{"id":77,"date":"2019-04-06T21:45:54","date_gmt":"2019-04-07T01:45:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/?post_type=chapter&p=77"},"modified":"2020-10-31T16:12:46","modified_gmt":"2020-10-31T20:12:46","slug":"topic-6-4-mangrove-forests","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/chapter\/topic-6-4-mangrove-forests\/","title":{"raw":"Topic 6.4: Mangrove Forests","rendered":"Topic 6.4: Mangrove Forests"},"content":{"raw":"Mangroves represent a special case of swamp forests because they are flooded daily or less frequently with salt or brackish water.\u00a0 All over the world, mangrove forests are exploited for the few species of trees that tolerate the combination of flooding and salinity.\u00a0 Mangrove forests are also much utilized for harvesting shellfish, crabs, and other non-timber forest products.\u00a0 Finally, mangrove forests provide critical nurseries and spawning grounds for many species that are harvested in near-shore fisheries.\r\n\r\nMangrove forests vary in productivity due mostly to variation in salinity, flooding frequency, and nutrient inputs.\u00a0 They are most productive in the estuaries of large, sediment-laden rivers where timber yields in managed stands can be substantial.\u00a0 Most mangrove tree species do not coppice, are moderately to very light-demanding, and regenerate well in small clearings.\u00a0 Most species are viviparous and the seedlings are water dispersed (Figure 6.4.1).\u00a0 Where tidal flux is limited, clearings are large, or logging debris impedes dispersal of the floating propagules, regeneration failures can occur.\u00a0 Artificial regeneration with members of the dominant mangrove family, Rhizophoraceae, is technically quite feasible where natural regeneration has failed; the propogules are simply inserted in the ground.\u00a0 There is only one noteworthy weed, a rhizomatous fern (Acrostichum aureum<\/em>), that can dominate poorly-managed forests at least in Asia.\r\n
\r\n\r\n\"Figure \"Figure\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

Figure\u00a0 6.4.1 Mangrove forest (left) and propagules of a species of Rhizophora<\/em> (right).<\/p>\r\nAs with other swamp forests, the primary concern with mangrove management is avoiding hydrological changes and soil damage.\u00a0 Chanelization can increase the likelihood of regeneration failures because the receding tides carry away the water dispersed propagules.\u00a0 Drainage can also cause great damage to the soil when the increased aeration causes oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid; drained mangrove soils can develop pHs as low as 2.9!\r\n\r\nThe natural disturbance regime of mangroves varies with latitude.\u00a0 In the hurricane and typhoon belts (10-30o<\/sup> N and S, respectively), cataclysmic disturbances are common.\u00a0 Nearer the equator the few mangrove forests that have escaped severe anthropogenic disturbances apparently regenerate mostly in gaps created by lightning, termite attack, or pathogens.","rendered":"

Mangroves represent a special case of swamp forests because they are flooded daily or less frequently with salt or brackish water.\u00a0 All over the world, mangrove forests are exploited for the few species of trees that tolerate the combination of flooding and salinity.\u00a0 Mangrove forests are also much utilized for harvesting shellfish, crabs, and other non-timber forest products.\u00a0 Finally, mangrove forests provide critical nurseries and spawning grounds for many species that are harvested in near-shore fisheries.<\/p>\n

Mangrove forests vary in productivity due mostly to variation in salinity, flooding frequency, and nutrient inputs.\u00a0 They are most productive in the estuaries of large, sediment-laden rivers where timber yields in managed stands can be substantial.\u00a0 Most mangrove tree species do not coppice, are moderately to very light-demanding, and regenerate well in small clearings.\u00a0 Most species are viviparous and the seedlings are water dispersed (Figure 6.4.1).\u00a0 Where tidal flux is limited, clearings are large, or logging debris impedes dispersal of the floating propagules, regeneration failures can occur.\u00a0 Artificial regeneration with members of the dominant mangrove family, Rhizophoraceae, is technically quite feasible where natural regeneration has failed; the propogules are simply inserted in the ground.\u00a0 There is only one noteworthy weed, a rhizomatous fern (Acrostichum aureum<\/em>), that can dominate poorly-managed forests at least in Asia.<\/p>\n

\n

\"Figure \"Figure<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Figure\u00a0 6.4.1 Mangrove forest (left) and propagules of a species of Rhizophora<\/em> (right).<\/p>\n

As with other swamp forests, the primary concern with mangrove management is avoiding hydrological changes and soil damage.\u00a0 Chanelization can increase the likelihood of regeneration failures because the receding tides carry away the water dispersed propagules.\u00a0 Drainage can also cause great damage to the soil when the increased aeration causes oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfuric acid; drained mangrove soils can develop pHs as low as 2.9!<\/p>\n

The natural disturbance regime of mangroves varies with latitude.\u00a0 In the hurricane and typhoon belts (10-30o<\/sup> N and S, respectively), cataclysmic disturbances are common.\u00a0 Nearer the equator the few mangrove forests that have escaped severe anthropogenic disturbances apparently regenerate mostly in gaps created by lightning, termite attack, or pathogens.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":656,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-77","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":70,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/656"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":427,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77\/revisions\/427"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/70"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/77\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=77"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=77"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=77"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}