{"id":91,"date":"2019-04-06T21:48:13","date_gmt":"2019-04-07T01:48:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/?post_type=chapter&p=91"},"modified":"2020-10-31T00:32:54","modified_gmt":"2020-10-31T04:32:54","slug":"topic-7-5-harvest-plans","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/chapter\/topic-7-5-harvest-plans\/","title":{"raw":"Topic 7.6: Harvest Plans","rendered":"Topic 7.6: Harvest Plans"},"content":{"raw":"With good maps in hand, felling areas, stream buffer zones, and other restricted areas (e.g., steep slopes) can be demarcated.\u00a0 Likewise cost-effective road and main skid trail networks can only be laid out after good maps are prepared.\u00a0 Maps of trees to be harvested and of future crop trees are of great value in laying out skid trails and log landings.\u00a0 Standards for extraction route construction and maintenance, stream crossings, waste disposal, and etc. are available in most countries, but the FAO Model Code of Forest Harvesting (Dykstra and Heinrich 1996) is nevertheless worth consulting.\r\n\r\nDuring harvest planning as well as during silvicultural operations themselves, careful attention must be paid to national, regional, or local environmental guidelines.\u00a0 In most places there are restrictions on which species can be harvested and on the minimum diameters of harvestable trees.\u00a0 Ways of making timber harvesting compatible with management of non-timber forest products, maintenance of wildlife populations, and protection of biodiversity should be specified.\u00a0 For example, nest and den trees, fruit trees that are especially important to wildlife (e.g., figs), and stands near cave openings deserve protection.\u00a0 Retention of extremely large trees is also generally recommended; these trees contribute a great deal to maintaining forest structure, can be good seed sources, provide important roosts and perches for wildlife, do an incredible amount of damage to the residual forest when they are felled, and often yield little usable timber due to stem rots, hollows, and other defects.\r\n\r\nBefore harvesting commences, field crews should be well trained in safe and environmentally-sound logging practices.\u00a0 Sawyers should know how to direct the fall of trees using various cutting techniques (e.g., retention of holding wood) and with the use of felling devices such as hydraulic felling jacks and winches.\u00a0 According to the International Labor Organization, logging is among the most dangerous professions in the world; safety training and appropriate safety gear (e.g., felling chaps, steel-toed boots, eye and head protection) are essential.\u00a0 An overall objective should be to professionalize the forestry work force.\u00a0 If sawyers and skidder drivers take pride in their work, they are more likely to strive to comply with environmental guidelines.\u00a0 Paying workers solely on the basis of the volume of timber felled or yarded does little to encourage good harvesting practices such as directional felling and protecting soils and future crop trees from skidder damage.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Conditions for Natural Forest Management<\/strong><\/td>\r\nFavorable<\/strong><\/td>\r\nUnfavorable<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Land and forest ownership<\/td>\r\nclear<\/td>\r\ncontested<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Concession duration<\/td>\r\nlong<\/td>\r\nshort<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Pressure for forest conversion<\/td>\r\nlight<\/td>\r\nheavy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Potential for local involvement in management<\/td>\r\ngreat<\/td>\r\nslight<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Rare ecosystem or many rare species<\/td>\r\nno<\/td>\r\nyes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Market development for a diversity of species<\/td>\r\nstrong<\/td>\r\nweak<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u201cGreen\u201d market potential<\/td>\r\ngreat<\/td>\r\nsmall<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Local pressure for environmental conservation<\/td>\r\nhigh<\/td>\r\nlow<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Dedication, efficiency, and funding of forest authorities<\/td>\r\ngreat<\/td>\r\nsmall<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Table 7.6.1.\u00a0 Environmental, social, and financial conditions favorable and unfavorable for natural forest management.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Approximate Costs (in 2019 U.S.$)<\/strong>\r\nActivity<\/strong><\/td>\r\n0-5o<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\r\n5-12o<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Planning<\/td>\r\n$5\/km<\/td>\r\n$6\/km<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Construction 1<\/sup><\/td>\r\n$20,000\/km<\/td>\r\n$40,000\/km<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Bridges 2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n$5000 each<\/td>\r\n$6,000 each<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Maintenance 3<\/sup><\/td>\r\n$1000\/km\/yr<\/td>\r\n$2,000\/km\/yr<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Hauling 4<\/sup><\/td>\r\n$1\/km<\/td>\r\n$1\/km<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Closure 5<\/sup><\/td>\r\n$200\/km<\/td>\r\n$500\/km<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Table 7.6.2.\u00a0 Estimated road planning, construction, and maintenance costs for a lowland tropical forest on undulating terrain.\u00a0 Best estimates given for moderate (0-5o<\/sup>) and steep (5-12o<\/sup>) slopes.<\/p>\r\n

1<\/sup> Standard road with 5 m-wide clearing, 3 m wide domed working surface, with 25 cm of compacted gravel (available at a mean distance of 5 km), and side drains, constructed with a D-8 Caterpillar tractor.<\/p>\r\n

2<\/sup> Bridge over a 5 m wide stream, log abutments and beams, soil and gravel surface constructed with a D-8 Caterpillar bulldozer and a backhoe.<\/p>\r\n

3<\/sup> Maintenance includes weekly passes with a motor grader during harvesting, re-gravelling at 6 month intervals, and cross drain opening with a D-6 tractor.<\/p>\r\n

4<\/sup> Hauling of 12-18 m3 loads with a truck without central tire inflation.\u00a0 Includes fuel, lubricants, maintenance, and labor costs.<\/p>\r\n

5<\/sup> Includes opening of larger cross drains and installation of water bars with a D-7 and a backhoe.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Harvesting Regime<\/strong><\/td>\r\nConditions<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Single-tree selection<\/td>\r\nAmple regeneration of shade-tolerant commercial species present in the form of advanced regeneration.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Group selection<\/td>\r\nCommercial species favored in gaps larger than those created by single tree selection.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Shelterwoods<\/td>\r\nCommercial trees that regenerate in partial shade.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Clearcutting with seed trees<\/td>\r\nLight-demanding commercial trees; isolated seed trees surviving exposure and produce abundant seeds.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Clearcutting<\/td>\r\nDominant and commercially most important species adapted to open conditions; seeds well dispersed or with dormancy capacity; weeds not problematic; virtually all species of all sizes marketable.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

Table 7.6.3.\u00a0 Some timber harvesting regime options for natural forest management.\u00a0 Only conditions related to regeneration and growth of the harvested species are considered; other potentially important environmental factors are not included.\u00a0 For many non-timber forest products, there are analogous gradients in harvesting intensity.<\/p>","rendered":"

With good maps in hand, felling areas, stream buffer zones, and other restricted areas (e.g., steep slopes) can be demarcated.\u00a0 Likewise cost-effective road and main skid trail networks can only be laid out after good maps are prepared.\u00a0 Maps of trees to be harvested and of future crop trees are of great value in laying out skid trails and log landings.\u00a0 Standards for extraction route construction and maintenance, stream crossings, waste disposal, and etc. are available in most countries, but the FAO Model Code of Forest Harvesting (Dykstra and Heinrich 1996) is nevertheless worth consulting.<\/p>\n

During harvest planning as well as during silvicultural operations themselves, careful attention must be paid to national, regional, or local environmental guidelines.\u00a0 In most places there are restrictions on which species can be harvested and on the minimum diameters of harvestable trees.\u00a0 Ways of making timber harvesting compatible with management of non-timber forest products, maintenance of wildlife populations, and protection of biodiversity should be specified.\u00a0 For example, nest and den trees, fruit trees that are especially important to wildlife (e.g., figs), and stands near cave openings deserve protection.\u00a0 Retention of extremely large trees is also generally recommended; these trees contribute a great deal to maintaining forest structure, can be good seed sources, provide important roosts and perches for wildlife, do an incredible amount of damage to the residual forest when they are felled, and often yield little usable timber due to stem rots, hollows, and other defects.<\/p>\n

Before harvesting commences, field crews should be well trained in safe and environmentally-sound logging practices.\u00a0 Sawyers should know how to direct the fall of trees using various cutting techniques (e.g., retention of holding wood) and with the use of felling devices such as hydraulic felling jacks and winches.\u00a0 According to the International Labor Organization, logging is among the most dangerous professions in the world; safety training and appropriate safety gear (e.g., felling chaps, steel-toed boots, eye and head protection) are essential.\u00a0 An overall objective should be to professionalize the forestry work force.\u00a0 If sawyers and skidder drivers take pride in their work, they are more likely to strive to comply with environmental guidelines.\u00a0 Paying workers solely on the basis of the volume of timber felled or yarded does little to encourage good harvesting practices such as directional felling and protecting soils and future crop trees from skidder damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Conditions for Natural Forest Management<\/strong><\/td>\nFavorable<\/strong><\/td>\nUnfavorable<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Land and forest ownership<\/td>\nclear<\/td>\ncontested<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Concession duration<\/td>\nlong<\/td>\nshort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pressure for forest conversion<\/td>\nlight<\/td>\nheavy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Potential for local involvement in management<\/td>\ngreat<\/td>\nslight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rare ecosystem or many rare species<\/td>\nno<\/td>\nyes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Market development for a diversity of species<\/td>\nstrong<\/td>\nweak<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u201cGreen\u201d market potential<\/td>\ngreat<\/td>\nsmall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Local pressure for environmental conservation<\/td>\nhigh<\/td>\nlow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dedication, efficiency, and funding of forest authorities<\/td>\ngreat<\/td>\nsmall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 7.6.1.\u00a0 Environmental, social, and financial conditions favorable and unfavorable for natural forest management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Approximate Costs (in 2019 U.S.$)<\/strong>
\nActivity<\/strong><\/td>\n		0-5o<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n5-12o<\/sup><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Planning<\/td>\n$5\/km<\/td>\n$6\/km<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Construction 1<\/sup><\/td>\n$20,000\/km<\/td>\n$40,000\/km<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bridges 2<\/sup><\/td>\n$5000 each<\/td>\n$6,000 each<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maintenance 3<\/sup><\/td>\n$1000\/km\/yr<\/td>\n$2,000\/km\/yr<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hauling 4<\/sup><\/td>\n$1\/km<\/td>\n$1\/km<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Closure 5<\/sup><\/td>\n$200\/km<\/td>\n$500\/km<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 7.6.2.\u00a0 Estimated road planning, construction, and maintenance costs for a lowland tropical forest on undulating terrain.\u00a0 Best estimates given for moderate (0-5o<\/sup>) and steep (5-12o<\/sup>) slopes.<\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Standard road with 5 m-wide clearing, 3 m wide domed working surface, with 25 cm of compacted gravel (available at a mean distance of 5 km), and side drains, constructed with a D-8 Caterpillar tractor.<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> Bridge over a 5 m wide stream, log abutments and beams, soil and gravel surface constructed with a D-8 Caterpillar bulldozer and a backhoe.<\/p>\n

3<\/sup> Maintenance includes weekly passes with a motor grader during harvesting, re-gravelling at 6 month intervals, and cross drain opening with a D-6 tractor.<\/p>\n

4<\/sup> Hauling of 12-18 m3 loads with a truck without central tire inflation.\u00a0 Includes fuel, lubricants, maintenance, and labor costs.<\/p>\n

5<\/sup> Includes opening of larger cross drains and installation of water bars with a D-7 and a backhoe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Harvesting Regime<\/strong><\/td>\nConditions<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Single-tree selection<\/td>\nAmple regeneration of shade-tolerant commercial species present in the form of advanced regeneration.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Group selection<\/td>\nCommercial species favored in gaps larger than those created by single tree selection.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shelterwoods<\/td>\nCommercial trees that regenerate in partial shade.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clearcutting with seed trees<\/td>\nLight-demanding commercial trees; isolated seed trees surviving exposure and produce abundant seeds.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clearcutting<\/td>\nDominant and commercially most important species adapted to open conditions; seeds well dispersed or with dormancy capacity; weeds not problematic; virtually all species of all sizes marketable.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 7.6.3.\u00a0 Some timber harvesting regime options for natural forest management.\u00a0 Only conditions related to regeneration and growth of the harvested species are considered; other potentially important environmental factors are not included.\u00a0 For many non-timber forest products, there are analogous gradients in harvesting intensity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":656,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-91","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":81,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/91","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/656"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/91\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":332,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/91\/revisions\/332"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/81"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/91\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=91"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=91"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fode014notebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=91"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}