/em>should pop up. Change the shape name to, e.g., \u201c<em>whiting T<\/em>\u201d as we now will setup a temperature preference function for whiting to illustrate the approach. Then select <em>Trapezoid<\/em>, and set left bottom to 10, left top to 15, right top to 16 and right bottom to 19. Note that any shape can be defined (preferably based on data); the present example is for illustration only. \u00a0Press <em>OK<\/em>.<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2641\" title=\"Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Change shape form\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.08.12.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"544\" height=\"378\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Figure 2. <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Change shape<\/em> form.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Next click <em>Define response<\/em>, and,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>If not done already, set <em>X min<\/em> to 10 and <em>X max<\/em> to 19.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Click <em>Whiting<\/em> in the Group panel and click <em>T bottom<\/em> in the Temporal drivers\u2019 panel, then click the arrow between the two panels to assign whiting to the bottom temperature function. You should now see a histogram with the temperature distribution from the forcing function \u2013 the histogram is for information and can help ensure that your function is in the right range<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"text-align: left\">Set X min to 10 and X max to 19 (\u02daC; units not shown). Click <em>OK<\/em> to close the pop-up form.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4134 size-full\" title=\"Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Define response form\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2025-02-07-at-10.43.26.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1660\" height=\"874\" \/><strong>Figure 3. <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Define response<\/em> form. \u00a0If you cannot change the <em>Plot min<\/em> and <em>Plot max<\/em>: do it on the <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Functional responses grid<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Next, click <em>Apply environmental response (foraging)<\/em>, and check that <em>T bottom<\/em> has been applied to <em>Whiting<\/em>. \u00a0If not, click the cell that intersects <em>T bottom<\/em> and whiting. On the pop-up\u00a0<em>Define Ecosim foraging capacity response<\/em> form, find your \"Whiting T\" shape, click the green arrow to move it to the right side (and apply it), see Figure 4.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2642\" title=\"Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Apply environmental responses form\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.11.45.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"556\" height=\"343\" \/><strong>Figure 4. Application of Ecosim foraging response.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\nNow run the model with and without the forcing function (you can disable it on the Figure 4 form by selecting the <em>x<\/em> between the two panels, run, extract results; apply again, run, extract results), and evaluate the impact of using this forcing function and environmental preference function.\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">On <em>Ecosim &gt; Output &gt; Run Ecosim<\/em>, click the <em>Save output<\/em> button (floppy disk) below the top menu, and check <em>Ecosim &gt; Run<\/em> results. Run Ecosim (time series fitted version) and extract the biomass trends by group (click the save button floppy disk discussed above, and click the little yellow folder to the right of the Run results. This should open Windows Explorer with the folder where the biomass results are stored). Open the file <em>biomass_annual.csv<\/em>. Save the csv file to a different directory (to avoid overwriting it).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Anchovy Bay model has a number of environmental preference functions, see <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses<\/em>, including ones called <em>Temp cold<\/em> and <em>Temp warm<\/em>. In the <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Apply environmental response foraging<\/em>, select the cell that intersects <em>Cod<\/em> and <em>bottom T<\/em>, and transfer the <em>Temp cold<\/em> function to the Applied responses. Do similar for the intersect between <em>Anchovy<\/em> and <em>bottom T<\/em>, and transfer the <em>Temp warm<\/em> function.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Run Ecosim and extract the biomass trends by group. Save the output files (as above). Compare the biomass trajectories by species with and without the environmental preference functions applied.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Table 1. Time series file for the Anchovy Bay tutorial. You may already have this CSV file from the <span style=\"color: #ccffff\"><a style=\"color: #ccffff\" href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/chapter\/tutorial-time-series-fitting\/\">Time Series Fitting tutorial<\/a><\/span>, if not, you can <a href=\"https:\/\/ln5.sync.com\/dl\/168365df0\/cwczy2nt-ege5u5pa-mqkp7g2k-durbkgkj\">download it here<\/a>, or copy the content below, paste it into MS Excel, then save it as a CSV file. Import the CSV file to EwE as described in the tutorial.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"783\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"><colgroup> <col span=\"9\" width=\"87\" \/><\/colgroup>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"87\" height=\"21\">Title<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"87\">Sealers<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"87\">Seal B<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"87\">Trawlers<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"87\">Cod B<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"87\">Whiting B<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"87\">Shrimp C<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"87\">T bottom<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"87\">dummy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td height=\"21\">Weight<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td height=\"21\">Pool code<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">4<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">7<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">5<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td height=\"21\">Type<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1970<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">10<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0.3<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">17.1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1971<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.05<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">17<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1972<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.103<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.9<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1973<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0.75<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.158<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.7<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1974<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0.5<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.216<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">17<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1975<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0.25<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0.8<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.276<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1976<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.34<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.4<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1977<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.407<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1978<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.477<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0.8<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.3<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1979<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.551<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1980<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.629<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.3<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1981<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.71<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.4<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1982<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.796<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1983<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.886<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1984<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1.98<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1985<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.079<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.5<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1986<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.183<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1987<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.292<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1988<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.407<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">16.8<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1989<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.527<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">4<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0.7<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">17<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1990<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.577<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">17.2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1991<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.629<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">17.6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1992<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.682<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">17.8<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1993<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.735<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1994<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.79<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18.2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1995<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.846<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18.6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1996<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.903<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18.7<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1997<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.961<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0.6<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18.6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1998<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.02<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1999<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.08<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18.9<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2000<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.142<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">19<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2001<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.205<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">19.2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2002<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.269<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">19<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2003<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.334<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">19.3<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2004<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.401<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">19.2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2005<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.469<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0.4<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">19<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2006<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.5<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18.6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2007<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.5<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18.5<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2008<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.55<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18.7<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2009<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.6<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18.6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2010<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">4<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">3.65<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">2.4<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">18<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Optional: you can use the <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/chapter\/tutorial-getting-output-with-the-results-extractor\/\">Results extractor<\/a> plug-in to more easily extract results from EwE runs.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span lang=\"EN-US\">Obtain experience with how to incorporate environmental preference functions in EwE<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">We will, once again, use the ecosystem model of Anchovy Bay that we constructed in a previous tutorial (<a href=\"https:\/\/ln5.sync.com\/dl\/7e8920510\/cpr3mexp-nhn9ab3i-7cg883k8-rdav86dn\">download<\/a>). The purpose of this exercise is to incorporate environmental effects using environmental preference functions.<\/p>\n<p>In preparation for this tutorial, please read the section about incorporating environmental forcing as well as the paper describing the underlying habitat capacity model<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Christensen, V, M Coll, J Steenbeek, J Buszowski, D Chagaris, and CJ Walters. 2014. Representing variable habitat quality in a spatial food web model. Ecosystems 17(8): 1397-1412\" id=\"return-footnote-933-1\" href=\"#footnote-933-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Modelling impact of changing environmental conditions<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ecosim and Ecospace both have a flexible way to incorporate environmental effects. One can define an environmental preference function and in essence let the productivity (or other factors) be impacted by for instance temperature, O<sub>2<\/sub>, or pH. To illustrate the capabilities, we:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Set up Ecosim to use the forcing function <em>T bottom<\/em>\u00a0(bottom temperature) that is included in the Anchovy Bay time series file in Table 1 (below, or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ln5.sync.com\/dl\/8cb028510\/pt6v67tq-t4hhfkaz-rhx9wckr-gm6pmscv\">download<\/a>) to force temperature over time.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Set up Ecosim to use an environmental preference function that will translate the impact of changing temperature for one group in the system (here: whiting)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Environmental forcing function<\/h3>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--sidebar shaded\">Environmental forcing functions can also be read in as monthly values from a CSV file.<\/div>\n<p>When using environmental preference functions (such as temperature, O<sub>2<\/sub>, salinity) they should be read in with the appropriate units, so, e.g., temperature in \u02daC \u2013 not relative to the baseline temperature. \u00a0For this exercise we will use bottom temperature, which can be read in as annual values and included in a time series file (see Table 1).<\/p>\n<p>Check your model <em>(Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Forcing function<\/em>) and load a time series (the one called <em>anchovybay T<\/em> in the downloaded database) to make sure you have the &#8220;T bottom&#8221; temperature read in. If not, read it in from the CSV file (below, or <a href=\"https:\/\/ln5.sync.com\/dl\/168365df0\/cwczy2nt-ege5u5pa-mqkp7g2k-durbkgkj\">download<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2637\" title=\"Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Forcing function form\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"627\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05.png 2220w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05-1024x587.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05-768x440.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05-1536x880.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05-2048x1173.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05-65x37.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05-225x129.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-12-at-15.45.05-350x201.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\" \/><strong>Figure 1. Screenshot <em>(Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Forcing function<\/em> form) of forcing function &#8220;T bottom&#8221; read in via a CSV time series file. The function has annual bottom temperature values for Anchovy Bay. If preferable, monthly temperatures could be read in instead.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Environmental preference function<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">We next set up the preference function. Click <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses<\/em>. Next click <em>Add<\/em> (in the lower left section of the form at the right) to add a new functional response function, double click on the name of the new function (at the bottom of the lower left panel), and a form <em>Change shape <\/em>should pop up. Change the shape name to, e.g., \u201c<em>whiting T<\/em>\u201d as we now will setup a temperature preference function for whiting to illustrate the approach. Then select <em>Trapezoid<\/em>, and set left bottom to 10, left top to 15, right top to 16 and right bottom to 19. Note that any shape can be defined (preferably based on data); the present example is for illustration only. \u00a0Press <em>OK<\/em>.<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2641\" title=\"Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Change shape form\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.08.12.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"544\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.08.12.png 1256w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.08.12-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.08.12-1024x711.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.08.12-768x533.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.08.12-65x45.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.08.12-225x156.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.08.12-350x243.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Figure 2. <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Change shape<\/em> form.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Next click <em>Define response<\/em>, and,<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>If not done already, set <em>X min<\/em> to 10 and <em>X max<\/em> to 19.<\/li>\n<li>Click <em>Whiting<\/em> in the Group panel and click <em>T bottom<\/em> in the Temporal drivers\u2019 panel, then click the arrow between the two panels to assign whiting to the bottom temperature function. You should now see a histogram with the temperature distribution from the forcing function \u2013 the histogram is for information and can help ensure that your function is in the right range<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">Set X min to 10 and X max to 19 (\u02daC; units not shown). Click <em>OK<\/em> to close the pop-up form.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4134 size-full\" title=\"Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Define response form\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2025-02-07-at-10.43.26.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1660\" height=\"874\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2025-02-07-at-10.43.26.png 1660w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2025-02-07-at-10.43.26-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2025-02-07-at-10.43.26-1024x539.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2025-02-07-at-10.43.26-768x404.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2025-02-07-at-10.43.26-1536x809.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2025-02-07-at-10.43.26-65x34.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2025-02-07-at-10.43.26-225x118.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2025-02-07-at-10.43.26-350x184.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1660px) 100vw, 1660px\" \/><strong>Figure 3. <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Define response<\/em> form. \u00a0If you cannot change the <em>Plot min<\/em> and <em>Plot max<\/em>: do it on the <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Functional responses grid<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Next, click <em>Apply environmental response (foraging)<\/em>, and check that <em>T bottom<\/em> has been applied to <em>Whiting<\/em>. \u00a0If not, click the cell that intersects <em>T bottom<\/em> and whiting. On the pop-up\u00a0<em>Define Ecosim foraging capacity response<\/em> form, find your &#8220;Whiting T&#8221; shape, click the green arrow to move it to the right side (and apply it), see Figure 4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2642\" title=\"Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Apply environmental responses form\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.11.45.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"556\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.11.45.png 1360w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.11.45-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.11.45-1024x632.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.11.45-768x474.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.11.45-65x40.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.11.45-225x139.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1902\/2023\/09\/Screenshot-2024-01-13-at-11.11.45-350x216.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\" \/><strong>Figure 4. Application of Ecosim foraging response.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Now run the model with and without the forcing function (you can disable it on the Figure 4 form by selecting the <em>x<\/em> between the two panels, run, extract results; apply again, run, extract results), and evaluate the impact of using this forcing function and environmental preference function.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">On <em>Ecosim &gt; Output &gt; Run Ecosim<\/em>, click the <em>Save output<\/em> button (floppy disk) below the top menu, and check <em>Ecosim &gt; Run<\/em> results. Run Ecosim (time series fitted version) and extract the biomass trends by group (click the save button floppy disk discussed above, and click the little yellow folder to the right of the Run results. This should open Windows Explorer with the folder where the biomass results are stored). Open the file <em>biomass_annual.csv<\/em>. Save the csv file to a different directory (to avoid overwriting it).<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Anchovy Bay model has a number of environmental preference functions, see <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses<\/em>, including ones called <em>Temp cold<\/em> and <em>Temp warm<\/em>. In the <em>Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Apply environmental response foraging<\/em>, select the cell that intersects <em>Cod<\/em> and <em>bottom T<\/em>, and transfer the <em>Temp cold<\/em> function to the Applied responses. Do similar for the intersect between <em>Anchovy<\/em> and <em>bottom T<\/em>, and transfer the <em>Temp warm<\/em> function.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Run Ecosim and extract the biomass trends by group. Save the output files (as above). Compare the biomass trajectories by species with and without the environmental preference functions applied.<\/p>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Table 1. Time series file for the Anchovy Bay tutorial. You may already have this CSV file from the <span style=\"color: #ccffff\"><a style=\"color: #ccffff\" href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/chapter\/tutorial-time-series-fitting\/\">Time Series Fitting tutorial<\/a><\/span>, if not, you can <a href=\"https:\/\/ln5.sync.com\/dl\/168365df0\/cwczy2nt-ege5u5pa-mqkp7g2k-durbkgkj\">download it here<\/a>, or copy the content below, paste it into MS Excel, then save it as a CSV file. Import the CSV file to EwE as described in the tutorial.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"width: 783px; border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col span=\"9\" width=\"87\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 87px; height: 21px;\">Title<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87px;\">Sealers<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87px;\">Seal B<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87px;\">Trawlers<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87px;\">Cod B<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87px;\">Whiting B<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87px;\">Shrimp C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87px;\">T bottom<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87px;\">dummy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"height: 21px;\">Weight<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"height: 21px;\">Pool code<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">4<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">7<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">5<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"height: 21px;\">Type<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1970<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">10<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0.3<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">17.1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1971<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.05<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">17<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1972<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.103<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.9<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1973<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0.75<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.158<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.7<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1974<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0.5<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.216<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">17<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1975<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0.25<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0.8<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.276<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1976<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.34<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.4<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1977<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.407<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1978<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.477<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0.8<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.3<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1979<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.551<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1980<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.629<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.3<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1981<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.71<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.4<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1982<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.796<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1983<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.886<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1984<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1.98<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1985<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.079<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.5<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1986<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.183<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1987<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.292<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1988<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.407<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">16.8<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1989<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.527<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">4<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0.7<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">17<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1990<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.577<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">17.2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1991<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.629<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">17.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1992<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.682<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">17.8<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1993<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.735<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1994<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.79<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18.2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1995<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.846<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1996<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.903<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18.7<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1997<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.961<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0.6<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1998<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.02<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">1999<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.08<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18.9<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2000<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.142<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">19<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2001<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.205<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">19.2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2002<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.269<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">19<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2003<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.334<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">19.3<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2004<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.401<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">19.2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2005<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.469<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0.4<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">19<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2006<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.5<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2007<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.5<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18.5<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2008<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.55<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18.7<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2009<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.6<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18.6<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"right\" style=\"height: 21px;\">2010<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">0<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">4<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">3.65<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">2.4<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">18<\/td>\n<td align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Optional: you can use the <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/chapter\/tutorial-getting-output-with-the-results-extractor\/\">Results extractor<\/a> plug-in to more easily extract results from EwE runs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"media-attributions clear\" prefix:cc=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/ns#\" prefix:dc=\"http:\/\/purl.org\/dc\/terms\/\"><h2>Media Attributions<\/h2><ul><li >Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Forcing function       <\/li><li >Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Change shape       <\/li><li >Ecosim &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Define response form       <\/li><li >Ecosim &gt; Input &gt; Environmental responses &gt; Apply environmental response (foraging)       <\/li><\/ul><\/div><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-933-1\">Christensen, V, M Coll, J Steenbeek, J Buszowski, D Chagaris, and CJ Walters. 2014. Representing variable habitat quality in a spatial food web model. <a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10021-014-9803-3\/fulltext.html\">Ecosystems<\/a> 17(8): 1397-1412 <a href=\"#return-footnote-933-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":1909,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[49],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-933","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":987,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/933","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1909"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/933\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4231,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/933\/revisions\/4231"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/987"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/933\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=933"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=933"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=933"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/ewemodel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=933"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}