{"id":118,"date":"2020-11-02T13:36:01","date_gmt":"2020-11-02T18:36:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/chapter\/value\/"},"modified":"2024-12-06T22:34:37","modified_gmt":"2024-12-07T03:34:37","slug":"value","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/chapter\/value\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 14 - Marketing Processes and Consumer Behaviour","rendered":"Chapter 14 &#8211; Marketing Processes and Consumer Behaviour"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nBy the end of the chapter, you should be able to:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>define the terms marketing, marketing concept, and marketing strategy;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>outline the tasks involved in selecting a target market;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>identify the four P's of the marketing mix;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>explain how to conduct marketing research;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>discuss various branding strategies and explain the benefits of packaging and labelling;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>describe the elements of the promotion mix;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>explain how companies manage customer relationships;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>identify the advantages and disadvantages of social media marketing; and<\/li>\r\n \t<li>explain [pb_glossary id=\"456\"]key terms[\/pb_glossary] in the chapter.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<img class=\"alignleft wp-image-28 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/1E-ShowWhatYouKnow-1-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/>\r\n<h2>\u00a0Show What You Know<\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[h5p id=\"32\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"page-break-before\"><\/div>\r\n<h1>A Robot with Attitude<\/h1>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_105\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"225\"]<img class=\"wp-image-105 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image31-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"35-45 year old man in a Tilley hat standing by a wall and holding his robot creation (approximately 14 inches tall)\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" \/> Figure 14.1 M. Tilden and his creation, Robosapien. Source Wikipedia[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Mark Tilden used to build robots for NASA that ended up being destroyed on Mars, but after seven years of watching the results of his work meet violent ends thirty-six million miles from home, he decided to specialize in robots for earthlings. He left the space world for the toy world and teamed up with Wow Wee Toys Ltd. to create \u201cRobosapien,\u201d an intelligent robot with an attitude.[footnote]WowWee Toys (n.d.) <em>Robosapien: A Fusion of Technology and Personality<\/em>. http:\/\/wowwee.com\/robosapien-x[\/footnote] <span class=\"c1\">The fourteen-inch-tall robot, which is operated by remote control, has great moves. In addition to walking forward, backward, and turning, he dances, raps, and gives karate chops. He can pick up small objects and even fling them across the room, and he does everything while grunting, belching, and emitting other \u201cbodily\u201d sounds.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c3\">Robosapien gave Wow Wee Toys a good head start in the toy robot market; in the first five months, more than 1.5 million Robosapiens were sold.[footnote]Taylor, M. (2004). <em>Innovative toy packs a punch<\/em>. South China Morning Post. http:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/478240\/innovative-toy-packs-punch[\/footnote] The company expanded the line to more than a dozen robotics and other interactive toys, including FlyTech Bladestar, a revolutionary indoor flying machine that won a Popular Mechanics magazine Editor\u2019s Choice Award in 2008).[footnote]WowWee Toys (n.d.). <em>Our Story<\/em>. http:\/\/wowwee.com\/about\/company-history[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">What does Robosapien have to do with marketing? The answer is fairly simple: though Mark Tilden is an accomplished inventor who has created a clever product, Robosapien wouldn\u2019t be going anywhere without the marketing expertise of Wow Wee. In this chapter, we\u2019ll look at the ways in which marketing converts product ideas like Robosapien into commercial success.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1 class=\"c3\">What Is Marketing?<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"c3\">When you consider the functional areas of business: accounting, finance, management, [pb_glossary id=\"500\"]marketing[\/pb_glossary], and operations \u2014 marketing is the one you probably know the most about. After all, as a consumer and target of all sorts of advertising messages, you\u2019ve been on the receiving end of marketing initiatives for most of your life. What you probably do not appreciate, however, is the extent to which marketing focuses on providing value to the customer. According to the American Marketing Association, \u201cMarketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.\u201d[footnote]American Marketing Association (2013). <em>Definitions of Marketing<\/em>. https:\/\/www.ama.org\/AboutAMA\/Pages\/Definition-of-Marketing.aspx[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">In other words, marketing is not just advertising and selling. It includes everything that organizations do to satisfy customer needs:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_5-0 start\">\r\n \t<li class=\"c7 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">coming up with a product and defining its features and benefits;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">setting its price;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">identifying its target market;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">making potential customers aware of it;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">getting people to buy it;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7 c48\">delivering it to people who buy it; and<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c22 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">managing relationships with customers after it has been delivered.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">Think about a typical business \u2014 a local movie theater, for example. It is easy to see how the person who decides what movies to show is involved in marketing; he or she selects the product to be sold. It\u2019s even easier to see how the person who puts ads in the newspaper works in marketing; he or she is in charge of advertising \u2014 making people aware of the product and getting them to buy it. What about the ticket seller and the person behind the counter who gets the popcorn and soda or the projectionist? Are they marketing the business? Absolutely. The purpose of every job in the theater is satisfying customer needs, and as we\u2019ve seen, identifying and satisfying customer needs is what marketing is all about. Marketing is a team effort involving everyone in the organization.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c3\">If everyone is responsible for marketing, can the average organization do without an official marketing department? Not necessarily. Most organizations have marketing departments in which individuals are actively involved in some marketing-related activity: product design and development, pricing, promotion, sales, and distribution. As specialists in identifying and satisfying customer needs, members of the<span class=\"c10\">\u00a0marketing department<\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u00a0manage, plan, organize, lead, and control the organization\u2019s overall marketing efforts.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c6 c76 c53 c81\">The Marketing Concept<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">The following flowchart is designed to remind you that to achieve company profitability goals, you need to start with three things:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Find out what customers or potential customers need.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">2.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Develop products to meet those needs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c17 c48\">3.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Engage the entire organization in efforts to satisfy customers<span class=\"c1\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_106\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"712\"]<img class=\"wp-image-106\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image7-1024x424.png\" alt=\"Images representing the marketing concept process sequence with customer as central. First, the customer service conversations taking place; second the ideas these conversations spark that might better serve your customers; third meeting with stakeholders to actually implement these ideas and last, the positive impact this has on a company\u2019s profit margin. \" width=\"712\" height=\"295\" \/> Chart 14.1 The Marketing Concept Leads to Company Profit. Source: The Noun project.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c14\">At the same time, you need to achieve organizational goals, such as profitability and growth. This basic philosophy \u2014 satisfying customer needs while meeting organizational goals \u2014 is called the <span class=\"c10\">[pb_glossary id=\"1330\"]marketing concept[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"c1\">, and when it\u2019s effectively applied, it guides all of an organization\u2019s marketing activities.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">The marketing concept puts the customer first; as your most important goal, satisfying the customer must be the goal of everyone in the organization. But this doesn\u2019t mean that you ignore the bottom line; if you want to survive and grow, you need to make some profit. What you\u2019re looking for is the proper balance between the commitments to customer satisfaction and company survival. Consider the case of <span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/www.medtronic.com\/ca-en\/index.html&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928342000\">Medtronic<\/a><\/span>, a manufacturer of medical devices, such as pacemakers and defibrillators. The company boasts more than 50 percent of the market in cardiac devices and is considered the industry standard setter.[footnote]Funding Universe (n.d.). <em>Medtronic Inc. History<\/em>. http:\/\/www.fundinguniverse.com\/company-histories\/medtronic-inc-history\/[\/footnote] Everyone in the organization understands that defects are intolerable in products that are designed to keep people alive. Thus, committing employees to the goal of zero defects is vital to both Medtronic\u2019s customer base and its bottom line. \u201cA single quality issue,\u201d explains CEO Arthur D. Collins Jr., \u201ccan deep-six a business\".[footnote]Arndt, M. (2004). <em>High Tech \u2014 and Handcrafted<\/em>. Bloomberg. http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2004-07-04\/high-tech-and-handcrafted[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\nPutting the customer first is a strategy which involves relationship marketing, which entails forging long-term relationships with customers, and can lead to repeat sales, reduced costs, and stable relationships.\r\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Selecting a Target Market<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Businesses earn profits by selling goods or providing services. It would be nice if everybody in the marketplace was interested in your product, but if you tried to sell it to everybody, you\u2019d probably spread your resources too thin. You need to identify a specific group of consumers who should be particularly interested in your product, who would have access to it, and who have the means to buy it. This group represents your <span class=\"c10\">[pb_glossary id=\"809\"]target market[\/pb_glossary]<\/span><span class=\"c1\">, and you need to aim your marketing efforts at its members.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Identifying Your Market<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">How do marketers identify target markets? First, they usually identify the overall market for their product \u2014 the individuals or organizations that need a product and are able to buy it. This market can include either or both of two groups:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_6-0 start\" start=\"1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">a <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">consumer market <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 buyers who want the product for personal use; and<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c22\"><span class=\"c1\">an <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">industrial market <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 buyers who want the product for use in making other products.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">You might focus on only one market or both. A farmer, for example, might sell blueberries to individuals on the consumer market, and on the industrial market to bakeries that will use them to make muffins and pies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Segmenting the Market<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">The next step in identifying a target market is to divide the entire market into smaller portions, or <span class=\"c10\">market segments <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 groups of potential customers with common characteristics that influence their buying decisions. You can use a number of characteristics to narrow a market. Let us look at some of the most useful categories in [pb_glossary id=\"810\"]market segmentation[\/pb_glossary] in detail.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[h5p id=\"34\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Clustering Segments<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Typically, marketers determine target markets by combining, or \u201c<span class=\"c10\">clustering<\/span><span class=\"c1\">,\u201d segmenting criteria. What characteristics does Starbucks look for in marketing its products? Three demographic variables come to mind: age, geography, and income. Buyers are likely to be males and females ranging in age from about twenty-five to forty (although college students, aged eighteen to twenty-four, are moving up in importance). Geography is a factor as customers tend to live or work in cities or upscale suburban areas. Those with relatively high incomes are willing to pay a premium for Starbucks specialty coffee, so income \u2014 a socioeconomic factor \u2014 is also important.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1 class=\"c86\"><span class=\"c13 c10\">The Marketing Mix<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">After identifying a target market, your next step is developing and implementing a marketing program designed to reach it. As the graphic below shows, this program involves a combination of tools called the <span class=\"c10\">[pb_glossary id=\"812\"]marketing mix[\/pb_glossary]<\/span>, often referred to as the 4<span class=\"c10\">Ps<\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u00a0of marketing:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_7-0 start\" start=\"1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">developing a <\/span><strong><span class=\"c21 c10\">product<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"c1\"> that meets the needs of the target market;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">setting a <\/span><strong><span class=\"c21 c10\">price<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"c1\"> for the product;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">distributing the product \u2014 getting it to a <\/span><strong><span class=\"c21 c10\">place<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"c1\"> where customers can buy it; and<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c22\"><strong><span class=\"c21 c10\">promoting<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"c1\"> the product \u2014 informing potential buyers about it.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_107\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"679\"]<img class=\"wp-image-107\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/2-PuzzlePieces-Chart-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"Four brightly coloured puzzle pieces coming together to form a square. Each piece has one of the four Ps of the marketing mix: Place, Promotion, Price, and Product.\" width=\"679\" height=\"679\" \/> Chart 14.2 The Marketing Mix[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn recent years, with the explosive use of technology, it is recommended that the 7Ps of the marketing mix should be considered when reviewing competitive strategies. The 7Ps helps companies to review and define key issues that affect the marketing of its products and services and is often referred to as the 7Ps framework for the digital marketing mix. The 7Ps is made up of the original 4Ps plus: People, Process and Physical Evidence.\r\n<h1 class=\"c77\"><span class=\"c10 c13\">Developing a Product<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">The development of Robosapien was a bit unusual for a company that was already active in its market.[footnote]Information in this section was obtained through an interview with the director of marketing at Wow Wee Toys Ltd. conducted on July 15, 2004.[\/footnote] <span class=\"c1\">Generally, product ideas come from people within the company who understand its customers\u2019 needs. Internal engineers are then challenged to design the product. In the case of Robosapien, the creator, Mark Tilden, had conceived and designed the product before joining Wow Wee Toys. The company gave him the opportunity to develop the product for commercial purposes, and Tilden was brought on board to oversee the development of Robosapien into a product that satisfied Wow Wee\u2019s commercial needs.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Robosapien is not a \u201ckid\u2019s toy,\u201d though kids certainly love its playful personality. It\u2019s a home-entertainment product that appeals to a broad audience:: children, young adults, older adults, and even the elderly. It\u2019s a big gift item, and it has developed a following of techies and hackers who take it apart, tinker with it, and even retrofit it with such features as cameras and ice skates. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c5 c40\">Conducting Marketing Research<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Before settling on a strategy for Robosapien, the marketers at Wow Wee did some homework. First, to zero in on their target market, they had to find out what various people thought of the product. More precisely, they needed answers to questions like the following:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_11-0 start\">\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">Who are our potential customers? <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">What do they like about Robosapien? What would they change?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">How much are they willing to pay for it?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">Where will they expect to buy it?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">How can we distinguish it from competing products?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c22\"><span class=\"c1\">Will enough people buy Robosapien to return a reasonable profit for the company?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"c3\">The last question would be left up to Wow Wee management, but, given the size of the investment needed to bring Robosapien to market, Wow Wee couldn\u2019t afford to make the wrong decision. Ultimately, the company was able to make an informed decision because its marketing team provided answers to key questions through <span class=\"c10\">marketing research <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 the process of collecting and analyzing the data that are relevant to a specific marketing situation. This data had to be collected in a systematic way. Market research seeks two types of data:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_13-0 start\" start=\"1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">Marketers generally begin by looking at <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">secondary data <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 information already collected, whether by the company or by others, that pertains to the target market.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c22\"><span class=\"c1\">With secondary data in hand, they\u2019re prepared to collect <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">primary data <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 newly collected information that addresses specific questions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Secondary data can come from inside or outside the organization. Internally available data includes sales reports and other information on customers. External data can come from a number of sources. <span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928353000\">Statistics Canada<\/a><\/span><span class=\"c1\">, for example, posts demographic information on Canadian households (such as age, income, education, and number of members), both for the country as a whole and for specific geographic areas. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Population data from U.S. Census Bureau (the American equivalent to Statistics Canada), helped Wow Wee estimate the size of its potential U.S. target market. Other secondary data helped the firm assess the size of foreign markets in regions around the world, such as Europe, the Middle East, Latin America, Asia, and the Pacific Rim. This data helped position the company to sell Robosapien in eighty-five countries, including Canada, England, France, Germany, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Japan.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Using secondary data that is already available (and free) is a lot easier than collecting your own information. Unfortunately, however, secondary data didn\u2019t answer all the questions that Wow Wee was asking in this particular situation. To get these answers, the marketing team had to conduct primary research, working directly with members of their target market. First they had to decide exactly what they needed to know, then determine whom to ask and what methods would be most effective in gathering the information. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">We know what they wanted to know \u2014 we\u2019ve already listed example questions. As for whom to talk to, they randomly selected representatives from their target market. There is a variety of tools for collecting information from these people, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. To understand the marketing-research process fully, we need to describe the most common of these tools:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_16-1 start\">\r\n \t<li class=\"c42\"><span class=\"c21 c10\">Surveys<\/span><span class=\"c1\">. Sometimes marketers mail questionnaires to members of the target market. The process is time-consuming and the response rate generally low. Online surveys are easier to answer and so get better response rates than other approaches.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c42\"><span class=\"c21 c10\">Personal interviews<\/span><span class=\"c1\">. Though time-consuming, personal interviews not only let you talk with real people but also let you demonstrate the product. You can also clarify answers and ask open-ended questions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c27\"><span class=\"c21 c10\">Focus groups<\/span><span class=\"c1\">. With a focus group, you can bring together a group of individuals (perhaps six to ten) and ask them questions. A trained moderator can explain the purpose of the group and lead the discussion. If sessions are run effectively, you can come away with valuable information about customer responses to both your product and your marketing strategy.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Wow Wee used focus groups and personal interviews because both approaches had the advantage of allowing people to interact with Robosapien. In particular, focus group sessions provided valuable opinions about the product, proposed pricing, distribution methods, and promotion strategies. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_108\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"221\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/jr4V2K\"><img class=\"wp-image-108 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image13-221x300.jpg\" alt=\"Bag of Ketchup-flavoured Doritos chips\" width=\"221\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.2 \"Limited Time Only\" Ketchup Doritos (Canada) | the impulsivebuy | flickr CC-BY 2.0 license[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c3\">Researching your target market is necessary before you launch a new product, but the benefits of marketing research don\u2019t extend merely to brand-new products. Companies also use it when they\u2019re deciding whether or not to refine an existing product or develop a new marketing strategy for an existing product. PepsiCo Canada, for example, relaunched the Doritos Ketchup chip in 2014 as a limited-time-only retro flavour and it was a tremendous success. Because of this positive customer feedback, instead of looking for a new chip flavour the following year, they announced that they would continue the ketchup version, accompanied it with a \u2018hold on to your phone\u2019 contest and app that awarded winners with a year's supply of the chips, as well as the limited availability of a dozen \u2018ketchup roses\u2019 during Valentine\u2019s season.[footnote]Horn, J. (2017, January 12). <em>Marketers of the Year: Christine Kalvenes snacks on a new market<\/em>. Strategy. https:\/\/strategyonline.ca\/2017\/01\/10\/marketers-of-the-year-christine-kalvenes-snacks-on-a-new-market\/[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Branding<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Armed with positive feedback from their research efforts, the Wow Wee team was ready for the next step: informing buyers \u2014 both consumers and retailers \u2014 about their product. They needed a <span class=\"c10\">brand <\/span>\u2014 some word, letter, sound, or symbol that would differentiate their product from similar products on the market. They chose the brand name Robosapien, hoping that people would get the connection between homo sapiens (the human species) and Robosapien (the company\u2019s coinage for its new robot \u201cspecies\u201d). To prevent other companies from coming out with their own \u201cRobosapiens,\u201d they took out a <span class=\"c10\">trademark<\/span>: a symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product. Trademarking requires registering the name with the <span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf\/eng\/h_wr00002.html&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928356000\">Canadian Intellectual Property Office<\/a><\/span><span class=\"c1\">. Though this approach \u2014 giving a unique brand name to a particular product \u2014 is a bit unusual, it isn\u2019t unprecedented. Kraft Foods, for example, established a separate brand for Nabob Coffee, and Labatt Brewing Company sells beer under the brand name Alexander Keith\u2019s. Note, however, that the more common approach, which is taken by such companies as Dare Foods, McCain Foods and lululemon Athletica, calls for marketing all the products made by a company under the company\u2019s brand name.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Branding Strategies<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Companies can adopt one of three major strategies for [pb_glossary id=\"815\"]branding[\/pb_glossary] a product:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_17-0 start\" start=\"1\">\r\n \t<li class=\"c42\"><span class=\"c1\">With <\/span><span class=\"c10 c21\">private branding<\/span><span class=\"c1\"> (or private labelling), a company makes a product and sells it to a retailer who in turn resells it under its own name. A soft-drink maker, for example, might make cola for Walmart to sell as its <\/span>Great Value <span class=\"c1\">Cola.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c42\"><span class=\"c1\">With <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">generic branding<\/span><span class=\"c1\">, the maker attaches no branding information to a product except a description of its contents. Customers are often given a choice between a brand-name prescription drug or a cheaper generic drug with the same formula.<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c70\"><span class=\"c1\">With <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">manufacturer branding<\/span><span class=\"c1\">, a company sells one or more products under its own brand names. Adopting a multi-product branding approach, it sells all its products under one brand name (generally the company name). Using a <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">multi-branding<\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u00a0approach, it will assign different brand names to different products covering different segments of the market. Automakers generally use multi-branding. For example, the Volkswagen group of brands also includes Audi, Bentley, and even Lamborghini.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_130\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"750\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/bBRLcy\"><img class=\"wp-image-130\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image24.jpg\" alt=\"Complicated graphic with mega-corporations Kraft, Coca Cola, Nestle, PepsiCO, Proctor and Gamble, General Mills, Kellogs, Johnson and Johnson, Mars and Unilever at the centre. Branching out from those are the hundreds of products these companies own, market or distribute. \" width=\"750\" height=\"471\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.3 Brands by B. Jordan | flickr licensed CC BY[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Branding is used in hotels to allow chains (Marriott, Hyatt, Hilton) to offer hotel brands that meet various customers\u2019 travel needs while still maintaining their loyalty to the chain. The same customer who would choose an extended-stay hotel with a full kitchen when on a long term assignment might stay at a convention hotel when attending a trade show and then stay in a resort property when traveling with their family. By segmenting different types of hotel locations, amenities, room sizes and d\u00e9cor, hotel chains can meet the needs of a wide variety of travelers. In the past decade \u201csoft\u201d branding has become common to allow unique hotels to take advantage of being part of a chain reservation system and loyalty program. For example, Marriott has over 100 affiliated independent hotels in its Autograph Collection.[footnote]Marriott. (2022, November 15). <em>Autograph Collection Hotels | Premium Marriott Hotels<\/em>. Autograph Hotels. https:\/\/autograph-hotels.marriott.com\/[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\"><caption>Table 14.1 Major Hotel Chains and Their Hotels<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Type of Hotel<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Marriott<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Hilton<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Hyatt<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"row\">Luxury<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Ritz Carltonm JW Marriott<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Waldorf Astoria, Conrad<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Park Hyatt, Andaz<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"row\">Independent<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Autograph Collection<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Curio Collection<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Unbound Collection<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"row\">Full service<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Marriot, Renaissance, Gaylord<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Hilton, Canopy, Doubletree<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Hyatt<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"row\">Select service<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Courtyard by Marriott, AC Hotels<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Hilton Garden Inn, Hampton Inn<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Hyatt Place<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"row\">Extended stay<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Residence Inn<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Homewood Suites<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Hyatt House<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Loyalty programs are heavily used in the hospitality industry, especially airlines and hotels, as part of their Customer Relationship Management programs. Some example of popular Canadian Loyalty programs include Air Miles, Canadian Tire Rewards, Aeroplan, HBC Rewards and PC Optimum. Airline loyalty programs such as Air Canada Loyalty are often targeted to high value business travelers with less price sensitivity. They achieve loyalty status and perks while traveling as well as earning points to use for personal travel rewards. Once a loyalty program member obtains elite status with significant associated perks such as guaranteed room availability, airport club lounge access, etc., that customer is much less likely to use other brands. \u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Building Brand Equity<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Wow Wee went with the multi-branding approach, deciding to market Robosapien under the robot\u2019s own brand name. Was this a good choice? The answer would depend, at least in part, on how well the product sells. Another consideration is the impact on Wow Wee\u2019s other brands. If Robosapien fared poorly, its failure would not reflect badly on Wow Wee\u2019s other products. On the other hand, if customers liked Robosapien, they would have no reason to associate it with other Wow Wee products. In this case, Wow Wee wouldn\u2019t gain much from its <span class=\"c10\">brand equity <\/span>\u2014 any added value generated by favorable consumer experiences with Robosapien. To get a better idea of how valuable brand equity is, think for a moment about the effect of the name Dell on a product. When you have a positive experience with a Dell product \u2014 say, a laptop or a printer \u2014 you come away with a positive opinion of the entire Dell product line and will probably buy more Dell products. Over time, you may even develop brand loyalty; you may prefer \u2014 or even insist on \u2014 Dell products. Not surprisingly, brand loyalty can be extremely valuable to a company. Because of customer loyalty, Apple\u2019s brand tops <span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/interbrand.com\/best-brands\/best-global-brands\/2017\/ranking\/%23?listFormat%3Dls&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928360000\">Interbrand\u2019s <\/a><\/span><span class=\"c37 c53\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/interbrand.com\/best-brands\/best-global-brands\/2017\/ranking\/%23?listFormat%3Dls&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928360000\">Best Global Brands<\/a><\/span><span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/interbrand.com\/best-brands\/best-global-brands\/2017\/ranking\/%23?listFormat%3Dls&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928361000\">\u00a02017 ranking<\/a><\/span> with a value of over $184 billion. Google\u2019s brand is valued at $142 billion, Microsoft is estimated at $80 billion and Coca-Cola and Amazon round out the top five, with brands valued at $70 and $65 billion respectively.[footnote]Interbrand. (n.d.). <em>Best Global Brands | 2017<\/em>. Ranking the Brands. https:\/\/www.rankingthebrands.com\/The-Brand-Rankings.aspx?rankingID=37[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Packaging and Labelling<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c10\">Packaging<\/span><span class=\"c1\"> can influence a consumer\u2019s decision to buy a product or pass it up. Packaging gives customers a glimpse of the product, and it should be designed to attract their attention, with consideration given to color choice, style of lettering, and many other details. Labelling not only identifies the product but also provides information on the package contents: who made it and where or what risks are associated with it (such as being unsuitable for small children).<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_111\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"282\"]<img class=\"wp-image-111 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image12-282x300.jpg\" alt=\"Robosapian for sale in a black box with a clear, curved front. The sides of the box are adorned with images and interesting facts about the robot.\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" \/> Figure 14.4 Robosapian in its package. No known copyright restrictions[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">How has Wow Wee handled the packaging and labelling of Robosapien? The robot is fourteen inches tall, and is also fairly heavy (about seven pounds), and because it\u2019s made out of plastic and has movable parts, it\u2019s breakable. The easiest, and least expensive, way of packaging it would be to put it in a square box of heavy cardboard and pad it with Styrofoam. This arrangement would not only protect the product from damage during shipping but also make the package easy to store. However, it would also eliminate any customer contact with the product inside the box (such as seeing what it looks like). Wow Wee, therefore, packages Robosapien in a container that is curved to his shape and has a clear plastic front that allows people to see the whole robot. Why did Wow Wee go to this much trouble and expense? Like so many makers of so many products, it has to market the product while it\u2019s still in the box.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Meanwhile, the labelling on the package details some of the robot\u2019s attributes. The name is highlighted in big letters above the descriptive tagline \u201cA fusion of technology and personality.\u201d On the sides and back of the package are pictures of the robot in action with such captions as \u201cDynamic Robotics with Attitude\u201d and \u201cAwesome Sounds, Robo-Speech &amp; Lights.\u201d These colorful descriptions are conceived to entice the consumer to make a purchase because its product features will satisfy some need or want.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Packaging can serve many purposes. The Robosapien package attracts attention to the product\u2019s features. For other products, packaging serves a more functional purpose. Kraft Foods packages some of its snacks \u2014 Oreos and Chips Ahoy \u2014 and in \u201c100 Calorie Packs.\u201d The packaging makes life simpler for people who are keeping track of calories.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Place<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">A great deal is involved in getting a product to the place in which it is ultimately sold. If you are a fast food retailer, for example, you\u2019ll want your restaurants to be in high-traffic areas to maximize your potential business. If your business is selling beer, you\u2019ll want it to be offered in bars, restaurants, grocery stores, convenience stores, and even stadiums. Placing a product in each of these locations requires substantial negotiations with the owners of the space, and often the payment of slotting fees, an allowance paid by the manufacturer to secure space on store shelves. Distribution channels are a series of marketing entities through which goods and services pass on their way from producers to end users.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c10\">Retailers<\/span><span class=\"c1\"> are marketing intermediaries that sell products to the eventual consumer. Without retailers, companies would have a much more difficult time selling directly to individual consumers, no doubt at a substantially higher cost. The most common types of retailers are summarized in the Figure below. You will likely recognize many of the examples provided. It is important to note that many retailers do not fit neatly into only one category. For example, Walmart, which began as a discount store, has added groceries to many of its outlets, also placing it in competition with supermarkets.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\" border=\"0\"><caption>Table 14.2 Types of Retailers<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr class=\"c25\">\r\n<th style=\"width: 33.3095%\" scope=\"col\">Type of Retailer<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 33.3095%\" scope=\"col\">Description<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 33.3095%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"c25\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Category Killer<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">sells a wide variety of products of a particular type, selling at a low price due to their large scale<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Chapters-Indigo<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"c25\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Convenience Store<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers food, beverages, and other products, typically in individual servings, at a higher price, and geared to fast service<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Circle K<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"c25\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Department Store<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers a wide assortment of products grouped into different departments (e.g., jewelry, apparel, perfume)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Hudson\u2019s Bay<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"c25\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Discount Store<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers a range of merchandise organized into departments, but generally seen as lower quality and at a much lower price<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Walmart, Dollarama<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"c25\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Specialty Store<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers goods typically confined to a narrow category, with a high level of personal service and higher prices than other retailers<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Local running shops or jewelry stores<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"c25\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Supermarket<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers mostly consumer staples such as food and other household items<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Metro, Sobey\u2019s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr class=\"c25\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Warehouse Club Stores<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers a wide variety of products in a warehouse-style setting; sells many products in bulk; usually requires membership fee<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Costco<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h1 class=\"c77\"><span class=\"c13 c10\">Promoting a Product<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"c3\">Your <span class=\"c10\">promotion mix <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 the means by which you communicate with customers \u2014 may include advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity. These are all tools for telling people about your product and persuading potential customers to buy it. Before deciding on an appropriate promotional strategy, you should consider a few questions:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_8-0 start\">\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">What is the main purpose of the promotion?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">What is my target market? <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">Which product features should I emphasize? <\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">How much can I afford to invest in a promotion campaign?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c22\"><span class=\"c1\">How do my competitors promote their products? <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">To promote a product, you need to imprint a clear image of it in the minds of your target audience. What do you think of, for instance, when you hear \u201cRitz-Carlton\u201d? What about \u201cMotel 6\u201d? They are both hotel chains that have been quite successful in the hospitality industry, but they project very different images to appeal to different clientele bases. The differences are evident in their promotions. The <span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/www.ritzcarlton.com\/&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928378000\">Ritz-Carlton website<\/a><\/span> describes itself as the \u201cgold standard\u201d and promises that the chain provides \u201cthe finest personal service and facilities throughout the world\".[footnote]The Ritz-Carlton. (n.d.). <em>Gold Standards<\/em>. https:\/\/www.ritzcarlton.com\/en\/about\/gold-standards[\/footnote] Motel 6, by contrast, characterizes its facilities as \u201cno frills \u201d and assures you that you will pay \u201cthe lowest price\".[footnote]G6 Hospitality (2015). <em>About Us<\/em>. Motel 6. https:\/\/www.motel6.com\/en\/faq.html[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Promotional Tools<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">We will now examine each of the elements that can go into the promotion mix \u2014 advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity. Then we will see how Wow Wee incorporated them into a promotional mix to create a demand for Robosapien.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Advertising<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c10\">Advertising<\/span><span class=\"c1\"> is paid, non-personal communication designed to create an awareness of a product or company. Ads are everywhere \u2014 in print media (such as newspapers, magazines, mailers), on billboards, in broadcast media (radio and TV), and, increasingly, online. It\u2019s hard to <\/span>escape the constant barrage of advertising messages; it\u2019s estimated that the average consumer is confronted by about 5,000 ad messages each day (compared with about 500 ads a day in the 1970s).[footnote]Johnson, C. (2007, February 1). <em>Cutting Through Advertising Clutter<\/em>. CBS News. https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/cutting-through-advertising-clutter\/[\/footnote] For this very reason, ironically, ads aren\u2019t as effective as they used to be. Because we\u2019ve learned to tune them out, companies now have to come up with innovative ways to get through to potential customers. A New York Times article[footnote]Story, L. (2007, January 15). <em>Anywhere the Eye Can See, It\u2019s Likely to See an Ad<\/em>. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/01\/15\/business\/media\/15everywhere.html?pagewanted=all[\/footnote] claims that \u201canywhere the eye can see, it\u2019s likely to see an ad.\u201d Subway cars are plastered with ads for cell phone companies. Restaurant placemats are decorated with ads, and social media feeds are peppered with \u2018suggested products.\u2019[footnote]Sullivan, E. (2022, May 24). <em>Everything You Need To Know About Social Media Product Feeds<\/em>. Tinuiti. https:\/\/tinuiti.com\/blog\/paid-social\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-social-media-product-feeds\/[\/footnote]\u00a0Advertising is still the most prevalent form of promotion.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_133\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/98RsdY\"><img class=\"wp-image-133 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image21.jpg\" alt=\"Night scene of a busy intersection with sides of skyscrapers all showing different sizes of advertising from a few feet tall to multiple stories. \" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" \/><\/a> Figure 14.5 Downtown Toronto at night | AILAFA | flickr licensed CC BY-NC-SA[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c14\">The choice of <span class=\"c10\">advertising media<\/span> depends on your product, target audience, and budget. A travel agency selling spring break getaways to college students might post flyers on campus bulletin boards or run ads in campus newspapers. The co-founders of Sleep Country Canada found radio ads particularly effective, ingraining their catchy jingle, \u201cwhy buy a mattress anywhere else?\u201d into listeners nationwide.<\/p>\r\nIn current times marketers are using extended reality to make consumer experiences much more accessible to a wider audience. [pb_glossary id=\"1226\"]Extended reality[\/pb_glossary] (XR) is an umbrella term referring to all real and virtual combined environments and interactions generated by computer technology. It includes augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). Augmented reality is an interactive 3D experience that combines a view of the real world with computer-generated elements, usually overlaid on top of the real world view. Since audiences want dynamic, engaging experiences, marketers need to move beyond static text-based messages and provide more immersive experiences.\r\n\r\nIn contrast to virtual reality (VR) experiences, AR experiences can offer an immersive experience with little additional hardware required<span class=\"c1\"> \u2014 <\/span>often just a mobile device. This makes these <span style=\"color: #000000\">experiences much more accessible to a wider audience.<\/span> These immersive experiences all require significant upfront investments in time and money. Here is an example of a <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FzrkpXlRP1M?si=UsV4SDNr4Ub8cVhQ&amp;t=6\">360 VR marketing video of Amsterdam<\/a>.\r\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Personal Selling<\/span><\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_113\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-113 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image26-300x300.png\" alt=\"A 20-30 year old blonde man assisting a 40-50 year old brunette woman in front of a laptop.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/> Figure 14.6 Personal selling at Best Buy[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c10\">Personal selling<\/span>\u00a0refers to one-on-one communication with customers or potential customers. This type of interaction is necessary in selling large-ticket items, such as homes, and it\u2019s also effective in situations in which personal attention helps to close a sale, such as sales of cars and insurance policies.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c3\">Many retail stores depend on the expertise and enthusiasm of their salespeople to persuade customers to buy. Home Depot has grown into a home goods giant in large part because it fosters one-on-one interactions between salespeople and customers. The real difference between Home Depot and everyone else isn\u2019t the merchandise; it\u2019s the friendly, easy-to-understand advice that sales people give to novice homeowners, according to one of its co-founders.[footnote]Clancy, K. J. (2001). <em>Sleuthing, Not Slashing, for Growth<\/em>. Across the Board, 38(5). 9.[\/footnote] Best Buy\u2019s knowledgeable sales associates make them \u201cuniquely positioned to help consumers navigate the increasing complexity of today's technological landscape\u201d according to CEO Hubert Joly.[footnote]Howland, D. (2016, May 25). <em>Best Buy CEO: Customer service key to battling Amazon<\/em>. Retail Dive. https:\/\/www.retaildive.com\/news\/best-buy-ceo-customer-service-key-to-battling-amazon\/419812\/[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Sales Promotion<\/span><\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_114\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"225\"]<img class=\"wp-image-114 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image6-4-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"Four columns and four rows of cereal boxes stacked at the end of a supermarket's aisle with a large &quot;low price&quot; sign across the top.\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" \/> Figure 14.7 Sales promotion at Walmart[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c14\">It\u2019s likely that at some point, you have purchased an item with a coupon or because it was advertised as a buy-one-get-one special. If so, you have responded to a <span class=\"c10\">sales promotion<span class=\"c1\"> \u2014 <\/span><\/span>one of the many ways that sellers provide incentives for customers to buy. Sales promotion activities include not only those mentioned above but also other forms of discounting, sampling, trade shows, in-store displays, and even sweepstakes. Some promotional activities are targeted directly to consumers and are designed to motivate them to purchase now. You\u2019ve probably heard advertisers make statements like \u201climited time only\u201d or \u201cwhile supplies last\u201d. If so, you\u2019ve encountered a sales promotion directed at consumers. Other forms of sales promotion are directed at dealers and intermediaries. Trade shows are one example of a dealer-focused promotion. Mammoth convention centres such as the Enercare Centre in Toronto <span class=\"c1\">host enormous events in which manufacturers can display their new products to retailers and other interested parties. At food shows, for example, potential buyers can sample products that manufacturers hope to launch to the market. Feedback from prospective buyers can even result in changes to new product formulations or decisions not to launch. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Losing money to make money<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA <b>loss leader<\/b> (also <b>leader<\/b>) is a pricing strategy where a product is sold at a price below its market cost to stimulate other sales of more profitable goods or services. With this sales promotion\/marketing strategy, a \"leader\" is used as a related term and can mean any popular article, i.e.,\u00a0one sold at a normal price.\r\n\r\nOne use of a loss leader is to draw customers into a store where they are likely to buy other goods. The vendor expects that the typical customer will purchase other items at the same time as the loss leader and that the profit made on these items will be such that an overall profit is generated for the vendor.\r\n\r\n\"Loss lead\" describes the concept that an item is offered for sale at a reduced price and is intended to \"lead\" to the subsequent sale of other services or items, the sales of which will be made in greater numbers, or greater profits, or both. The loss leader is offered at a price below its minimum profit margin \u2014 not necessarily below cost. The firm tries to maintain a current analysis of its accounts for both the loss lead and the associated items, so it can monitor how well the scheme is doing, as quickly as possible, thereby never suffering an overall net loss.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loss_leader\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Publicity and Public Relations<\/span><\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_115\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-115 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image9-300x226.jpg\" alt=\"Side profile picture of a young man wearing Beats headphones\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\" \/> Figure 14.8 Beats headphones by Dr. Dre[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c45\">Free <span class=\"c10\">publicity <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 say, getting your company or your product mentioned or pictured in a newspaper or on TV \u2014 can often generate more customer interest than a costly ad. When Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine were finalizing the development of their Beats headphones, they sent a pair to LeBron James. He liked them so much he asked for 15 more pairs, and they \u201cturned up on the ears of every member of the 2008 U.S. Olympic basketball team when they arrived in <\/span>Shanghai. \u2018Now that's marketing,\u2019 says Iovine\".[footnote]Helm, B. (2014). <em>How Dr. Dre\u2019s Headphones Company Became a Billion-Dollar Business<\/em>. Inc. https:\/\/www.inc.com\/audacious-companies\/burt-helm\/beats.html[\/footnote] <span class=\"c1\">It wasn\u2019t long before the pricey headphones became a must-have fashion accessory for everyone from celebrities to high school students.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Consumer perception of a company is often important to a company\u2019s success. Many companies, therefore, manage their public relations in an effort to garner favorable publicity for themselves and their products. When the company does something noteworthy, such as sponsoring a fund-raising event, the public relations department may issue a press release to promote the event. When the company does something negative, such as selling a prescription drug that has unexpected side effects, the public relations department will work to control the damage to the company. Each year the Hay Group and Korn Ferry survey more than a thousand company top executives, directors, and industry leaders in twenty countries to identify companies that have exhibited exceptional integrity or commitment to corporate social responsibility. The rankings are publishes annually as Fortune magazine\u2019s \u201cWorld\u2019s Most Admired Companies\u00ae\u201d.[footnote]Korn Ferry. (2022, February 2). <em>FORTUNE World\u2019s Most Admired Companies 2022<\/em>. https:\/\/www.kornferry.com\/insights\/this-week-in-leadership\/fortune-worlds-most-admired-companies-2022[\/footnote] Topping the list in 2016 are Apple, Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway, and Starbucks.[footnote]Korn Ferry. (2018). <em>World\u2019s Most Admired Companies 2018<\/em>. https:\/\/www.kornferry.com\/institute\/fortune-worlds-most-admired-companies-2018[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Marketing Robosapien<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Now let\u2019s look more closely at the strategy that Wow Wee pursued in marketing Robosapien in the United States. The company\u2019s goal was ambitious: to promote the robot as a must-have item for kids of all ages. As we know, Wow Wee intended to position Robosapien as a home entertainment product, not as a toy. The company rolled out the product at Best Buy, which sells consumer electronics, computers, entertainment software, <\/span><span class=\"c1\">and appliances. As marketers had hoped, the robot caught the attention of consumers shopping for TV sets, DVD players, home and car audio equipment, music, movies, and games. Its $99 price tag was a little lower than the prices of other merchandise, and that fact was an important asset; shoppers were willing to treat Robosapien as an impulse item \u2014 something extra to pick up as a gift or as a special present for children, as long as the price wasn\u2019t too high.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Meanwhile, Robosapien was also getting lots of free publicity. Stories appeared in newspapers and magazines around the world, including the New York Times, La Presse, the Times of London, Time magazine, and National Parenting magazine. Commentators on CBC News, <span class=\"c1\">The Today Show, The Early Show, CNN, ABC News, and FOX News all covered it. The product received numerous awards, and experts predicted that it would be a hot item for the holidays.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">At Wow Wee, Marketing Director Amy Weltman (who had already had a big hit with the Rubik\u2019s Cube) developed a New York gala event to showcase the product. From mid- to late August, actors dressed in six-foot robot costumes roamed the streets of Manhattan, while the fourteen-inch version of Robosapien performed in venues ranging from Grand Central Station to city bars. Everything was recorded, and film clips were sent to TV stations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">The stage was set for expansion into other North American stores. Macy\u2019s ran special promotions, floating a twenty-four-foot cold-air robot balloon from its rooftop and lining its windows with armies of Robosapiens. Wow Wee trained salespeople to operate the product so that they could help customers during in-store demonstrations. Other retailers, including Best Buy and Toys \u201cR\u201d Us, carried Robosapien, as did e-retailers such as Amazon.ca<span class=\"c1\">. The product was also rolled out (with the same marketing flair) in Europe and Asia.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">When national advertising hit in September, all the pieces of the marketing campaign came together \u2014 publicity, sales promotion, personal selling, and advertising. Wow Wee ramped up production to meet anticipated fourth-quarter demand and waited to see whether Robosapien would live up to commercial expectations.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Just For Fun<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[h5p id=\"33\"]<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[h5p id=\"35\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1 class=\"c77\"><span class=\"c13 c10\">Interacting with Customers<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<h2 class=\"c14 c32\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Customer Relationship Management<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Customers are the most important asset that any business has. Without enough good customers, no company can survive. Firms must not only attract new customers but also retain current customers. In fact, repeat customers are more profitable. It\u2019s estimated that it costs as much as five times more to attract and sell to a new customer than to sell to an existing one.[footnote]Lawrence, A. (2012). Five Customer Retention Tips for Entrepreneurs. Forbes. http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/alexlawrence\/2012\/11\/01\/five-customer-retention-tips-for-entrepreneurs\/#56de8ec717b0[\/footnote] <span class=\"c1\">Repeat customers also tend to spend more, and they\u2019re much more likely to recommend you to other people.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Retaining customers is the purpose of <span class=\"c10\">customer relationship management <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 a marketing strategy that focuses on using information about current customers to nurture and maintain strong relationships with them. The underlying theory is fairly basic: to keep customers happy, you treat them well, give them what they want, listen to them, reward them with discounts and other loyalty incentives, and deal effectively with their complaints.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Take Caesars Entertainment Corporation, which operates more than fifty casinos under several brands, including Caesars, Harrah\u2019s, Bally\u2019s, and Horseshoe. Each year, it sponsors the World Series of Poker with a top prize in the millions. Caesars gains some brand recognition when the twenty-two-hour event is televised on ESPN, but the real benefit derives from the information cards filled out by the seven thousand entrants who put up $10,000 each. Data from these cards is fed into Caesars database, and almost immediately every entrant starts getting special attention, including party invitations, free entertainment tickets, and room discounts. The program is all part of Harrah\u2019s strategy for targeting serious gamers and recognizing them as its best customers.[footnote]Fitch, S. (2004). <em>Stacking the Deck<\/em>. Forbes. http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/forbes\/2004\/0705\/132.html[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c3\">Sheraton Hotels uses a softer approach to entice return customers. Sensing that its resorts needed both a new look and a new strategy for attracting repeat customers, Sheraton launched its \u201cYear of the Bed\u201d campaign; in addition to replacing all its old beds with luxurious new mattresses and coverings, it issued a \u201cservice promise guarantee\u201d \u2014 a policy that any guest who\u2019s dissatisfied with his or her Sheraton stay will be compensated. The program also calls for a customer satisfaction survey and discount offers, both designed to keep the hotel chain in touch with its customers.[footnote]Hotel News Resource (2004). <em>Sheraton Hotels Lure Travelers with the Promise of a Good Night\u2019s Sleep in New $12 Million Television and Print Ad Campaign<\/em>. http:\/\/www.hotelnewsresource.com\/article10706.html[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Another advantage of keeping in touch with customers is the opportunity to offer them additional products. Amazon is a master at this strategy. When you make your first purchase at Amazon, you\u2019re also making a lifelong \u201cfriend\u201d \u2014 one who will suggest (based on what you\u2019ve bought before) other things that you might like to buy. Because Amazon continually updates its data on your preferences, the company gets better at making suggestions. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Digital Marketing<\/span><\/h2>\r\nDigital marketing is\u00a0the use of the internet and other digital communication to promote brands and connect with potential customers and it includes <span class=\"c10\">social media marketing, email marketing, web-based advertising, text and multimedia messages, search engine marketing (SEM)\u00a0 and content marketing. <\/span>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">In the last several years, the popularity of <span class=\"c10\">social media marketing<\/span> has exploded. You already know what social media is: Facebook, X, Instagram <span class=\"c1\">LinkedIn, YouTube, TikTok and any number of other online sites that allow you to network, share your opinions, ideas, photos, etc. Social media marketing is the practice of including social media as part of a company\u2019s marketing program.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Why do businesses use digital marketing? Before responding, ask yourself these questions: how much time do I spend watching TV? When I watch TV, do I sit through the ads? Do I read newspapers or magazines and flip right past the ads? Now, put yourself in the place of Tammy Sadinsky, global chief marketing officer of Tim Hortons. Does it make sense for her to spend millions of dollars to place an ad for Tim Hortons on TV or in a newspaper or magazine? Or should she instead spend the money on social media marketing initiatives that have a high probability of connecting to the Tim Hortons<span class=\"c1\">\u00a0market?<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">For companies like Tim Hortons, the answer is clear. The days of trying to reach customers through ads on TV, in newspapers, or in magazines are over. Most television watchers skip over commercials, and few Tim Hortons customers read newspapers or magazines, and even if they do, they don\u2019t focus on the ads. Social media marketing provides a number of advantages to companies, including enabling them to:[footnote]Godin, S. (1999). <em>Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers into Friends, and Friends into Customers<\/em>. New York: NY. Simon &amp; Schuster. 40-52.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_9-0 start\">\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">create brand awareness;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">connect with customers and potential customers by engaging them in two-way communication;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">build brand loyalty by providing opportunities for a targeted audience to participate in company-sponsored activities, such as contests;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">offer and publicize incentives, such as special discounts or coupons;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">gather feedback and ideas on how to improve products and marketing initiatives;<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">allow customers to interact with each other and spread the word about a company\u2019s products or marketing initiatives; and<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"c22\"><span class=\"c1\">take advantage of low-cost marketing opportunities by being active on free social sites, such as Facebook.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">To get an idea of the power of social media marketing, think of the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. According to the ALS Association: \u201cthe ALS Ice Bucket Challenge started in the summer of 2014 and became the world\u2019s largest global social media phenomenon. More than 17 million people uploaded their challenge videos to Facebook; these videos were watched by 440 million people a total of 10 billion times\u201d.[footnote]ALS Association. (n.d.). <em>ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Commitments<\/em>. https:\/\/www.als.org\/IBC[\/footnote] The ALS Association raised $115 million in six weeks (their usual annual budget was only $20 million).[footnote]ALS Association. (n.d.). <em>ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Commitments<\/em>. https:\/\/www.als.org\/IBC[\/footnote]\u00a0To see how companies try to harness this power, let\u2019s look at social media campaigns of two leaders in this field: PepsiCo (Mountain Dew) and Starbucks.<\/p>\r\nEven our Prime Minister, before he became PM, participated:\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/youtu.be\/vseqQzEex0A[\/embed]\r\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Mountain Dew (PepsiCo)<\/span><\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_116\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-116 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image30-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"The back of two heads - one dyed purple and one dyed teal. \" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/> Figure 14.9 Dye Dews. Mountain Dew wiki[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c14\">When PepsiCo announced it wouldn\u2019t show a television commercial during the 2010 Super Bowl game, it came as a surprise (probably a pleasant one to its competitor, Coca-Cola, who had already signed on to show several Super Bowl commercials). What PepsiCo planned to do instead was invest $20 million into social media marketing campaigns. One of PepsiCo\u2019s most successful social media initiatives has been the DEWmocracy campaign, which two years earlier, resulted in the launch of product, Voltage, created by Mountain Dew fans.[footnote]Betancourt, L. (2010, January 28). Social Media Marketing: How Pepsi Got It Right. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/01\/28\/social-media-marketing-pepsi\/#PH_2T_7ZKEq7[\/footnote] Now called DEWcision, the 2016 campaign asks fans to vote between two rival flavors of Mountain Dew. The campaign engages a number of social media outlets with challenges for fans to earn votes for their favorite flavor, including Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook.[footnote]Mountain Dew Wiki. (n.d.). <em>DEWcision 2016<\/em>. https:\/\/mountaindew.fandom.com\/wiki\/DEWcision_2016[\/footnote] The example here is for a challenge to dye your hair the color of your favorite flavor, then Tweet the picture with the hashtag #DewDye. According to Mountain Dew\u2019s director of marketing, \u201cPepsiCo looks at social media as the best way to get direct dialog with their fans and for the company to hear from those fans without filters. \u2018It\u2019s been great for us to have this really unique dialogue that we normally wouldn\u2019t have,\u2019 he said. \u2018It really has opened our eyes up.\u2019\u201d[footnote]Betancourt, L. (2010, January 28). Social Media Marketing: How Pepsi Got It Right. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/01\/28\/social-media-marketing-pepsi\/#PH_2T_7ZKEq7[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c5 c53 c58\">Starbucks<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">One of most enthusiastic users of social media marketing is Starbucks. Let\u2019s look at a few of their promotions: a discount for \u201cFoursquare\u201d mayors and free coffee on Tax Day via Twitter\u2019s promoted tweets and a free pastry day promoted through Twitter and Facebook.[footnote]Sniderman, Z. (2010, September 14). <em>5 Winning Social Media Campaigns to Learn From<\/em>. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/09\/14\/social-media-campaigns\/#R7bMibHpKaq7[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"c62\"><span class=\"c61 c39 c60\">Discount for \u201cFoursquare\u201d Mayors of Starbucks<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"c3\">This promotion was a joint effort of Foursquare and Starbucks. Foursquare is a mobile social network, and in addition to the handy \u201cfriend finder\u201d feature, you can use it to find new and interesting places around your neighborhood to do whatever you and your friends like to do. It even rewards you for doing business with sponsor companies, such as Starbucks. The individual with the most \u201ccheck ins\u201d at a particular Starbucks holds the title of mayor. For a period of time, the mayor of each store got $1 off a Frappuccino. Those who used Foursquare were particularly excited about the Starbucks nationwide mayor rewards program because it brought attention to the marketing possibilities of the location-sharing app.[footnote]Grove, J. V. (2010, May 17). <em>Mayors of Starbucks Now Get Discounts Nationwide with Foursquare<\/em>. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/05\/17\/starbucks-foursquare-mayor-specials\/#1E9sN9cxPiqk[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"c62\"><span class=\"c39 c60 c61\">Free Coffee on Tax Day (via Twitter\u2019s Promoted Tweets)<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"c3\">Starbucks was not the only company to give away freebies on the United States's Tax Day, April 15, 2010.[footnote]Grove, J. V. (2010, April 15). <em>Celebrate Tax Day with Free Stuff<\/em>. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/04\/15\/tax-day-2010-freebies\/#bkRuURIJKmq2[\/footnote] But it was the only company to spread the message of their giveaway on the then-new Twitter\u2019s Promoted Tweets platform (which went into operation on April 13, 2010). Promoted Tweets are Twitter\u2019s means of making money by selling sponsored links to companies.[footnote]Efrati, A. (2011, July 28). <em>How Twitter\u2019s Ads Work<\/em>. WSJ. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/BL-DGB-22873[\/footnote] Keeping with Twitter\u2019s 140 characters per tweet rule, the Starbucks Promoted Tweet read, \u201cOn 4\/15 bring a reusable tumbler and we'll fill it with brewed coffee for free. Let's all switch from paper cups\u201d. The tweet also linked to a page that detailed Starbucks\u2019s environmental initiatives.[footnote]Dilworth, D. (2010, April 20). <em>Twitter kicks off Promoted Tweets<\/em>. DMNews. https:\/\/www.dmnews.com\/twitter-kicks-off-promoted-tweets\/[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"c62\"><span class=\"c61 c39 c60\">Free Pastry Day (Promoted through Twitter and Facebook)<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">Starbucks\u2019s \u201cfree pastry day\u201d was promoted on Facebook and Twitter.[footnote]Bustillos, P. (2009, July 21). <em>Starbucks Free Pastry Day<\/em>. Facebook. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/patsy.bustillos\/posts\/103702604431[\/footnote] As the word spread from person to person in digital form, the wave of social media activity drove more than a million people to Starbucks stores around the country in search of free food.[footnote]Grove, J. V. (2010, June 8). Starbucks Used Social Media to Get One Million to Stores in One Day. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/06\/08\/starbucks-mashable-summit\/#bkRuURIJKmq2[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">As word of the freebie offering spread, Starbucks became the star of Twitter, with about 1 percent of total tweets commenting on the brand. That\u2019s almost ten times the number of mentions on an average day. It performed equally well on Facebook\u2019s event page where almost 600,000 people joined their friends and signed up as \u201cattendees\u201d.[footnote]Ostrow, A. (2009, July 21). <em>Starbucks Free Pastry Day: A Social Media Triple Shot<\/em>. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2009\/07\/21\/starbucks-free-pastry-day\/#DytKqtxcPqqp[\/footnote] This is not surprising given that Starbucks is the most popular brand on Facebook and has over 36 million \u201clikes\u201d in 2016.[footnote]Starbucks (2016). <em>Starbucks<\/em>. Facebook. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Starbucks\/[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">How did Starbucks achieve this notoriety on Facebook? According to social media marketing experts, Starbucks earned this notoriety by making social media a central part of its marketing mix, distributing special offers, discounts, and coupons to Facebook users and placing ads on Facebook to drive traffic to its page. As explained by the CEO of Buddy Media, which oversees the brand\u2019s social media efforts, \u201cStarbucks has provided Facebook users a reason to become a fan\u201d.[footnote]Walsh, M. (2010, July 14). <em>Starbucks Tops 10 Million Facebook Fans<\/em>. Media Post. http:\/\/www.mediapost.com\/publications\/article\/132008\/[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Digital Marketing Challenges<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">The main challenge of digital marketing and in articular social media marketing is that it can be very time consuming. It takes determination and resources to succeed. Small companies often lack the staff to initiate and manage social media marketing campaigns.[footnote]Ward, S. (2020, September 21). <em>What is Social Media Marketing<\/em>. LiveAbout. http:\/\/sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/socialmedia\/g\/socmedmarketing.htm[\/footnote] Even large companies can find the management of media marketing initiates challenging. A recent study of 1,700 chief marketing officers indicates that many are overwhelmed by the sheer volume of customer data available on social sites, such as Facebook and Twitter.[footnote]Prodhan, G. (2011). <em>Marketers struggle to harness social media \u2013 survey<\/em>. Reuters. http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/socialmedia-ibm-idUSL5E7LA3JO20111011[\/footnote] This is not surprising given that in 2017, Facebook had more than 2.1 billion active users[footnote]Statista (2016). <em>Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide<\/em>. http:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/264810\/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide\/[\/footnote] and five hundred million tweets are sent each day.[footnote]Internet Live Stats (2016). <em>Twitter Usage Statistics<\/em>. http:\/\/www.internetlivestats.com\/twitter-statistics\/[\/footnote] The marketing officers recognize the potential value of this data but are not always capable of using it. A chief marketing officer in the survey described the situation as follows: \u201cThe perfect solution is to serve each consumer individually. The problem? There are 7 billion of them\u201d.[footnote]Prodhan, G. (2011). <em>Marketers struggle to harness social media \u2013 survey<\/em>. Reuters. http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/socialmedia-ibm-idUSL5E7LA3JO20111011[\/footnote] <span class=\"c1\">In spite of these limitations, 82 percent of those surveyed plan to increase their use of social media marketing over the next 3 to 5 years. To understand what real-time information is telling them, companies will use analytics software, which is capable of analyzing unstructured data. This software is being developed by technology companies, such as IBM, and advertising agencies.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c14\">The bottom line: it is clear that marketing, and particularly advertising, has changed forever. As Simon Pestridge, Nike\u2019s global director of marketing for Greater China, said about Nike\u2019s marketing strategy, \u201cWe don\u2019t do advertising any more. Advertising is all about achieving awareness, and we no longer need awareness. We need to become part of people\u2019s lives, and digital allows us to do that\".[footnote]Ronnestam, J. (n.d.). <em>Simon Pestridge from Nike makes future advertising sound simple<\/em>. Ronnestam. http:\/\/www.ronnestam.com\/simon-pestridge-from-nike-make-future-advertising-sound-simple\/[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1 class=\"c77\"><span class=\"c13 c10\">A New Marketing Model<\/span><\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"c14 c32\">The 4Ps have served marketers well for generations, but new innovations can disrupt even the most tried-and-true ways of doing business. A new framework is taking hold in marketing \u2014 the <span class=\"c10\">SAVE<\/span> method. SAVE is an acronym that stands for Solution, Access, Value and Education. The framework was developed by Richard Ettenson, Eduardo Conrado, and Jonathan Knowles, and was first published in Harvard Business Review in 2013.[footnote]Ettenson, R., Conrado, E., &amp; Knowles, J. (2013). Rethinking the 4 P\u2019s. <em>Harvard business review, 91<\/em>(1), 26-27.[\/footnote] <span class=\"c1\">The authors advocate replacing the 4Ps with SAVE as companies define their offerings. The essence of the SAVE framework is as follows:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">[h5p id=\"36\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_117\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"624\"]<img class=\"wp-image-117\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/SAVE-model-1024x924.png\" alt=\"Visual representation of the information on the SAVE model above.\" width=\"624\" height=\"563\" \/> Chart 14.3 SAVE model. S.A.V.E framework brings customer needs to the forefront, fostering deeper, trust-based relationships essential in B2B.[\/caption]\r\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">The SAVE framework appears to be gaining traction, and it may eventually replace Marketing's 4Ps altogether.\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h1>Comprehensive Check<\/h1>\r\n<ol id=\"fs-idm339628048\">\r\n \t<li>What is meant by the marketing mix?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What are the components of the marketing mix?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How can marketing techniques help not-for-profit organizations?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/h1>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nImportant terms and concepts:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Marketing is a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for improving customer relationships.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A target market is a specific group of consumers who are particularly interested in a product, would have access to it, and are able to buy it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Target markets are identified through market segmentation \u2014 finding specific subsets of the overall market that have common characteristics that influence buying decisions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Markets can be segmented on a number of variables including demographics, geographics, behaviour, and psychographics (or lifestyle variables).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Developing and implementing a marketing program involves a combination of tools called the marketing mix: product, price, place, and promotion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Before settling on a marketing strategy, marketers often do marketing research to collect and analyze relevant data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Methods for collecting primary data include surveys, personal interviews, and focus groups.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>To protect a brand name, companies register trademarks.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There are three major branding strategies:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>With private branding, the maker sells a product to a retailer who resells it under its own name.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Under generic branding, a no-brand product contains no identification except for a description of the contents.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using manufacturer branding, a company sells products under its own brand names.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When consumers have a favorable experience with a product, it builds brand equity.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>If consumers are loyal to it over time, it enjoys brand loyalty.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Retailers are intermediaries that sell to the end consumer. Types of retailers include category killers, convenience stores, department stores, discount stores, specialty stores, supermarkets, and warehouse club stores.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The promotion mix includes all the tools for telling people about a product and persuading potential customers to buy it. It can include advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>By the end of the chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>define the terms marketing, marketing concept, and marketing strategy;<\/li>\n<li>outline the tasks involved in selecting a target market;<\/li>\n<li>identify the four P&#8217;s of the marketing mix;<\/li>\n<li>explain how to conduct marketing research;<\/li>\n<li>discuss various branding strategies and explain the benefits of packaging and labelling;<\/li>\n<li>describe the elements of the promotion mix;<\/li>\n<li>explain how companies manage customer relationships;<\/li>\n<li>identify the advantages and disadvantages of social media marketing; and<\/li>\n<li>explain <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_118_456\">key terms<\/a> in the chapter.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-28 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/1E-ShowWhatYouKnow-1-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/1E-ShowWhatYouKnow-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/1E-ShowWhatYouKnow-1-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/1E-ShowWhatYouKnow-1-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/1E-ShowWhatYouKnow-1.png 294w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u00a0Show What You Know<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n<div id=\"h5p-32\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-32\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"32\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Show (Marketing)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"page-break-before\"><\/div>\n<h1>A Robot with Attitude<\/h1>\n<figure id=\"attachment_105\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-105\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-105 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image31-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"35-45 year old man in a Tilley hat standing by a wall and holding his robot creation (approximately 14 inches tall)\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image31-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image31-768x1023.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image31-65x87.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image31-350x466.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image31.jpg 902w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-105\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.1 M. Tilden and his creation, Robosapien. Source Wikipedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c14\">Mark Tilden used to build robots for NASA that ended up being destroyed on Mars, but after seven years of watching the results of his work meet violent ends thirty-six million miles from home, he decided to specialize in robots for earthlings. He left the space world for the toy world and teamed up with Wow Wee Toys Ltd. to create \u201cRobosapien,\u201d an intelligent robot with an attitude.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"WowWee Toys (n.d.) Robosapien: A Fusion of Technology and Personality. http:\/\/wowwee.com\/robosapien-x\" id=\"return-footnote-118-1\" href=\"#footnote-118-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> <span class=\"c1\">The fourteen-inch-tall robot, which is operated by remote control, has great moves. In addition to walking forward, backward, and turning, he dances, raps, and gives karate chops. He can pick up small objects and even fling them across the room, and he does everything while grunting, belching, and emitting other \u201cbodily\u201d sounds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c3\">Robosapien gave Wow Wee Toys a good head start in the toy robot market; in the first five months, more than 1.5 million Robosapiens were sold.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Taylor, M. (2004). Innovative toy packs a punch. South China Morning Post. http:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/478240\/innovative-toy-packs-punch\" id=\"return-footnote-118-2\" href=\"#footnote-118-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> The company expanded the line to more than a dozen robotics and other interactive toys, including FlyTech Bladestar, a revolutionary indoor flying machine that won a Popular Mechanics magazine Editor\u2019s Choice Award in 2008).<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"WowWee Toys (n.d.). Our Story. http:\/\/wowwee.com\/about\/company-history\" id=\"return-footnote-118-3\" href=\"#footnote-118-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">What does Robosapien have to do with marketing? The answer is fairly simple: though Mark Tilden is an accomplished inventor who has created a clever product, Robosapien wouldn\u2019t be going anywhere without the marketing expertise of Wow Wee. In this chapter, we\u2019ll look at the ways in which marketing converts product ideas like Robosapien into commercial success.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"c3\">What Is Marketing?<\/h1>\n<p class=\"c3\">When you consider the functional areas of business: accounting, finance, management, <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_118_500\">marketing<\/a>, and operations \u2014 marketing is the one you probably know the most about. After all, as a consumer and target of all sorts of advertising messages, you\u2019ve been on the receiving end of marketing initiatives for most of your life. What you probably do not appreciate, however, is the extent to which marketing focuses on providing value to the customer. According to the American Marketing Association, \u201cMarketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"American Marketing Association (2013). Definitions of Marketing. https:\/\/www.ama.org\/AboutAMA\/Pages\/Definition-of-Marketing.aspx\" id=\"return-footnote-118-4\" href=\"#footnote-118-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">In other words, marketing is not just advertising and selling. It includes everything that organizations do to satisfy customer needs:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_5-0 start\">\n<li class=\"c7 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">coming up with a product and defining its features and benefits;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">setting its price;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">identifying its target market;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">making potential customers aware of it;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">getting people to buy it;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7 c48\">delivering it to people who buy it; and<\/li>\n<li class=\"c22 c48\"><span class=\"c1\">managing relationships with customers after it has been delivered.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">Think about a typical business \u2014 a local movie theater, for example. It is easy to see how the person who decides what movies to show is involved in marketing; he or she selects the product to be sold. It\u2019s even easier to see how the person who puts ads in the newspaper works in marketing; he or she is in charge of advertising \u2014 making people aware of the product and getting them to buy it. What about the ticket seller and the person behind the counter who gets the popcorn and soda or the projectionist? Are they marketing the business? Absolutely. The purpose of every job in the theater is satisfying customer needs, and as we\u2019ve seen, identifying and satisfying customer needs is what marketing is all about. Marketing is a team effort involving everyone in the organization.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c3\">If everyone is responsible for marketing, can the average organization do without an official marketing department? Not necessarily. Most organizations have marketing departments in which individuals are actively involved in some marketing-related activity: product design and development, pricing, promotion, sales, and distribution. As specialists in identifying and satisfying customer needs, members of the<span class=\"c10\">\u00a0marketing department<\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u00a0manage, plan, organize, lead, and control the organization\u2019s overall marketing efforts.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c6 c76 c53 c81\">The Marketing Concept<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">The following flowchart is designed to remind you that to achieve company profitability goals, you need to start with three things:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Find out what customers or potential customers need.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">2.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Develop products to meet those needs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c17 c48\">3.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Engage the entire organization in efforts to satisfy customers<span class=\"c1\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_106\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-106\" style=\"width: 712px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-106\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image7-1024x424.png\" alt=\"Images representing the marketing concept process sequence with customer as central. First, the customer service conversations taking place; second the ideas these conversations spark that might better serve your customers; third meeting with stakeholders to actually implement these ideas and last, the positive impact this has on a company\u2019s profit margin.\" width=\"712\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image7-1024x424.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image7-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image7-768x318.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image7-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image7-225x93.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image7-350x145.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image7.png 1120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 712px) 100vw, 712px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-106\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chart 14.1 The Marketing Concept Leads to Company Profit. Source: The Noun project.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c14\">At the same time, you need to achieve organizational goals, such as profitability and growth. This basic philosophy \u2014 satisfying customer needs while meeting organizational goals \u2014 is called the <span class=\"c10\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_118_1330\">marketing concept<\/a><\/span><span class=\"c1\">, and when it\u2019s effectively applied, it guides all of an organization\u2019s marketing activities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">The marketing concept puts the customer first; as your most important goal, satisfying the customer must be the goal of everyone in the organization. But this doesn\u2019t mean that you ignore the bottom line; if you want to survive and grow, you need to make some profit. What you\u2019re looking for is the proper balance between the commitments to customer satisfaction and company survival. Consider the case of <span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/www.medtronic.com\/ca-en\/index.html&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928342000\">Medtronic<\/a><\/span>, a manufacturer of medical devices, such as pacemakers and defibrillators. The company boasts more than 50 percent of the market in cardiac devices and is considered the industry standard setter.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Funding Universe (n.d.). Medtronic Inc. History. http:\/\/www.fundinguniverse.com\/company-histories\/medtronic-inc-history\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-5\" href=\"#footnote-118-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a> Everyone in the organization understands that defects are intolerable in products that are designed to keep people alive. Thus, committing employees to the goal of zero defects is vital to both Medtronic\u2019s customer base and its bottom line. \u201cA single quality issue,\u201d explains CEO Arthur D. Collins Jr., \u201ccan deep-six a business&#8221;.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Arndt, M. (2004). High Tech \u2014 and Handcrafted. Bloomberg. http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2004-07-04\/high-tech-and-handcrafted\" id=\"return-footnote-118-6\" href=\"#footnote-118-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Putting the customer first is a strategy which involves relationship marketing, which entails forging long-term relationships with customers, and can lead to repeat sales, reduced costs, and stable relationships.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Selecting a Target Market<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"c14\">Businesses earn profits by selling goods or providing services. It would be nice if everybody in the marketplace was interested in your product, but if you tried to sell it to everybody, you\u2019d probably spread your resources too thin. You need to identify a specific group of consumers who should be particularly interested in your product, who would have access to it, and who have the means to buy it. This group represents your <span class=\"c10\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_118_809\">target market<\/a><\/span><span class=\"c1\">, and you need to aim your marketing efforts at its members.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Identifying Your Market<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">How do marketers identify target markets? First, they usually identify the overall market for their product \u2014 the individuals or organizations that need a product and are able to buy it. This market can include either or both of two groups:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_6-0 start\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">a <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">consumer market <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 buyers who want the product for personal use; and<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c22\"><span class=\"c1\">an <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">industrial market <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 buyers who want the product for use in making other products.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">You might focus on only one market or both. A farmer, for example, might sell blueberries to individuals on the consumer market, and on the industrial market to bakeries that will use them to make muffins and pies.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Segmenting the Market<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"c14\">The next step in identifying a target market is to divide the entire market into smaller portions, or <span class=\"c10\">market segments <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 groups of potential customers with common characteristics that influence their buying decisions. You can use a number of characteristics to narrow a market. Let us look at some of the most useful categories in <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_118_810\">market segmentation<\/a> in detail.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n<div id=\"h5p-34\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-34\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"34\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Geographical segmentation\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Clustering Segments<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"c14\">Typically, marketers determine target markets by combining, or \u201c<span class=\"c10\">clustering<\/span><span class=\"c1\">,\u201d segmenting criteria. What characteristics does Starbucks look for in marketing its products? Three demographic variables come to mind: age, geography, and income. Buyers are likely to be males and females ranging in age from about twenty-five to forty (although college students, aged eighteen to twenty-four, are moving up in importance). Geography is a factor as customers tend to live or work in cities or upscale suburban areas. Those with relatively high incomes are willing to pay a premium for Starbucks specialty coffee, so income \u2014 a socioeconomic factor \u2014 is also important.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"c86\"><span class=\"c13 c10\">The Marketing Mix<\/span><\/h1>\n<p class=\"c14\">After identifying a target market, your next step is developing and implementing a marketing program designed to reach it. As the graphic below shows, this program involves a combination of tools called the <span class=\"c10\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_118_812\">marketing mix<\/a><\/span>, often referred to as the 4<span class=\"c10\">Ps<\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u00a0of marketing:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_7-0 start\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">developing a <\/span><strong><span class=\"c21 c10\">product<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"c1\"> that meets the needs of the target market;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">setting a <\/span><strong><span class=\"c21 c10\">price<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"c1\"> for the product;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">distributing the product \u2014 getting it to a <\/span><strong><span class=\"c21 c10\">place<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"c1\"> where customers can buy it; and<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c22\"><strong><span class=\"c21 c10\">promoting<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"c1\"> the product \u2014 informing potential buyers about it.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_107\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-107\" style=\"width: 679px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-107\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/2-PuzzlePieces-Chart-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"Four brightly coloured puzzle pieces coming together to form a square. Each piece has one of the four Ps of the marketing mix: Place, Promotion, Price, and Product.\" width=\"679\" height=\"679\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/2-PuzzlePieces-Chart-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/2-PuzzlePieces-Chart-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/2-PuzzlePieces-Chart-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/2-PuzzlePieces-Chart-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/2-PuzzlePieces-Chart-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/2-PuzzlePieces-Chart-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/2-PuzzlePieces-Chart-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/2-PuzzlePieces-Chart.png 1159w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 679px) 100vw, 679px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-107\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chart 14.2 The Marketing Mix<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In recent years, with the explosive use of technology, it is recommended that the 7Ps of the marketing mix should be considered when reviewing competitive strategies. The 7Ps helps companies to review and define key issues that affect the marketing of its products and services and is often referred to as the 7Ps framework for the digital marketing mix. The 7Ps is made up of the original 4Ps plus: People, Process and Physical Evidence.<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"c77\"><span class=\"c10 c13\">Developing a Product<\/span><\/h1>\n<p class=\"c14\">The development of Robosapien was a bit unusual for a company that was already active in its market.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Information in this section was obtained through an interview with the director of marketing at Wow Wee Toys Ltd. conducted on July 15, 2004.\" id=\"return-footnote-118-7\" href=\"#footnote-118-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a> <span class=\"c1\">Generally, product ideas come from people within the company who understand its customers\u2019 needs. Internal engineers are then challenged to design the product. In the case of Robosapien, the creator, Mark Tilden, had conceived and designed the product before joining Wow Wee Toys. The company gave him the opportunity to develop the product for commercial purposes, and Tilden was brought on board to oversee the development of Robosapien into a product that satisfied Wow Wee\u2019s commercial needs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Robosapien is not a \u201ckid\u2019s toy,\u201d though kids certainly love its playful personality. It\u2019s a home-entertainment product that appeals to a broad audience:: children, young adults, older adults, and even the elderly. It\u2019s a big gift item, and it has developed a following of techies and hackers who take it apart, tinker with it, and even retrofit it with such features as cameras and ice skates. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c5 c40\">Conducting Marketing Research<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Before settling on a strategy for Robosapien, the marketers at Wow Wee did some homework. First, to zero in on their target market, they had to find out what various people thought of the product. More precisely, they needed answers to questions like the following:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_11-0 start\">\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">Who are our potential customers? <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">What do they like about Robosapien? What would they change?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">How much are they willing to pay for it?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">Where will they expect to buy it?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">How can we distinguish it from competing products?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c22\"><span class=\"c1\">Will enough people buy Robosapien to return a reasonable profit for the company?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"c3\">The last question would be left up to Wow Wee management, but, given the size of the investment needed to bring Robosapien to market, Wow Wee couldn\u2019t afford to make the wrong decision. Ultimately, the company was able to make an informed decision because its marketing team provided answers to key questions through <span class=\"c10\">marketing research <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 the process of collecting and analyzing the data that are relevant to a specific marketing situation. This data had to be collected in a systematic way. Market research seeks two types of data:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_13-0 start\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">Marketers generally begin by looking at <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">secondary data <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 information already collected, whether by the company or by others, that pertains to the target market.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c22\"><span class=\"c1\">With secondary data in hand, they\u2019re prepared to collect <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">primary data <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 newly collected information that addresses specific questions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"c14\">Secondary data can come from inside or outside the organization. Internally available data includes sales reports and other information on customers. External data can come from a number of sources. <span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928353000\">Statistics Canada<\/a><\/span><span class=\"c1\">, for example, posts demographic information on Canadian households (such as age, income, education, and number of members), both for the country as a whole and for specific geographic areas. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Population data from U.S. Census Bureau (the American equivalent to Statistics Canada), helped Wow Wee estimate the size of its potential U.S. target market. Other secondary data helped the firm assess the size of foreign markets in regions around the world, such as Europe, the Middle East, Latin America, Asia, and the Pacific Rim. This data helped position the company to sell Robosapien in eighty-five countries, including Canada, England, France, Germany, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Japan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Using secondary data that is already available (and free) is a lot easier than collecting your own information. Unfortunately, however, secondary data didn\u2019t answer all the questions that Wow Wee was asking in this particular situation. To get these answers, the marketing team had to conduct primary research, working directly with members of their target market. First they had to decide exactly what they needed to know, then determine whom to ask and what methods would be most effective in gathering the information. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">We know what they wanted to know \u2014 we\u2019ve already listed example questions. As for whom to talk to, they randomly selected representatives from their target market. There is a variety of tools for collecting information from these people, each of which has its advantages and disadvantages. To understand the marketing-research process fully, we need to describe the most common of these tools:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_16-1 start\">\n<li class=\"c42\"><span class=\"c21 c10\">Surveys<\/span><span class=\"c1\">. Sometimes marketers mail questionnaires to members of the target market. The process is time-consuming and the response rate generally low. Online surveys are easier to answer and so get better response rates than other approaches.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c42\"><span class=\"c21 c10\">Personal interviews<\/span><span class=\"c1\">. Though time-consuming, personal interviews not only let you talk with real people but also let you demonstrate the product. You can also clarify answers and ask open-ended questions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c27\"><span class=\"c21 c10\">Focus groups<\/span><span class=\"c1\">. With a focus group, you can bring together a group of individuals (perhaps six to ten) and ask them questions. A trained moderator can explain the purpose of the group and lead the discussion. If sessions are run effectively, you can come away with valuable information about customer responses to both your product and your marketing strategy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Wow Wee used focus groups and personal interviews because both approaches had the advantage of allowing people to interact with Robosapien. In particular, focus group sessions provided valuable opinions about the product, proposed pricing, distribution methods, and promotion strategies. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_108\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-108\" style=\"width: 221px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/jr4V2K\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image13-221x300.jpg\" alt=\"Bag of Ketchup-flavoured Doritos chips\" width=\"221\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image13-221x300.jpg 221w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image13-65x88.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image13-225x305.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image13-350x475.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image13.jpg 472w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 221px) 100vw, 221px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-108\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.2 &#8220;Limited Time Only&#8221; Ketchup Doritos (Canada) | the impulsivebuy | flickr CC-BY 2.0 license<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c3\">Researching your target market is necessary before you launch a new product, but the benefits of marketing research don\u2019t extend merely to brand-new products. Companies also use it when they\u2019re deciding whether or not to refine an existing product or develop a new marketing strategy for an existing product. PepsiCo Canada, for example, relaunched the Doritos Ketchup chip in 2014 as a limited-time-only retro flavour and it was a tremendous success. Because of this positive customer feedback, instead of looking for a new chip flavour the following year, they announced that they would continue the ketchup version, accompanied it with a \u2018hold on to your phone\u2019 contest and app that awarded winners with a year&#8217;s supply of the chips, as well as the limited availability of a dozen \u2018ketchup roses\u2019 during Valentine\u2019s season.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Horn, J. (2017, January 12). Marketers of the Year: Christine Kalvenes snacks on a new market. Strategy. https:\/\/strategyonline.ca\/2017\/01\/10\/marketers-of-the-year-christine-kalvenes-snacks-on-a-new-market\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-8\" href=\"#footnote-118-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Branding<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"c14\">Armed with positive feedback from their research efforts, the Wow Wee team was ready for the next step: informing buyers \u2014 both consumers and retailers \u2014 about their product. They needed a <span class=\"c10\">brand <\/span>\u2014 some word, letter, sound, or symbol that would differentiate their product from similar products on the market. They chose the brand name Robosapien, hoping that people would get the connection between homo sapiens (the human species) and Robosapien (the company\u2019s coinage for its new robot \u201cspecies\u201d). To prevent other companies from coming out with their own \u201cRobosapiens,\u201d they took out a <span class=\"c10\">trademark<\/span>: a symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product. Trademarking requires registering the name with the <span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/www.ic.gc.ca\/eic\/site\/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf\/eng\/h_wr00002.html&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928356000\">Canadian Intellectual Property Office<\/a><\/span><span class=\"c1\">. Though this approach \u2014 giving a unique brand name to a particular product \u2014 is a bit unusual, it isn\u2019t unprecedented. Kraft Foods, for example, established a separate brand for Nabob Coffee, and Labatt Brewing Company sells beer under the brand name Alexander Keith\u2019s. Note, however, that the more common approach, which is taken by such companies as Dare Foods, McCain Foods and lululemon Athletica, calls for marketing all the products made by a company under the company\u2019s brand name.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Branding Strategies<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Companies can adopt one of three major strategies for <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_118_815\">branding<\/a> a product:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_17-0 start\" start=\"1\">\n<li class=\"c42\"><span class=\"c1\">With <\/span><span class=\"c10 c21\">private branding<\/span><span class=\"c1\"> (or private labelling), a company makes a product and sells it to a retailer who in turn resells it under its own name. A soft-drink maker, for example, might make cola for Walmart to sell as its <\/span>Great Value <span class=\"c1\">Cola.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c42\"><span class=\"c1\">With <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">generic branding<\/span><span class=\"c1\">, the maker attaches no branding information to a product except a description of its contents. Customers are often given a choice between a brand-name prescription drug or a cheaper generic drug with the same formula.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c70\"><span class=\"c1\">With <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">manufacturer branding<\/span><span class=\"c1\">, a company sells one or more products under its own brand names. Adopting a multi-product branding approach, it sells all its products under one brand name (generally the company name). Using a <\/span><span class=\"c21 c10\">multi-branding<\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u00a0approach, it will assign different brand names to different products covering different segments of the market. Automakers generally use multi-branding. For example, the Volkswagen group of brands also includes Audi, Bentley, and even Lamborghini.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_130\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-130\" style=\"width: 750px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/bBRLcy\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-130\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image24.jpg\" alt=\"Complicated graphic with mega-corporations Kraft, Coca Cola, Nestle, PepsiCO, Proctor and Gamble, General Mills, Kellogs, Johnson and Johnson, Mars and Unilever at the centre. Branching out from those are the hundreds of products these companies own, market or distribute.\" width=\"750\" height=\"471\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-130\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.3 Brands by B. Jordan | flickr licensed CC BY<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c14\">Branding is used in hotels to allow chains (Marriott, Hyatt, Hilton) to offer hotel brands that meet various customers\u2019 travel needs while still maintaining their loyalty to the chain. The same customer who would choose an extended-stay hotel with a full kitchen when on a long term assignment might stay at a convention hotel when attending a trade show and then stay in a resort property when traveling with their family. By segmenting different types of hotel locations, amenities, room sizes and d\u00e9cor, hotel chains can meet the needs of a wide variety of travelers. In the past decade \u201csoft\u201d branding has become common to allow unique hotels to take advantage of being part of a chain reservation system and loyalty program. For example, Marriott has over 100 affiliated independent hotels in its Autograph Collection.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Marriott. (2022, November 15). Autograph Collection Hotels | Premium Marriott Hotels. Autograph Hotels. https:\/\/autograph-hotels.marriott.com\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-9\" href=\"#footnote-118-9\" aria-label=\"Footnote 9\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<caption>Table 14.1 Major Hotel Chains and Their Hotels<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Type of Hotel<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Marriott<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Hilton<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"col\">Hyatt<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"row\">Luxury<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Ritz Carltonm JW Marriott<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Waldorf Astoria, Conrad<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Park Hyatt, Andaz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"row\">Independent<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Autograph Collection<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Curio Collection<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Unbound Collection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"row\">Full service<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Marriot, Renaissance, Gaylord<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Hilton, Canopy, Doubletree<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Hyatt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"row\">Select service<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Courtyard by Marriott, AC Hotels<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Hilton Garden Inn, Hampton Inn<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Hyatt Place<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 25%\" scope=\"row\">Extended stay<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Residence Inn<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Homewood Suites<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%\">Hyatt House<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Loyalty programs are heavily used in the hospitality industry, especially airlines and hotels, as part of their Customer Relationship Management programs. Some example of popular Canadian Loyalty programs include Air Miles, Canadian Tire Rewards, Aeroplan, HBC Rewards and PC Optimum. Airline loyalty programs such as Air Canada Loyalty are often targeted to high value business travelers with less price sensitivity. They achieve loyalty status and perks while traveling as well as earning points to use for personal travel rewards. Once a loyalty program member obtains elite status with significant associated perks such as guaranteed room availability, airport club lounge access, etc., that customer is much less likely to use other brands. \u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Building Brand Equity<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"c14\">Wow Wee went with the multi-branding approach, deciding to market Robosapien under the robot\u2019s own brand name. Was this a good choice? The answer would depend, at least in part, on how well the product sells. Another consideration is the impact on Wow Wee\u2019s other brands. If Robosapien fared poorly, its failure would not reflect badly on Wow Wee\u2019s other products. On the other hand, if customers liked Robosapien, they would have no reason to associate it with other Wow Wee products. In this case, Wow Wee wouldn\u2019t gain much from its <span class=\"c10\">brand equity <\/span>\u2014 any added value generated by favorable consumer experiences with Robosapien. To get a better idea of how valuable brand equity is, think for a moment about the effect of the name Dell on a product. When you have a positive experience with a Dell product \u2014 say, a laptop or a printer \u2014 you come away with a positive opinion of the entire Dell product line and will probably buy more Dell products. Over time, you may even develop brand loyalty; you may prefer \u2014 or even insist on \u2014 Dell products. Not surprisingly, brand loyalty can be extremely valuable to a company. Because of customer loyalty, Apple\u2019s brand tops <span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/interbrand.com\/best-brands\/best-global-brands\/2017\/ranking\/%23?listFormat%3Dls&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928360000\">Interbrand\u2019s <\/a><\/span><span class=\"c37 c53\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/interbrand.com\/best-brands\/best-global-brands\/2017\/ranking\/%23?listFormat%3Dls&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928360000\">Best Global Brands<\/a><\/span><span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/interbrand.com\/best-brands\/best-global-brands\/2017\/ranking\/%23?listFormat%3Dls&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928361000\">\u00a02017 ranking<\/a><\/span> with a value of over $184 billion. Google\u2019s brand is valued at $142 billion, Microsoft is estimated at $80 billion and Coca-Cola and Amazon round out the top five, with brands valued at $70 and $65 billion respectively.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Interbrand. (n.d.). Best Global Brands | 2017. Ranking the Brands. https:\/\/www.rankingthebrands.com\/The-Brand-Rankings.aspx?rankingID=37\" id=\"return-footnote-118-10\" href=\"#footnote-118-10\" aria-label=\"Footnote 10\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Packaging and Labelling<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c10\">Packaging<\/span><span class=\"c1\"> can influence a consumer\u2019s decision to buy a product or pass it up. Packaging gives customers a glimpse of the product, and it should be designed to attract their attention, with consideration given to color choice, style of lettering, and many other details. Labelling not only identifies the product but also provides information on the package contents: who made it and where or what risks are associated with it (such as being unsuitable for small children).<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_111\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-111\" style=\"width: 282px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-111 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image12-282x300.jpg\" alt=\"Robosapian for sale in a black box with a clear, curved front. The sides of the box are adorned with images and interesting facts about the robot.\" width=\"282\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image12-282x300.jpg 282w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image12-65x69.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image12-225x239.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image12-350x372.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image12.jpg 376w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 282px) 100vw, 282px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-111\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.4 Robosapian in its package. No known copyright restrictions<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">How has Wow Wee handled the packaging and labelling of Robosapien? The robot is fourteen inches tall, and is also fairly heavy (about seven pounds), and because it\u2019s made out of plastic and has movable parts, it\u2019s breakable. The easiest, and least expensive, way of packaging it would be to put it in a square box of heavy cardboard and pad it with Styrofoam. This arrangement would not only protect the product from damage during shipping but also make the package easy to store. However, it would also eliminate any customer contact with the product inside the box (such as seeing what it looks like). Wow Wee, therefore, packages Robosapien in a container that is curved to his shape and has a clear plastic front that allows people to see the whole robot. Why did Wow Wee go to this much trouble and expense? Like so many makers of so many products, it has to market the product while it\u2019s still in the box.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Meanwhile, the labelling on the package details some of the robot\u2019s attributes. The name is highlighted in big letters above the descriptive tagline \u201cA fusion of technology and personality.\u201d On the sides and back of the package are pictures of the robot in action with such captions as \u201cDynamic Robotics with Attitude\u201d and \u201cAwesome Sounds, Robo-Speech &amp; Lights.\u201d These colorful descriptions are conceived to entice the consumer to make a purchase because its product features will satisfy some need or want.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Packaging can serve many purposes. The Robosapien package attracts attention to the product\u2019s features. For other products, packaging serves a more functional purpose. Kraft Foods packages some of its snacks \u2014 Oreos and Chips Ahoy \u2014 and in \u201c100 Calorie Packs.\u201d The packaging makes life simpler for people who are keeping track of calories.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Place<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">A great deal is involved in getting a product to the place in which it is ultimately sold. If you are a fast food retailer, for example, you\u2019ll want your restaurants to be in high-traffic areas to maximize your potential business. If your business is selling beer, you\u2019ll want it to be offered in bars, restaurants, grocery stores, convenience stores, and even stadiums. Placing a product in each of these locations requires substantial negotiations with the owners of the space, and often the payment of slotting fees, an allowance paid by the manufacturer to secure space on store shelves. Distribution channels are a series of marketing entities through which goods and services pass on their way from producers to end users.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c10\">Retailers<\/span><span class=\"c1\"> are marketing intermediaries that sell products to the eventual consumer. Without retailers, companies would have a much more difficult time selling directly to individual consumers, no doubt at a substantially higher cost. The most common types of retailers are summarized in the Figure below. You will likely recognize many of the examples provided. It is important to note that many retailers do not fit neatly into only one category. For example, Walmart, which began as a discount store, has added groceries to many of its outlets, also placing it in competition with supermarkets.<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\n<caption>Table 14.2 Types of Retailers<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"c25\">\n<th style=\"width: 33.3095%\" scope=\"col\">Type of Retailer<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 33.3095%\" scope=\"col\">Description<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 33.3095%\" scope=\"col\">Examples<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c25\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Category Killer<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">sells a wide variety of products of a particular type, selling at a low price due to their large scale<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Chapters-Indigo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c25\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Convenience Store<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers food, beverages, and other products, typically in individual servings, at a higher price, and geared to fast service<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Circle K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c25\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Department Store<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers a wide assortment of products grouped into different departments (e.g., jewelry, apparel, perfume)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Hudson\u2019s Bay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c25\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Discount Store<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers a range of merchandise organized into departments, but generally seen as lower quality and at a much lower price<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Walmart, Dollarama<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c25\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Specialty Store<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers goods typically confined to a narrow category, with a high level of personal service and higher prices than other retailers<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Local running shops or jewelry stores<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c25\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Supermarket<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers mostly consumer staples such as food and other household items<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Metro, Sobey\u2019s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"c25\">\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Warehouse Club Stores<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">offers a wide variety of products in a warehouse-style setting; sells many products in bulk; usually requires membership fee<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.3095%\">Costco<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h1 class=\"c77\"><span class=\"c13 c10\">Promoting a Product<\/span><\/h1>\n<p class=\"c3\">Your <span class=\"c10\">promotion mix <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 the means by which you communicate with customers \u2014 may include advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity. These are all tools for telling people about your product and persuading potential customers to buy it. Before deciding on an appropriate promotional strategy, you should consider a few questions:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_8-0 start\">\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">What is the main purpose of the promotion?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">What is my target market? <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">Which product features should I emphasize? <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">How much can I afford to invest in a promotion campaign?<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c22\"><span class=\"c1\">How do my competitors promote their products? <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"c14\">To promote a product, you need to imprint a clear image of it in the minds of your target audience. What do you think of, for instance, when you hear \u201cRitz-Carlton\u201d? What about \u201cMotel 6\u201d? They are both hotel chains that have been quite successful in the hospitality industry, but they project very different images to appeal to different clientele bases. The differences are evident in their promotions. The <span class=\"c37\"><a class=\"c15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/www.ritzcarlton.com\/&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1525113928378000\">Ritz-Carlton website<\/a><\/span> describes itself as the \u201cgold standard\u201d and promises that the chain provides \u201cthe finest personal service and facilities throughout the world&#8221;.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"The Ritz-Carlton. (n.d.). Gold Standards. https:\/\/www.ritzcarlton.com\/en\/about\/gold-standards\" id=\"return-footnote-118-11\" href=\"#footnote-118-11\" aria-label=\"Footnote 11\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[11]<\/sup><\/a> Motel 6, by contrast, characterizes its facilities as \u201cno frills \u201d and assures you that you will pay \u201cthe lowest price&#8221;.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"G6 Hospitality (2015). About Us. Motel 6. https:\/\/www.motel6.com\/en\/faq.html\" id=\"return-footnote-118-12\" href=\"#footnote-118-12\" aria-label=\"Footnote 12\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Promotional Tools<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">We will now examine each of the elements that can go into the promotion mix \u2014 advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity. Then we will see how Wow Wee incorporated them into a promotional mix to create a demand for Robosapien.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Advertising<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c10\">Advertising<\/span><span class=\"c1\"> is paid, non-personal communication designed to create an awareness of a product or company. Ads are everywhere \u2014 in print media (such as newspapers, magazines, mailers), on billboards, in broadcast media (radio and TV), and, increasingly, online. It\u2019s hard to <\/span>escape the constant barrage of advertising messages; it\u2019s estimated that the average consumer is confronted by about 5,000 ad messages each day (compared with about 500 ads a day in the 1970s).<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Johnson, C. (2007, February 1). Cutting Through Advertising Clutter. CBS News. https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/cutting-through-advertising-clutter\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-13\" href=\"#footnote-118-13\" aria-label=\"Footnote 13\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[13]<\/sup><\/a> For this very reason, ironically, ads aren\u2019t as effective as they used to be. Because we\u2019ve learned to tune them out, companies now have to come up with innovative ways to get through to potential customers. A New York Times article<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Story, L. (2007, January 15). Anywhere the Eye Can See, It\u2019s Likely to See an Ad. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/01\/15\/business\/media\/15everywhere.html?pagewanted=all\" id=\"return-footnote-118-14\" href=\"#footnote-118-14\" aria-label=\"Footnote 14\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[14]<\/sup><\/a> claims that \u201canywhere the eye can see, it\u2019s likely to see an ad.\u201d Subway cars are plastered with ads for cell phone companies. Restaurant placemats are decorated with ads, and social media feeds are peppered with \u2018suggested products.\u2019<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Sullivan, E. (2022, May 24). Everything You Need To Know About Social Media Product Feeds. Tinuiti. https:\/\/tinuiti.com\/blog\/paid-social\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-social-media-product-feeds\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-15\" href=\"#footnote-118-15\" aria-label=\"Footnote 15\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[15]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Advertising is still the most prevalent form of promotion.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_133\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/98RsdY\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-133 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image21.jpg\" alt=\"Night scene of a busy intersection with sides of skyscrapers all showing different sizes of advertising from a few feet tall to multiple stories.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.5 Downtown Toronto at night | AILAFA | flickr licensed CC BY-NC-SA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c14\">The choice of <span class=\"c10\">advertising media<\/span> depends on your product, target audience, and budget. A travel agency selling spring break getaways to college students might post flyers on campus bulletin boards or run ads in campus newspapers. The co-founders of Sleep Country Canada found radio ads particularly effective, ingraining their catchy jingle, \u201cwhy buy a mattress anywhere else?\u201d into listeners nationwide.<\/p>\n<p>In current times marketers are using extended reality to make consumer experiences much more accessible to a wider audience. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_118_1226\">Extended reality<\/a> (XR) is an umbrella term referring to all real and virtual combined environments and interactions generated by computer technology. It includes augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). Augmented reality is an interactive 3D experience that combines a view of the real world with computer-generated elements, usually overlaid on top of the real world view. Since audiences want dynamic, engaging experiences, marketers need to move beyond static text-based messages and provide more immersive experiences.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast to virtual reality (VR) experiences, AR experiences can offer an immersive experience with little additional hardware required<span class=\"c1\"> \u2014 <\/span>often just a mobile device. This makes these <span style=\"color: #000000\">experiences much more accessible to a wider audience.<\/span> These immersive experiences all require significant upfront investments in time and money. Here is an example of a <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/FzrkpXlRP1M?si=UsV4SDNr4Ub8cVhQ&amp;t=6\">360 VR marketing video of Amsterdam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Personal Selling<\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_113\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-113\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-113 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image26-300x300.png\" alt=\"A 20-30 year old blonde man assisting a 40-50 year old brunette woman in front of a laptop.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image26-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image26-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image26-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image26-225x225.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image26-350x350.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image26.png 614w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-113\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.6 Personal selling at Best Buy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c10\">Personal selling<\/span>\u00a0refers to one-on-one communication with customers or potential customers. This type of interaction is necessary in selling large-ticket items, such as homes, and it\u2019s also effective in situations in which personal attention helps to close a sale, such as sales of cars and insurance policies.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c3\">Many retail stores depend on the expertise and enthusiasm of their salespeople to persuade customers to buy. Home Depot has grown into a home goods giant in large part because it fosters one-on-one interactions between salespeople and customers. The real difference between Home Depot and everyone else isn\u2019t the merchandise; it\u2019s the friendly, easy-to-understand advice that sales people give to novice homeowners, according to one of its co-founders.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Clancy, K. J. (2001). Sleuthing, Not Slashing, for Growth. Across the Board, 38(5). 9.\" id=\"return-footnote-118-16\" href=\"#footnote-118-16\" aria-label=\"Footnote 16\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[16]<\/sup><\/a> Best Buy\u2019s knowledgeable sales associates make them \u201cuniquely positioned to help consumers navigate the increasing complexity of today&#8217;s technological landscape\u201d according to CEO Hubert Joly.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Howland, D. (2016, May 25). Best Buy CEO: Customer service key to battling Amazon. Retail Dive. https:\/\/www.retaildive.com\/news\/best-buy-ceo-customer-service-key-to-battling-amazon\/419812\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-17\" href=\"#footnote-118-17\" aria-label=\"Footnote 17\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Sales Promotion<\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_114\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-114\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-114 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image6-4-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"Four columns and four rows of cereal boxes stacked at the end of a supermarket's aisle with a large &quot;low price&quot; sign across the top.\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image6-4-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image6-4-65x87.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image6-4-350x466.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image6-4.jpg 661w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-114\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.7 Sales promotion at Walmart<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c14\">It\u2019s likely that at some point, you have purchased an item with a coupon or because it was advertised as a buy-one-get-one special. If so, you have responded to a <span class=\"c10\">sales promotion<span class=\"c1\"> \u2014 <\/span><\/span>one of the many ways that sellers provide incentives for customers to buy. Sales promotion activities include not only those mentioned above but also other forms of discounting, sampling, trade shows, in-store displays, and even sweepstakes. Some promotional activities are targeted directly to consumers and are designed to motivate them to purchase now. You\u2019ve probably heard advertisers make statements like \u201climited time only\u201d or \u201cwhile supplies last\u201d. If so, you\u2019ve encountered a sales promotion directed at consumers. Other forms of sales promotion are directed at dealers and intermediaries. Trade shows are one example of a dealer-focused promotion. Mammoth convention centres such as the Enercare Centre in Toronto <span class=\"c1\">host enormous events in which manufacturers can display their new products to retailers and other interested parties. At food shows, for example, potential buyers can sample products that manufacturers hope to launch to the market. Feedback from prospective buyers can even result in changes to new product formulations or decisions not to launch. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Losing money to make money<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A <b>loss leader<\/b> (also <b>leader<\/b>) is a pricing strategy where a product is sold at a price below its market cost to stimulate other sales of more profitable goods or services. With this sales promotion\/marketing strategy, a &#8220;leader&#8221; is used as a related term and can mean any popular article, i.e.,\u00a0one sold at a normal price.<\/p>\n<p>One use of a loss leader is to draw customers into a store where they are likely to buy other goods. The vendor expects that the typical customer will purchase other items at the same time as the loss leader and that the profit made on these items will be such that an overall profit is generated for the vendor.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Loss lead&#8221; describes the concept that an item is offered for sale at a reduced price and is intended to &#8220;lead&#8221; to the subsequent sale of other services or items, the sales of which will be made in greater numbers, or greater profits, or both. The loss leader is offered at a price below its minimum profit margin \u2014 not necessarily below cost. The firm tries to maintain a current analysis of its accounts for both the loss lead and the associated items, so it can monitor how well the scheme is doing, as quickly as possible, thereby never suffering an overall net loss.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">From <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loss_leader\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Publicity and Public Relations<\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_115\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-115\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-115 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image9-300x226.jpg\" alt=\"Side profile picture of a young man wearing Beats headphones\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image9-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image9-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image9-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image9-350x264.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image9.jpg 766w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-115\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.8 Beats headphones by Dr. Dre<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c45\">Free <span class=\"c10\">publicity <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 say, getting your company or your product mentioned or pictured in a newspaper or on TV \u2014 can often generate more customer interest than a costly ad. When Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine were finalizing the development of their Beats headphones, they sent a pair to LeBron James. He liked them so much he asked for 15 more pairs, and they \u201cturned up on the ears of every member of the 2008 U.S. Olympic basketball team when they arrived in <\/span>Shanghai. \u2018Now that&#8217;s marketing,\u2019 says Iovine&#8221;.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Helm, B. (2014). How Dr. Dre\u2019s Headphones Company Became a Billion-Dollar Business. Inc. https:\/\/www.inc.com\/audacious-companies\/burt-helm\/beats.html\" id=\"return-footnote-118-18\" href=\"#footnote-118-18\" aria-label=\"Footnote 18\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[18]<\/sup><\/a> <span class=\"c1\">It wasn\u2019t long before the pricey headphones became a must-have fashion accessory for everyone from celebrities to high school students.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">Consumer perception of a company is often important to a company\u2019s success. Many companies, therefore, manage their public relations in an effort to garner favorable publicity for themselves and their products. When the company does something noteworthy, such as sponsoring a fund-raising event, the public relations department may issue a press release to promote the event. When the company does something negative, such as selling a prescription drug that has unexpected side effects, the public relations department will work to control the damage to the company. Each year the Hay Group and Korn Ferry survey more than a thousand company top executives, directors, and industry leaders in twenty countries to identify companies that have exhibited exceptional integrity or commitment to corporate social responsibility. The rankings are publishes annually as Fortune magazine\u2019s \u201cWorld\u2019s Most Admired Companies\u00ae\u201d.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Korn Ferry. (2022, February 2). FORTUNE World\u2019s Most Admired Companies 2022. https:\/\/www.kornferry.com\/insights\/this-week-in-leadership\/fortune-worlds-most-admired-companies-2022\" id=\"return-footnote-118-19\" href=\"#footnote-118-19\" aria-label=\"Footnote 19\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[19]<\/sup><\/a> Topping the list in 2016 are Apple, Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway, and Starbucks.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Korn Ferry. (2018). World\u2019s Most Admired Companies 2018. https:\/\/www.kornferry.com\/institute\/fortune-worlds-most-admired-companies-2018\" id=\"return-footnote-118-20\" href=\"#footnote-118-20\" aria-label=\"Footnote 20\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Marketing Robosapien<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Now let\u2019s look more closely at the strategy that Wow Wee pursued in marketing Robosapien in the United States. The company\u2019s goal was ambitious: to promote the robot as a must-have item for kids of all ages. As we know, Wow Wee intended to position Robosapien as a home entertainment product, not as a toy. The company rolled out the product at Best Buy, which sells consumer electronics, computers, entertainment software, <\/span><span class=\"c1\">and appliances. As marketers had hoped, the robot caught the attention of consumers shopping for TV sets, DVD players, home and car audio equipment, music, movies, and games. Its $99 price tag was a little lower than the prices of other merchandise, and that fact was an important asset; shoppers were willing to treat Robosapien as an impulse item \u2014 something extra to pick up as a gift or as a special present for children, as long as the price wasn\u2019t too high.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">Meanwhile, Robosapien was also getting lots of free publicity. Stories appeared in newspapers and magazines around the world, including the New York Times, La Presse, the Times of London, Time magazine, and National Parenting magazine. Commentators on CBC News, <span class=\"c1\">The Today Show, The Early Show, CNN, ABC News, and FOX News all covered it. The product received numerous awards, and experts predicted that it would be a hot item for the holidays.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c3\"><span class=\"c1\">At Wow Wee, Marketing Director Amy Weltman (who had already had a big hit with the Rubik\u2019s Cube) developed a New York gala event to showcase the product. From mid- to late August, actors dressed in six-foot robot costumes roamed the streets of Manhattan, while the fourteen-inch version of Robosapien performed in venues ranging from Grand Central Station to city bars. Everything was recorded, and film clips were sent to TV stations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">The stage was set for expansion into other North American stores. Macy\u2019s ran special promotions, floating a twenty-four-foot cold-air robot balloon from its rooftop and lining its windows with armies of Robosapiens. Wow Wee trained salespeople to operate the product so that they could help customers during in-store demonstrations. Other retailers, including Best Buy and Toys \u201cR\u201d Us, carried Robosapien, as did e-retailers such as Amazon.ca<span class=\"c1\">. The product was also rolled out (with the same marketing flair) in Europe and Asia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">When national advertising hit in September, all the pieces of the marketing campaign came together \u2014 publicity, sales promotion, personal selling, and advertising. Wow Wee ramped up production to meet anticipated fourth-quarter demand and waited to see whether Robosapien would live up to commercial expectations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Just For Fun<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n<div id=\"h5p-33\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-33\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"33\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Segmenting (Marketing)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n<div id=\"h5p-35\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-35\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"35\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Which two Robosapien variants were introduced at the London Toy Fair in 2007?\n\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1 class=\"c77\"><span class=\"c13 c10\">Interacting with Customers<\/span><\/h1>\n<h2 class=\"c14 c32\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Customer Relationship Management<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"c14\">Customers are the most important asset that any business has. Without enough good customers, no company can survive. Firms must not only attract new customers but also retain current customers. In fact, repeat customers are more profitable. It\u2019s estimated that it costs as much as five times more to attract and sell to a new customer than to sell to an existing one.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Lawrence, A. (2012). Five Customer Retention Tips for Entrepreneurs. Forbes. http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/alexlawrence\/2012\/11\/01\/five-customer-retention-tips-for-entrepreneurs\/#56de8ec717b0\" id=\"return-footnote-118-21\" href=\"#footnote-118-21\" aria-label=\"Footnote 21\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[21]<\/sup><\/a> <span class=\"c1\">Repeat customers also tend to spend more, and they\u2019re much more likely to recommend you to other people.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">Retaining customers is the purpose of <span class=\"c10\">customer relationship management <\/span><span class=\"c1\">\u2014 a marketing strategy that focuses on using information about current customers to nurture and maintain strong relationships with them. The underlying theory is fairly basic: to keep customers happy, you treat them well, give them what they want, listen to them, reward them with discounts and other loyalty incentives, and deal effectively with their complaints.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">Take Caesars Entertainment Corporation, which operates more than fifty casinos under several brands, including Caesars, Harrah\u2019s, Bally\u2019s, and Horseshoe. Each year, it sponsors the World Series of Poker with a top prize in the millions. Caesars gains some brand recognition when the twenty-two-hour event is televised on ESPN, but the real benefit derives from the information cards filled out by the seven thousand entrants who put up $10,000 each. Data from these cards is fed into Caesars database, and almost immediately every entrant starts getting special attention, including party invitations, free entertainment tickets, and room discounts. The program is all part of Harrah\u2019s strategy for targeting serious gamers and recognizing them as its best customers.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Fitch, S. (2004). Stacking the Deck. Forbes. http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/forbes\/2004\/0705\/132.html\" id=\"return-footnote-118-22\" href=\"#footnote-118-22\" aria-label=\"Footnote 22\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"c3\">Sheraton Hotels uses a softer approach to entice return customers. Sensing that its resorts needed both a new look and a new strategy for attracting repeat customers, Sheraton launched its \u201cYear of the Bed\u201d campaign; in addition to replacing all its old beds with luxurious new mattresses and coverings, it issued a \u201cservice promise guarantee\u201d \u2014 a policy that any guest who\u2019s dissatisfied with his or her Sheraton stay will be compensated. The program also calls for a customer satisfaction survey and discount offers, both designed to keep the hotel chain in touch with its customers.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Hotel News Resource (2004). Sheraton Hotels Lure Travelers with the Promise of a Good Night\u2019s Sleep in New $12 Million Television and Print Ad Campaign. http:\/\/www.hotelnewsresource.com\/article10706.html\" id=\"return-footnote-118-23\" href=\"#footnote-118-23\" aria-label=\"Footnote 23\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">Another advantage of keeping in touch with customers is the opportunity to offer them additional products. Amazon is a master at this strategy. When you make your first purchase at Amazon, you\u2019re also making a lifelong \u201cfriend\u201d \u2014 one who will suggest (based on what you\u2019ve bought before) other things that you might like to buy. Because Amazon continually updates its data on your preferences, the company gets better at making suggestions. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Digital Marketing<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Digital marketing is\u00a0the use of the internet and other digital communication to promote brands and connect with potential customers and it includes <span class=\"c10\">social media marketing, email marketing, web-based advertising, text and multimedia messages, search engine marketing (SEM)\u00a0 and content marketing. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">In the last several years, the popularity of <span class=\"c10\">social media marketing<\/span> has exploded. You already know what social media is: Facebook, X, Instagram <span class=\"c1\">LinkedIn, YouTube, TikTok and any number of other online sites that allow you to network, share your opinions, ideas, photos, etc. Social media marketing is the practice of including social media as part of a company\u2019s marketing program.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">Why do businesses use digital marketing? Before responding, ask yourself these questions: how much time do I spend watching TV? When I watch TV, do I sit through the ads? Do I read newspapers or magazines and flip right past the ads? Now, put yourself in the place of Tammy Sadinsky, global chief marketing officer of Tim Hortons. Does it make sense for her to spend millions of dollars to place an ad for Tim Hortons on TV or in a newspaper or magazine? Or should she instead spend the money on social media marketing initiatives that have a high probability of connecting to the Tim Hortons<span class=\"c1\">\u00a0market?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">For companies like Tim Hortons, the answer is clear. The days of trying to reach customers through ads on TV, in newspapers, or in magazines are over. Most television watchers skip over commercials, and few Tim Hortons customers read newspapers or magazines, and even if they do, they don\u2019t focus on the ads. Social media marketing provides a number of advantages to companies, including enabling them to:<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Godin, S. (1999). Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers into Friends, and Friends into Customers. New York: NY. Simon &amp; Schuster. 40-52.\" id=\"return-footnote-118-24\" href=\"#footnote-118-24\" aria-label=\"Footnote 24\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<ul class=\"c4 lst-kix_list_9-0 start\">\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">create brand awareness;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">connect with customers and potential customers by engaging them in two-way communication;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">build brand loyalty by providing opportunities for a targeted audience to participate in company-sponsored activities, such as contests;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">offer and publicize incentives, such as special discounts or coupons;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">gather feedback and ideas on how to improve products and marketing initiatives;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c7\"><span class=\"c1\">allow customers to interact with each other and spread the word about a company\u2019s products or marketing initiatives; and<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"c22\"><span class=\"c1\">take advantage of low-cost marketing opportunities by being active on free social sites, such as Facebook.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"c14\">To get an idea of the power of social media marketing, think of the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. According to the ALS Association: \u201cthe ALS Ice Bucket Challenge started in the summer of 2014 and became the world\u2019s largest global social media phenomenon. More than 17 million people uploaded their challenge videos to Facebook; these videos were watched by 440 million people a total of 10 billion times\u201d.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"ALS Association. (n.d.). ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Commitments. https:\/\/www.als.org\/IBC\" id=\"return-footnote-118-25\" href=\"#footnote-118-25\" aria-label=\"Footnote 25\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[25]<\/sup><\/a> The ALS Association raised $115 million in six weeks (their usual annual budget was only $20 million).<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"ALS Association. (n.d.). ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Commitments. https:\/\/www.als.org\/IBC\" id=\"return-footnote-118-26\" href=\"#footnote-118-26\" aria-label=\"Footnote 26\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[26]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0To see how companies try to harness this power, let\u2019s look at social media campaigns of two leaders in this field: PepsiCo (Mountain Dew) and Starbucks.<\/p>\n<p>Even our Prime Minister, before he became PM, participated:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Justin Trudeau - D\u00e9fi ALS #icebucketchallenge\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vseqQzEex0A?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c58 c5 c53\">Mountain Dew (PepsiCo)<\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_116\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-116\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-116 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image30-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"The back of two heads - one dyed purple and one dyed teal.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image30-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image30-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image30-65x65.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image30-225x225.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image30-350x350.jpg 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/image30.jpg 509w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-116\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 14.9 Dye Dews. Mountain Dew wiki<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c14\">When PepsiCo announced it wouldn\u2019t show a television commercial during the 2010 Super Bowl game, it came as a surprise (probably a pleasant one to its competitor, Coca-Cola, who had already signed on to show several Super Bowl commercials). What PepsiCo planned to do instead was invest $20 million into social media marketing campaigns. One of PepsiCo\u2019s most successful social media initiatives has been the DEWmocracy campaign, which two years earlier, resulted in the launch of product, Voltage, created by Mountain Dew fans.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Betancourt, L. (2010, January 28). Social Media Marketing: How Pepsi Got It Right. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/01\/28\/social-media-marketing-pepsi\/#PH_2T_7ZKEq7\" id=\"return-footnote-118-27\" href=\"#footnote-118-27\" aria-label=\"Footnote 27\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[27]<\/sup><\/a> Now called DEWcision, the 2016 campaign asks fans to vote between two rival flavors of Mountain Dew. The campaign engages a number of social media outlets with challenges for fans to earn votes for their favorite flavor, including Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Mountain Dew Wiki. (n.d.). DEWcision 2016. https:\/\/mountaindew.fandom.com\/wiki\/DEWcision_2016\" id=\"return-footnote-118-28\" href=\"#footnote-118-28\" aria-label=\"Footnote 28\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[28]<\/sup><\/a> The example here is for a challenge to dye your hair the color of your favorite flavor, then Tweet the picture with the hashtag #DewDye. According to Mountain Dew\u2019s director of marketing, \u201cPepsiCo looks at social media as the best way to get direct dialog with their fans and for the company to hear from those fans without filters. \u2018It\u2019s been great for us to have this really unique dialogue that we normally wouldn\u2019t have,\u2019 he said. \u2018It really has opened our eyes up.\u2019\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Betancourt, L. (2010, January 28). Social Media Marketing: How Pepsi Got It Right. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/01\/28\/social-media-marketing-pepsi\/#PH_2T_7ZKEq7\" id=\"return-footnote-118-29\" href=\"#footnote-118-29\" aria-label=\"Footnote 29\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"c35\"><span class=\"c5 c53 c58\">Starbucks<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"c14\">One of most enthusiastic users of social media marketing is Starbucks. Let\u2019s look at a few of their promotions: a discount for \u201cFoursquare\u201d mayors and free coffee on Tax Day via Twitter\u2019s promoted tweets and a free pastry day promoted through Twitter and Facebook.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Sniderman, Z. (2010, September 14). 5 Winning Social Media Campaigns to Learn From. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/09\/14\/social-media-campaigns\/#R7bMibHpKaq7\" id=\"return-footnote-118-30\" href=\"#footnote-118-30\" aria-label=\"Footnote 30\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"c62\"><span class=\"c61 c39 c60\">Discount for \u201cFoursquare\u201d Mayors of Starbucks<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"c3\">This promotion was a joint effort of Foursquare and Starbucks. Foursquare is a mobile social network, and in addition to the handy \u201cfriend finder\u201d feature, you can use it to find new and interesting places around your neighborhood to do whatever you and your friends like to do. It even rewards you for doing business with sponsor companies, such as Starbucks. The individual with the most \u201ccheck ins\u201d at a particular Starbucks holds the title of mayor. For a period of time, the mayor of each store got $1 off a Frappuccino. Those who used Foursquare were particularly excited about the Starbucks nationwide mayor rewards program because it brought attention to the marketing possibilities of the location-sharing app.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Grove, J. V. (2010, May 17). Mayors of Starbucks Now Get Discounts Nationwide with Foursquare. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/05\/17\/starbucks-foursquare-mayor-specials\/#1E9sN9cxPiqk\" id=\"return-footnote-118-31\" href=\"#footnote-118-31\" aria-label=\"Footnote 31\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[31]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"c62\"><span class=\"c39 c60 c61\">Free Coffee on Tax Day (via Twitter\u2019s Promoted Tweets)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"c3\">Starbucks was not the only company to give away freebies on the United States&#8217;s Tax Day, April 15, 2010.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Grove, J. V. (2010, April 15). Celebrate Tax Day with Free Stuff. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/04\/15\/tax-day-2010-freebies\/#bkRuURIJKmq2\" id=\"return-footnote-118-32\" href=\"#footnote-118-32\" aria-label=\"Footnote 32\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[32]<\/sup><\/a> But it was the only company to spread the message of their giveaway on the then-new Twitter\u2019s Promoted Tweets platform (which went into operation on April 13, 2010). Promoted Tweets are Twitter\u2019s means of making money by selling sponsored links to companies.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Efrati, A. (2011, July 28). How Twitter\u2019s Ads Work. WSJ. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/BL-DGB-22873\" id=\"return-footnote-118-33\" href=\"#footnote-118-33\" aria-label=\"Footnote 33\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[33]<\/sup><\/a> Keeping with Twitter\u2019s 140 characters per tweet rule, the Starbucks Promoted Tweet read, \u201cOn 4\/15 bring a reusable tumbler and we&#8217;ll fill it with brewed coffee for free. Let&#8217;s all switch from paper cups\u201d. The tweet also linked to a page that detailed Starbucks\u2019s environmental initiatives.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Dilworth, D. (2010, April 20). Twitter kicks off Promoted Tweets. DMNews. https:\/\/www.dmnews.com\/twitter-kicks-off-promoted-tweets\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-34\" href=\"#footnote-118-34\" aria-label=\"Footnote 34\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[34]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"c62\"><span class=\"c61 c39 c60\">Free Pastry Day (Promoted through Twitter and Facebook)<\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"c14\">Starbucks\u2019s \u201cfree pastry day\u201d was promoted on Facebook and Twitter.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Bustillos, P. (2009, July 21). Starbucks Free Pastry Day. Facebook. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/patsy.bustillos\/posts\/103702604431\" id=\"return-footnote-118-35\" href=\"#footnote-118-35\" aria-label=\"Footnote 35\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[35]<\/sup><\/a> As the word spread from person to person in digital form, the wave of social media activity drove more than a million people to Starbucks stores around the country in search of free food.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Grove, J. V. (2010, June 8). Starbucks Used Social Media to Get One Million to Stores in One Day. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/06\/08\/starbucks-mashable-summit\/#bkRuURIJKmq2\" id=\"return-footnote-118-36\" href=\"#footnote-118-36\" aria-label=\"Footnote 36\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[36]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">As word of the freebie offering spread, Starbucks became the star of Twitter, with about 1 percent of total tweets commenting on the brand. That\u2019s almost ten times the number of mentions on an average day. It performed equally well on Facebook\u2019s event page where almost 600,000 people joined their friends and signed up as \u201cattendees\u201d.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Ostrow, A. (2009, July 21). Starbucks Free Pastry Day: A Social Media Triple Shot. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2009\/07\/21\/starbucks-free-pastry-day\/#DytKqtxcPqqp\" id=\"return-footnote-118-37\" href=\"#footnote-118-37\" aria-label=\"Footnote 37\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[37]<\/sup><\/a> This is not surprising given that Starbucks is the most popular brand on Facebook and has over 36 million \u201clikes\u201d in 2016.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Starbucks (2016). Starbucks. Facebook. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Starbucks\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-38\" href=\"#footnote-118-38\" aria-label=\"Footnote 38\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[38]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">How did Starbucks achieve this notoriety on Facebook? According to social media marketing experts, Starbucks earned this notoriety by making social media a central part of its marketing mix, distributing special offers, discounts, and coupons to Facebook users and placing ads on Facebook to drive traffic to its page. As explained by the CEO of Buddy Media, which oversees the brand\u2019s social media efforts, \u201cStarbucks has provided Facebook users a reason to become a fan\u201d.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Walsh, M. (2010, July 14). Starbucks Tops 10 Million Facebook Fans. Media Post. http:\/\/www.mediapost.com\/publications\/article\/132008\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-39\" href=\"#footnote-118-39\" aria-label=\"Footnote 39\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[39]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"c31\"><span class=\"c40 c5\">Digital Marketing Challenges<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"c14\">The main challenge of digital marketing and in articular social media marketing is that it can be very time consuming. It takes determination and resources to succeed. Small companies often lack the staff to initiate and manage social media marketing campaigns.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Ward, S. (2020, September 21). What is Social Media Marketing. LiveAbout. http:\/\/sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/socialmedia\/g\/socmedmarketing.htm\" id=\"return-footnote-118-40\" href=\"#footnote-118-40\" aria-label=\"Footnote 40\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[40]<\/sup><\/a> Even large companies can find the management of media marketing initiates challenging. A recent study of 1,700 chief marketing officers indicates that many are overwhelmed by the sheer volume of customer data available on social sites, such as Facebook and Twitter.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Prodhan, G. (2011). Marketers struggle to harness social media \u2013 survey. Reuters. http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/socialmedia-ibm-idUSL5E7LA3JO20111011\" id=\"return-footnote-118-41\" href=\"#footnote-118-41\" aria-label=\"Footnote 41\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[41]<\/sup><\/a> This is not surprising given that in 2017, Facebook had more than 2.1 billion active users<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Statista (2016). Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide. http:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/264810\/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-42\" href=\"#footnote-118-42\" aria-label=\"Footnote 42\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[42]<\/sup><\/a> and five hundred million tweets are sent each day.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Internet Live Stats (2016). Twitter Usage Statistics. http:\/\/www.internetlivestats.com\/twitter-statistics\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-43\" href=\"#footnote-118-43\" aria-label=\"Footnote 43\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[43]<\/sup><\/a> The marketing officers recognize the potential value of this data but are not always capable of using it. A chief marketing officer in the survey described the situation as follows: \u201cThe perfect solution is to serve each consumer individually. The problem? There are 7 billion of them\u201d.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Prodhan, G. (2011). Marketers struggle to harness social media \u2013 survey. Reuters. http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/socialmedia-ibm-idUSL5E7LA3JO20111011\" id=\"return-footnote-118-44\" href=\"#footnote-118-44\" aria-label=\"Footnote 44\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[44]<\/sup><\/a> <span class=\"c1\">In spite of these limitations, 82 percent of those surveyed plan to increase their use of social media marketing over the next 3 to 5 years. To understand what real-time information is telling them, companies will use analytics software, which is capable of analyzing unstructured data. This software is being developed by technology companies, such as IBM, and advertising agencies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"c14\">The bottom line: it is clear that marketing, and particularly advertising, has changed forever. As Simon Pestridge, Nike\u2019s global director of marketing for Greater China, said about Nike\u2019s marketing strategy, \u201cWe don\u2019t do advertising any more. Advertising is all about achieving awareness, and we no longer need awareness. We need to become part of people\u2019s lives, and digital allows us to do that&#8221;.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Ronnestam, J. (n.d.). Simon Pestridge from Nike makes future advertising sound simple. Ronnestam. http:\/\/www.ronnestam.com\/simon-pestridge-from-nike-make-future-advertising-sound-simple\/\" id=\"return-footnote-118-45\" href=\"#footnote-118-45\" aria-label=\"Footnote 45\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[45]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h1 class=\"c77\"><span class=\"c13 c10\">A New Marketing Model<\/span><\/h1>\n<p class=\"c14 c32\">The 4Ps have served marketers well for generations, but new innovations can disrupt even the most tried-and-true ways of doing business. A new framework is taking hold in marketing \u2014 the <span class=\"c10\">SAVE<\/span> method. SAVE is an acronym that stands for Solution, Access, Value and Education. The framework was developed by Richard Ettenson, Eduardo Conrado, and Jonathan Knowles, and was first published in Harvard Business Review in 2013.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Ettenson, R., Conrado, E., &amp; Knowles, J. (2013). Rethinking the 4 P\u2019s. Harvard business review, 91(1), 26-27.\" id=\"return-footnote-118-46\" href=\"#footnote-118-46\" aria-label=\"Footnote 46\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[46]<\/sup><\/a> <span class=\"c1\">The authors advocate replacing the 4Ps with SAVE as companies define their offerings. The essence of the SAVE framework is as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n<div id=\"h5p-36\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-36\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"36\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"SAVE Framework (Marketing)\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_117\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-117\" style=\"width: 624px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-117\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/SAVE-model-1024x924.png\" alt=\"Visual representation of the information on the SAVE model above.\" width=\"624\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/SAVE-model-1024x924.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/SAVE-model-300x271.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/SAVE-model-768x693.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/SAVE-model-65x59.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/SAVE-model-225x203.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/SAVE-model-350x316.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1177\/2020\/11\/SAVE-model.png 1069w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-117\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chart 14.3 SAVE model. S.A.V.E framework brings customer needs to the forefront, fostering deeper, trust-based relationships essential in B2B.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"c14\"><span class=\"c1\">The SAVE framework appears to be gaining traction, and it may eventually replace Marketing&#8217;s 4Ps altogether.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<h1>Comprehensive Check<\/h1>\n<ol id=\"fs-idm339628048\">\n<li>What is meant by the marketing mix?<\/li>\n<li>What are the components of the marketing mix?<\/li>\n<li>How can marketing techniques help not-for-profit organizations?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<h1 class=\"textbox__title\">Key Takeaways<\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Important terms and concepts:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Marketing is a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for improving customer relationships.<\/li>\n<li>A target market is a specific group of consumers who are particularly interested in a product, would have access to it, and are able to buy it.<\/li>\n<li>Target markets are identified through market segmentation \u2014 finding specific subsets of the overall market that have common characteristics that influence buying decisions.<\/li>\n<li>Markets can be segmented on a number of variables including demographics, geographics, behaviour, and psychographics (or lifestyle variables).<\/li>\n<li>Developing and implementing a marketing program involves a combination of tools called the marketing mix: product, price, place, and promotion.<\/li>\n<li>Before settling on a marketing strategy, marketers often do marketing research to collect and analyze relevant data.<\/li>\n<li>Methods for collecting primary data include surveys, personal interviews, and focus groups.<\/li>\n<li>To protect a brand name, companies register trademarks.<\/li>\n<li>There are three major branding strategies:\n<ul>\n<li>With private branding, the maker sells a product to a retailer who resells it under its own name.<\/li>\n<li>Under generic branding, a no-brand product contains no identification except for a description of the contents.<\/li>\n<li>Using manufacturer branding, a company sells products under its own brand names.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>When consumers have a favorable experience with a product, it builds brand equity.\n<ul>\n<li>If consumers are loyal to it over time, it enjoys brand loyalty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Retailers are intermediaries that sell to the end consumer. Types of retailers include category killers, convenience stores, department stores, discount stores, specialty stores, supermarkets, and warehouse club stores.<\/li>\n<li>The promotion mix includes all the tools for telling people about a product and persuading potential customers to buy it. It can include advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-118-1\">WowWee Toys (n.d.) <em>Robosapien: A Fusion of Technology and Personality<\/em>. http:\/\/wowwee.com\/robosapien-x <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-2\">Taylor, M. (2004). <em>Innovative toy packs a punch<\/em>. South China Morning Post. http:\/\/www.scmp.com\/article\/478240\/innovative-toy-packs-punch <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-3\">WowWee Toys (n.d.). <em>Our Story<\/em>. http:\/\/wowwee.com\/about\/company-history <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-4\">American Marketing Association (2013). <em>Definitions of Marketing<\/em>. https:\/\/www.ama.org\/AboutAMA\/Pages\/Definition-of-Marketing.aspx <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-5\">Funding Universe (n.d.). <em>Medtronic Inc. History<\/em>. http:\/\/www.fundinguniverse.com\/company-histories\/medtronic-inc-history\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-6\">Arndt, M. (2004). <em>High Tech \u2014 and Handcrafted<\/em>. Bloomberg. http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2004-07-04\/high-tech-and-handcrafted <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-7\">Information in this section was obtained through an interview with the director of marketing at Wow Wee Toys Ltd. conducted on July 15, 2004. <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-8\">Horn, J. (2017, January 12). <em>Marketers of the Year: Christine Kalvenes snacks on a new market<\/em>. Strategy. https:\/\/strategyonline.ca\/2017\/01\/10\/marketers-of-the-year-christine-kalvenes-snacks-on-a-new-market\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-9\">Marriott. (2022, November 15). <em>Autograph Collection Hotels | Premium Marriott Hotels<\/em>. Autograph Hotels. https:\/\/autograph-hotels.marriott.com\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-9\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 9\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-10\">Interbrand. (n.d.). <em>Best Global Brands | 2017<\/em>. Ranking the Brands. https:\/\/www.rankingthebrands.com\/The-Brand-Rankings.aspx?rankingID=37 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-10\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 10\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-11\">The Ritz-Carlton. (n.d.). <em>Gold Standards<\/em>. https:\/\/www.ritzcarlton.com\/en\/about\/gold-standards <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-11\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 11\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-12\">G6 Hospitality (2015). <em>About Us<\/em>. Motel 6. https:\/\/www.motel6.com\/en\/faq.html <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-12\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 12\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-13\">Johnson, C. (2007, February 1). <em>Cutting Through Advertising Clutter<\/em>. CBS News. https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/cutting-through-advertising-clutter\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-13\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 13\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-14\">Story, L. (2007, January 15). <em>Anywhere the Eye Can See, It\u2019s Likely to See an Ad<\/em>. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/01\/15\/business\/media\/15everywhere.html?pagewanted=all <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-14\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 14\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-15\">Sullivan, E. (2022, May 24). <em>Everything You Need To Know About Social Media Product Feeds<\/em>. Tinuiti. https:\/\/tinuiti.com\/blog\/paid-social\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-social-media-product-feeds\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-15\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 15\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-16\">Clancy, K. J. (2001). <em>Sleuthing, Not Slashing, for Growth<\/em>. Across the Board, 38(5). 9. <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-16\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 16\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-17\">Howland, D. (2016, May 25). <em>Best Buy CEO: Customer service key to battling Amazon<\/em>. Retail Dive. https:\/\/www.retaildive.com\/news\/best-buy-ceo-customer-service-key-to-battling-amazon\/419812\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-17\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 17\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-18\">Helm, B. (2014). <em>How Dr. Dre\u2019s Headphones Company Became a Billion-Dollar Business<\/em>. Inc. https:\/\/www.inc.com\/audacious-companies\/burt-helm\/beats.html <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-18\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 18\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-19\">Korn Ferry. (2022, February 2). <em>FORTUNE World\u2019s Most Admired Companies 2022<\/em>. https:\/\/www.kornferry.com\/insights\/this-week-in-leadership\/fortune-worlds-most-admired-companies-2022 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-19\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 19\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-20\">Korn Ferry. (2018). <em>World\u2019s Most Admired Companies 2018<\/em>. https:\/\/www.kornferry.com\/institute\/fortune-worlds-most-admired-companies-2018 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-20\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 20\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-21\">Lawrence, A. (2012). Five Customer Retention Tips for Entrepreneurs. Forbes. http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/alexlawrence\/2012\/11\/01\/five-customer-retention-tips-for-entrepreneurs\/#56de8ec717b0 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-21\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 21\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-22\">Fitch, S. (2004). <em>Stacking the Deck<\/em>. Forbes. http:\/\/www.forbes.com\/forbes\/2004\/0705\/132.html <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-22\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 22\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-23\">Hotel News Resource (2004). <em>Sheraton Hotels Lure Travelers with the Promise of a Good Night\u2019s Sleep in New $12 Million Television and Print Ad Campaign<\/em>. http:\/\/www.hotelnewsresource.com\/article10706.html <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-23\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 23\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-24\">Godin, S. (1999). <em>Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers into Friends, and Friends into Customers<\/em>. New York: NY. Simon &amp; Schuster. 40-52. <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-24\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 24\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-25\">ALS Association. (n.d.). <em>ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Commitments<\/em>. https:\/\/www.als.org\/IBC <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-25\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 25\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-26\">ALS Association. (n.d.). <em>ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Commitments<\/em>. https:\/\/www.als.org\/IBC <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-26\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 26\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-27\">Betancourt, L. (2010, January 28). Social Media Marketing: How Pepsi Got It Right. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/01\/28\/social-media-marketing-pepsi\/#PH_2T_7ZKEq7 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-27\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 27\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-28\">Mountain Dew Wiki. (n.d.). <em>DEWcision 2016<\/em>. https:\/\/mountaindew.fandom.com\/wiki\/DEWcision_2016 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-28\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 28\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-29\">Betancourt, L. (2010, January 28). Social Media Marketing: How Pepsi Got It Right. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/01\/28\/social-media-marketing-pepsi\/#PH_2T_7ZKEq7 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-29\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 29\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-30\">Sniderman, Z. (2010, September 14). <em>5 Winning Social Media Campaigns to Learn From<\/em>. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/09\/14\/social-media-campaigns\/#R7bMibHpKaq7 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-30\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 30\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-31\">Grove, J. V. (2010, May 17). <em>Mayors of Starbucks Now Get Discounts Nationwide with Foursquare<\/em>. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/05\/17\/starbucks-foursquare-mayor-specials\/#1E9sN9cxPiqk <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-31\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 31\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-32\">Grove, J. V. (2010, April 15). <em>Celebrate Tax Day with Free Stuff<\/em>. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/04\/15\/tax-day-2010-freebies\/#bkRuURIJKmq2 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-32\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 32\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-33\">Efrati, A. (2011, July 28). <em>How Twitter\u2019s Ads Work<\/em>. WSJ. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/BL-DGB-22873 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-33\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 33\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-34\">Dilworth, D. (2010, April 20). <em>Twitter kicks off Promoted Tweets<\/em>. DMNews. https:\/\/www.dmnews.com\/twitter-kicks-off-promoted-tweets\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-34\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 34\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-35\">Bustillos, P. (2009, July 21). <em>Starbucks Free Pastry Day<\/em>. Facebook. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/patsy.bustillos\/posts\/103702604431 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-35\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 35\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-36\">Grove, J. V. (2010, June 8). Starbucks Used Social Media to Get One Million to Stores in One Day. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2010\/06\/08\/starbucks-mashable-summit\/#bkRuURIJKmq2 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-36\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 36\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-37\">Ostrow, A. (2009, July 21). <em>Starbucks Free Pastry Day: A Social Media Triple Shot<\/em>. Mashable. http:\/\/mashable.com\/2009\/07\/21\/starbucks-free-pastry-day\/#DytKqtxcPqqp <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-37\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 37\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-38\">Starbucks (2016). <em>Starbucks<\/em>. Facebook. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Starbucks\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-38\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 38\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-39\">Walsh, M. (2010, July 14). <em>Starbucks Tops 10 Million Facebook Fans<\/em>. Media Post. http:\/\/www.mediapost.com\/publications\/article\/132008\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-39\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 39\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-40\">Ward, S. (2020, September 21). <em>What is Social Media Marketing<\/em>. LiveAbout. http:\/\/sbinfocanada.about.com\/od\/socialmedia\/g\/socmedmarketing.htm <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-40\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 40\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-41\">Prodhan, G. (2011). <em>Marketers struggle to harness social media \u2013 survey<\/em>. Reuters. http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/socialmedia-ibm-idUSL5E7LA3JO20111011 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-41\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 41\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-42\">Statista (2016). <em>Number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide<\/em>. http:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/264810\/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-42\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 42\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-43\">Internet Live Stats (2016). <em>Twitter Usage Statistics<\/em>. http:\/\/www.internetlivestats.com\/twitter-statistics\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-43\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 43\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-44\">Prodhan, G. (2011). <em>Marketers struggle to harness social media \u2013 survey<\/em>. Reuters. http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/socialmedia-ibm-idUSL5E7LA3JO20111011 <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-44\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 44\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-45\">Ronnestam, J. (n.d.). <em>Simon Pestridge from Nike makes future advertising sound simple<\/em>. Ronnestam. http:\/\/www.ronnestam.com\/simon-pestridge-from-nike-make-future-advertising-sound-simple\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-45\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 45\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-118-46\">Ettenson, R., Conrado, E., &amp; Knowles, J. (2013). Rethinking the 4 P\u2019s. <em>Harvard business review, 91<\/em>(1), 26-27. <a href=\"#return-footnote-118-46\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 46\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div><div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_118_456\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_118_456\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Key terms appear throughout the chapter. When you click on them, a definition will pop up. If you are using a downloaded or printed format, check the glossary in the back of the book. Please make sure you can define them!<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_118_500\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_118_500\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Marketing is the organizational function that aims to promote and sell the goods and\/or services of the business.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_118_1330\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_118_1330\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>The marketing concept involves identifying consumer needs and wants and then producing products (which can be goods, services, or ideas) that will satisfy them while making a profit.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_118_809\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_118_809\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Target market is a specific group of consumers who are particularly interested in a product, would have access to it, and are able to buy it.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_118_810\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_118_810\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Market segmentation is finding specific subsets of the overall target market that have common characteristics that influence buying decisions.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_118_812\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_118_812\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Marketing mix refers to the set of actions, tools or tactics, that a company uses to promote its brand or product in the market. The 4Ps make up a typical marketing mix - Price, Product, Promotion and Place. In recent years commentators refer to the 7 Ps which includes People, Process and Physical Evidence.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_118_815\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_118_815\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Branding is about establishing an identity for a company's product that distinguishes it from the competition. Successful branding adds value to a product and can ensure brand loyalty.<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_118_1226\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_118_1226\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>Extended reality\u00a0(XR) is an umbrella term referring to all real-and-virtual combined environments and interactions generated by computer technology. It includes augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":120,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-118","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":366,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/120"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1854,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/118\/revisions\/1854"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/366"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/118\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=118"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=118"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/fundamentalsbusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}