{"id":93,"date":"2020-07-15T11:44:13","date_gmt":"2020-07-15T15:44:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/lab-07-atmospheric-moisture-stability-and-precipitation\/"},"modified":"2023-01-26T14:33:58","modified_gmt":"2023-01-26T19:33:58","slug":"atmospheric-moisture-stability-and-precipitation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/atmospheric-moisture-stability-and-precipitation\/","title":{"raw":"Lab 08: Atmospheric Moisture and Stability","rendered":"Lab 08: Atmospheric Moisture and Stability"},"content":{"raw":"<a id=\"top\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Moisture in the atmosphere is an important component in understanding our atmosphere, as it allows us to understand the concept of humidity, how clouds and fog are formed, and when precipitation occurs. Atmospheric stability helps us to understand whether a parcel of air would sink, rise, or remain stationary, thereby determining whether clouds (and precipitation) form or not. Have you ever wondered why the climate is wetter on one side of a mountain than the other? Orographic lifting explains the effect mountains can have on precipitation patterns.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nAfter completion of this lab, you will be able to\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understand some of the most common variables used in atmospheric moisture.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Learn the relationship between different moisture variables.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the stability of the atmosphere.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Compute a problem associated with the orographic lifting process.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1>Pre-Readings<\/h1>\r\nIn order to complete this lab, some background information on moisture variables, atmospheric stability with respect to an air parcel, adiabatic processes, and orographic lifting are required.\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Moisture Variables<\/h2>\r\nA common method to determine the humidity in the atmosphere is to use an instrument called a sling psychrometer (Figure 8.1).<a id=\"figure8.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_73\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"650\"]<img class=\"wp-image-73\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabs2020\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-7.1-Sling-Psychrometer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"491\" \/> <strong>Figure 8.1.<\/strong> Sling psychrometer. <em> Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sling_psychrometer.JPG\">Cambridge Bay Weather (2005)<\/a>. Public Domain.<br \/><\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFrom the sling psychrometer, we can obtain two readings: the <strong>dry-bulb temperature (T)<\/strong> and <strong>wet-bulb temperature (T<sub>w<\/sub>)<\/strong>. The difference between the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature is the <strong>wet-bulb depression (T-T<sub>w<\/sub>)<\/strong>. This is expressed mathematically in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.1\">Equation 8.1<\/a>:\r\n\r\n<strong><a id=\"equation8.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Equation 8.1<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[latex]\\text{Wet-bulb depression} = T - T_{W} (^{\\circ}C).[\/latex]\r\n\r\nWe can then use a psychrometric table to determine the <strong>relative humidity (RH)<\/strong> of the air using the four-step procedure described here and illustrated in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure8.2\">Figure 8.2<\/a>:\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 1<\/strong>: Calculate the wet-bulb depression. If T = 20\u00b0C and T<sub>w<\/sub> = 15\u00b0C, then using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.1\">Equation 8.1<\/a>,\r\n\r\n[latex]T - T_{W} = 5^{\\circ}C.[\/latex]\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 2<\/strong>:\u00a0Using the psychrometric table (<a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.6\">Table 8.6<\/a>), look down the first column until you locate the dry-bulb temperature (T = 20\u00b0C ).\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 3<\/strong>: Still using the table, look across until you locate the wet-bulb depression calculated in Step 1.\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 4<\/strong>: Trace lines across from T and down from T\u2212T<sub>w<\/sub>. The RH is found where these lines intersect. In this example, RH = 61.4%.<a id=\"figure8.2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_74\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1024\"]<img class=\"wp-image-74 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Using-a-Psychrometric-Table-1024x699.png\" alt=\"The dry-bulb temperatures from -5 to 30 \u00b0C fill the first column and the wet bulb depressions from 0 to 10\u00b0C fill the second row of the psychometric table. The relative humidity is determined by finding the cell whose row corresponds to the dry-bulb temperature and whose column corresponds to the wet bulb depression values for a given scenario.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"699\" \/> <strong>Figure 8.2.<\/strong> How to use a psychrometric table: 1. Calculate the wet-bulb depression. 2. Locate the intersection of T and T-Tw. 3. This value is the RH value. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWe can also use <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.7\">Table 8.7<\/a> to help us determine other variables. For example, if T = 20\u00b0C, then <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.7\">Table 8.7<\/a> shows us that the <strong>saturation vapour pressure (e<sub>s<\/sub>)<\/strong> is 2338 Pa.\r\n\r\nRelative humidity can be calculated from vapour pressure using Equation 8.2:\r\n\r\n<strong><a id=\"equation8.2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Equation 8.2<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[latex]RH (\\%) = \\dfrac{e \\hspace{2pt} (Pa)}{e_s \\hspace{2pt} (Pa)} \\times 100\\%[\/latex],\r\n\r\nWe can calculate the <strong>actual vapour pressure (e)<\/strong> by rearranging Equation 8.2:\r\n\r\n[latex]e \\hspace{2pt} (Pa) = 2338 \\hspace{2pt} Pa \\times \\dfrac{61.4}{100} = 1436 \\hspace{2pt} Pa.[\/latex]\r\n\r\nNow that we have e = 1436 Pa, we can obtain the <strong>dew-point temperature (T<sub>d<\/sub>)<\/strong> from <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.7\">Table 8.7<\/a>. By inspection of the table, we can see that e = 1436 Pa is between the values 1402 Pa and 1498 Pa, and hence T<sub>d<\/sub> is between 12\u00b0C and 13\u00b0C (specifically, 12.35\u00b0C by linear interpolation).\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"Lab08AtmosStab\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Atmospheric Stability<\/h2>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Concepts<\/h3>\r\nAtmospheric stability helps determine whether clouds (and precipitation) form or not. The atmosphere could be\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>stable, and so the air parcel remains stationary,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>unstable, and the air parcel either rises or sinks, or<\/li>\r\n \t<li>conditionally unstable.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nA key to understanding atmospheric stability is the adiabatic process. An adiabatic process is one in which air is heated or cooled due to expansion or contraction but without addition or subtraction of heat. Air will heat or cool at the <strong>dry adiabatic lapse rate<\/strong> (<strong>DALR <\/strong>= 10\u00b0C\/1000m) when the relative humidity is less than 100%. When the relative humidity is 100% (i.e. saturated air), air heats or cools at the <strong>moist\/saturated adiabatic lapse rate<\/strong> (<strong>MALR<\/strong> = 6\u00b0C\/1000m on average but varies between 5-9\u00b0C\/1000m).\r\n\r\nIn <a class=\"internal\" href=\"\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/lab-03-atmospheric-structure-and-pressure-systems\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Lab 03<\/a>, you were introduced to the ideas of a sounding and the <strong>Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR)<\/strong>. The temperature data of the lower atmosphere is typically measured by a weather balloon. Twice a day, meteorologists release a weather balloon to measure temperatures at different elevations. The data are transmitted back to the ground where meteorologists can determine the stability.\r\n\r\nTo recap, the ELR is calculated using Equation 8.3:\r\n\r\n<strong><a id=\"equation8.3\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Equation 8.3<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[latex]ELR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) = -1000 \\left( \\dfrac{\\Delta T (^{\\circ} C)}{\\Delta z (m)} \\right) = -1000 \\left( \\dfrac{T_{2} - T_{1}}{z_{2} - z_{1}} \\right)[\/latex]\r\n\r\nwhere\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\u0394 = delta symbol, represents the <strong>change<\/strong> in the variable it precedes (for example, the change in temperature)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>T = air temperature (\u00b0C)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>z = altitude (m)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>T<sub>1<\/sub> , z<sub>1 <\/sub>= the measurement taken at the lower point in the atmosphere<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNote that the ELR is also commonly presented with the units \u00b0C\/1000m and so the equation differs slightly compared to the way it was presented in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/lab-03-atmospheric-structure-and-pressure-systems\/\">Lab 03<\/a>.\r\n\r\nTo determine atmospheric stability, meteorologists compare the adiabatic lapse rate of an air parcel (either DALR and\/or MALR) with the environmental lapse rate (ELR). There are three possible conditions:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>If ELR &gt; DALR &gt; MALR, there is absolute instability (unstable).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0If DALR &gt; ELR &gt; MALR, there is conditional instability (conditionally unstable).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0If DALR &gt; MALR &gt; ELR, there is absolute stability (stable).<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nFinally, as dry air parcels rise, they cool at the DALR until the dew-point temperature is reached. The elevation at which the dew-point is reached is the <strong>Lifting Condensation Level (LCL)<\/strong>. The LCL can be calculated using Equation 8.4:\r\n\r\n<strong><a id=\"equation8.4\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Equation 8.4<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = \\dfrac{T (^{\\circ}C)-T_{d}(^{\\circ}C)}{DALR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m)}[\/latex]\r\n\r\nwhere T is the temperature of the air parcel and\u00a0T<sub>d<\/sub> is the dew-point temperature of the air parcel at the surface, both in \u00b0C.\r\n\r\nThe final calculation that we may wish to do is to calculate temperature at a specific altitude with a known lapse rate, and known change in altitude. The <strong>temperature at a specific altitude (T<sub>z<\/sub>)<\/strong> can be calculated using Equation 8.5:\r\n\r\n<strong><a id=\"equation8.5\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Equation 8.5<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[latex]T_{z} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = T_{Initial}(^{\\circ} C) \\pm \\Big[ {|\\Delta z (m)|} \\times \\text{Lapse Rate} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) \\Big][\/latex]\r\n\r\nThe lapse rate may be the DALR or MALR as appropriate. Add (+) to T<sub>Initial<\/sub> when T<sub>z<\/sub> is at a lower altitude than T<sub>Initial<\/sub>, and subtract from T<sub>Initial<\/sub> when T<sub>z<\/sub> is at a higher altitude.\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Application<\/h3>\r\nLet us put all these concepts together with an example. Assume that the data transmitted by a weather balloon are presented in Table 8.1. We can then use the following seven-step process to visualize what will happen to an air parcel as it rises through the atmosphere.\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\"><caption><a id=\"table8.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.1. Data from an imaginary atmospheric sounding.<\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Altitude (m)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Temperature (\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">25.0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">22.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">450<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">20.0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">600<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">18.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">800<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">16.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1050<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">14.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">13.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1400<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">12.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1550<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">11.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1800<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">9.9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2000<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">8.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<strong>Step 1:<\/strong> Transfer the data onto the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#stabilityanalysisform\">Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 2:<\/strong> For each layer of the atmosphere, determine the <strong>change in altitude (\u2206z)<\/strong> and <strong>change in temperature (\u2206T)<\/strong>. For example, layer 1 is between 0 m (z<sub>1<\/sub>) and 200 m (z<sub>2<\/sub>), and so:\r\n\r\n[latex]\\Delta z = 200 m - 0 m = 200 m[\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]\\Delta T = 22.8^{\\circ} C \u2013 25.0^{\\circ} C = -2.2^{\\circ} C[\/latex].\r\n\r\nValues for all layers are presented in Table 8.2.\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"width: 75%;\"><caption><a id=\"table8.2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.2. Partially completed Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form with changes in altitude and temperature recorded. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Layer<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Altitude (m)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Temp. (\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394z (m)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394T (\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">ELR (\u00b0C\/1000 m)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Stability<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">25.0<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">22.8<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">450<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">20.0<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">600<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">18.4<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">800<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">16.6<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1050<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">14.4<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">13.1<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1400<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">12.1<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22120.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1550<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">11.3<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1800<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">9.9<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">2000<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">8.8<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>Step 3:<\/strong> Determine the ELR of all layers of the atmosphere using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.3\">Equation 8.3.<\/a> For example, for layer 1,\r\n\r\n[latex]ELR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) = -1000 \\left( \\dfrac{\\Delta T(^{\\circ} C)}{\\Delta z(m)} \\right) = -1000 \\left( \\dfrac{-2.2^{\\circ}C}{200m} \\right) = 11.0 ^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m.[\/latex]\r\n\r\nValues for all layers are presented in Table 8.3.\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"width: 75%;\"><caption><a id=\"table8.3\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.3. Partially completed Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form with ELRs recorded. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Layer<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Altitude (m)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Temp. (\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394 Alt. (m)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394 Temp. (\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">ELR (\u00b0C\/1000 m)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Stability<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">25.0<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">11.0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">22.8<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">11.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">450<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">20.0<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">10.7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">600<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">18.4<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">9.0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">800<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">16.6<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">8.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1050<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">14.4<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">8.7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">13.1<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1400<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">12.1<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22120.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1550<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">11.3<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1800<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">9.9<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">2000<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">8.8<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>Step 4:<\/strong> Determine the stability of all layers of the atmosphere by comparing the values of the ELR to the DALR and MALR. For example, for layer 1, the ELR is 11.0\u00b0C, which is greater than both the DALR and the MALR. The layer is therefore unstable.\u00a0Values for all layers are presented in Table 8.4.\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"width: 75%; height: 352px;\"><caption><a id=\"table8.4\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.4. Completed Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form with stability conditions recorded. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Layer<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Altitude (m)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Temp. (\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394 Alt. (m)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394 Temp. (\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">ELR (\u00b0C\/1000 m)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Stability<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">25.0<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">11.0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">unstable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">22.8<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">11.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">unstable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">450<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">20.0<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">10.7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">unstable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">600<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">18.4<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">9.0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">conditionally unstable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">800<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">16.6<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">8.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">conditionally unstable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1050<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">14.4<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">8.7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">conditionally unstable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">13.1<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">stable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1400<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">12.1<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22120.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">stable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1550<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">11.3<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">stable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1800<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">9.9<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">stable<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">2000<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">8.8<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>Step 5:<\/strong> Once the Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form is completed, we can plot an atmospheric sounding similar to the one you did in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/lab-03-atmospheric-structure-and-pressure-systems\/#sounding\">Lab 03<\/a>. This will help us analyze what could happen to an air parcel. First, plot the temperature data as a line with markers (Figure 8.3).<a id=\"figure8.3\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1068\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"863\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1068 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.3-atmospheric-sounding.png\" alt=\"Temperature in degrees Celsius is plotted on the x axis and elevation in metres is plotted on the y axis.\" width=\"863\" height=\"604\" \/> <strong>Figure 8.3.<\/strong> Atmospheric sounding line plotted from data in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.3\">Table 8.3<\/a>. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 6:<\/strong> Calculate the change in temperature of an imaginary air parcel as it rises from the ground to 2000 m elevation.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>First up, we need to decide if the air parcel is saturated or not (i.e., RH &gt; 100% or RH &lt; 100%). The air parcel has a temperature (T) of 22\u00b0C and dew-point temperature (Td) of 16\u00b0C at the surface. Because T is greater than Td, we know that the air parcel is not saturated with water vapour (i.e. RH &lt; 100%). It will therefore cool at the DALR as it rises until the dew-point temperature is reached.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>So, we need to calculate the LCL using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.4\">Equation 8.4<\/a> for this air parcel to determine the altitude at which the dew-point temperature is reached. In this example,<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = \\dfrac{T (^{\\circ}C)-T_{d}(^{\\circ}C)}{DALR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m)}[\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = \\dfrac{22^{\\circ} C - 16^{\\circ} C}{10^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m}[\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = \\dfrac{6^{\\circ} C}{10^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m}[\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = 6^{\\circ} C \\left( \\dfrac{1000 \\hspace{2pt} m}{10^{\\circ} C} \\right)[\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = 600 \\hspace{2pt} m.[\/latex]\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">c. Once the air parcel reaches its LCL, the rate of cooling slows to the MALR, and so we now need to calculate the temperature of the air parcel at 2000 m (T<sub>z<\/sub>) using the MALR and <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.5\">Equation 8.5<\/a>. In this example, T<sub>Initial<\/sub> = T<sub>d<\/sub> = 16\u00b0C, and z<sub>1<\/sub> = LCL = 600 m:<\/p>\r\n[latex]T_{z} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = T_{Initial}(^{\\circ} C) \\pm \\Big[ {|\\Delta z (m)|} \\times \\text{Lapse Rate} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) \\Big][\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]T_{z=2000m} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = 16^{\\circ} C - \\left[|600m - 2000m| \\times \\dfrac{6^{\\circ}C}{1000m}\\right][\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]T_{z=2000m} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = 16^{\\circ} C - \\left[1400m \\times \\dfrac{6^{\\circ}C}{1000m}\\right][\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]T_{z=2000m} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = 16^{\\circ} C - 8.4^{\\circ} C[\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]T_{z=2000m} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = 7.6^{\\circ}C[\/latex]\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 7:<\/strong> Plot the change in temperature of this air parcel and the LCL on the atmospheric sounding. Select a different colour and\/or different line marker or style for each line. Label each component of the plot. The result is shown on Figure 8.4.<a id=\"figure8.4\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1243\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"863\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1243 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.4-cooling-air-parcel-v1.png\" alt=\"Sounding plot from Figure 8.3 with an additional data line showing the corresponding elevations at the initial temperature, the dew point and 7.6 degrees Celsius. The LCL is drawn as a horizontal line at 600m. Air parcels cool at DALR at elevations less than the LCL. At elevations the LCL and above, air parcels cool at the MALR.\" width=\"863\" height=\"603\" \/> <strong>Figure 8.4.<\/strong> Changing temperature of a rising parcel of air. The temperature of the ambient atmosphere (Environmental air) is shown with a blue line with dots. The temperature of the rising parcel of air is shown with a red line with crosses. The LCL is shown with a dashed green line. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Orographic Lifting<\/h2>\r\nAn orographic lifting process is where an air parcel is forced to go over a geographic barrier such as a mountain. When the air parcel ascends on the sea side of the mountain (blue arrows), air cools adiabatically until it reaches the Lifting Condensation Level (LCL). Consequently, air becomes saturated and water vapour condenses to form clouds. As air descends on the leeward side of the mountain (red arrows with hatching), it warms adiabatically at the DALR. <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure8.5\">Figure 8.5<\/a> illustrates this concept.<a id=\"figure8.5\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1384\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"793\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1384 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.5-adapted.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"793\" height=\"388\" \/> <strong>Figure 8.5.<\/strong> Schematic diagram illustrating the orographic effect. <em>Source: M. Stewart (2013), CC BY-SA, adapted by C. Welch.<\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWe can use the relationships presented above to calculate the the change in temperature of an air parcel as it moves through the orographic process. For example, assume an air parcel at sea-level has temperature of 20\u00b0C and dew-point temperature of 15\u00b0C. This air parcel is forced to rise over a mountain that is 2000 m high and descend back to sea-level on the other side of the mountain (leeward side).\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 1<\/strong>: Determine the LCL using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.4\">Equation 8.4<\/a>:\r\n\r\n[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = \\dfrac{T (^{\\circ}C)-T_{d}(^{\\circ}C)}{DALR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m)} = \\dfrac{20^{\\circ} C - 15^{\\circ} C}{10^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m} = 500 \\hspace{2pt} m[\/latex]\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 2<\/strong>: Determine the temperature of the air parcel when it reaches the summit using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.5\">Equation 8.5<\/a>:\r\n\r\n[latex]T_{z} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = T_{Initial}(^{\\circ} C) - \\Big[{|\\Delta z (m)|} \\times MALR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) \\Big][\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]T_{z=2000m} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = 15^{\\circ} C - \\left[|500m - 2000m| \\times \\dfrac{6^{\\circ}C}{1000m} \\right] = 6^{\\circ}C[\/latex]\r\n\r\n<strong>Step 3<\/strong>: Determine the temperature of the air parcel when it sinks back to sea-level on the other side of the mountain (leeward side) using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.5\">Equation 8.5<\/a>:\r\n\r\n[latex]T_{z} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = T_{Initial} (^{\\circ} C) + \\Big[{|\\Delta z (m)|} \\times DALR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) \\Big][\/latex]\r\n\r\n[latex]T_{z=0m} = 6^{\\circ} C + \\left[|2000m - 0m| \\times \\dfrac{10^{\\circ}C}{1000m}\\right] = 26^{\\circ}C[\/latex]\r\n<h1>Lab Exercises<\/h1>\r\nIn this lab, you will be doing a number of different calculations to help you understand the concepts of atmospheric moisture and stability. You will:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Convert between moisture variables and related temperatures.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Relate atmospheric moisture to your own comfort level.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Analyze atmospheric stability and visually present the information you calculate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nA calculator is required, and you will also be plotting a graph\u2014your instructor will decide if you will use a graph paper or a spreadsheet. Please make sure to show all your calculations (to maximize partial credits) and not just the answers. It is estimated that this lab will take 4-5 hours to complete.\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EX1: Moisture Variables<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Complete <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.5\">Table 8.5<\/a>. It is also available for download in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#worksheets\">Worksheets<\/a>. <strong>Give answers for RH and T<sub>d<\/sub> to one decimal place, and e to the nearest integer. <\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Use <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.6\">Table 8.6<\/a> and <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.7\">Table 8.7<\/a> in the Supporting Material section. Show your calculations on a separate page.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\"><caption><a id=\"table8.5\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.5. Conversions between moisture variables.<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 84px;\">\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Dry-bulb temperature\r\n\r\n(T)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Wet-bulb temperature\r\n\r\n(Tw)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Wet-bulb depression\r\n\r\n(T-Tw)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Relative humidity\r\n\r\n(RH)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Saturation vapour pressure\r\n\r\n(es)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Actual vapour pressure\r\n\r\n(e)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Dew-point temperature\r\n\r\n(Td)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<th scope=\"row\">a)<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">13\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\">11\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<th scope=\"row\">b)<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">15\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\">6\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<th scope=\"row\">c)<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">28\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\">70.1%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<th scope=\"row\">d)<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">20\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\">N\/A<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\">N\/A<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\">13.0\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<th scope=\"row\">e)<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">5\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\">705 Pa<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<th scope=\"row\">f)<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\">3779 Pa<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\">2267 Pa<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<th scope=\"row\">g)<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">24\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\">24.0\u00b0C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EX2: Atmospheric Moisture<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol start=\"2\">\r\n \t<li>On a cold snowy day, the outside air temperature is 0\u00b0C and the relative humidity is 100%. The air is taken into the house and heated to 21\u00b0C. What is the relative humidity inside the house?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dew is often formed on grass early in the morning but not at other times of the day. Explain why this is.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/climate.weather.gc.ca\/climate_data\/hourly_data_e.html?hlyRange=2013-06-11%7C2021-07-21&amp;dlyRange=2013-06-13%7C2021-07-21&amp;mlyRange=%7C&amp;StationID=51442&amp;Prov=BC&amp;urlExtension=_e.html&amp;searchType=stnName&amp;optLimit=yearRange&amp;StartYear=1840&amp;EndYear=2021&amp;selRowPerPage=25&amp;Line=39&amp;searchMethod=contains&amp;Month=7&amp;Day=21&amp;txtStationName=vancouver&amp;timeframe=1&amp;Year=2021\">Historical Data Report for Vancouver International Airport<\/a>. Check that the date matches today's date. Have a look at the relative humidity. Next, click the Previous Day button located to the left of the date bar, and track the relative humidity over the preceding 3-4 days. Think back to how you felt over those days. Do you feel more comfortable when the RH is high, or low? Explain the major factors that affect RH.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Search online to acquire the company names and model numbers of at least two different instruments (other than the sling psychrometer) for sensing humidity.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EX3: Atmospheric Stability<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol start=\"6\">\r\n \t<li>A meteorological balloon is sent aloft and temperature data are obtained. Your instructor will provide you with this data, or instructions on how to obtain it.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Open the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#stabilityanalysisform\">Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form<\/a> in Worksheets and enter the temperature and altitude data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Plot the vertical temperature profile (sounding) using Excel. If required, step-by-step instructions on how to do this are provided in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/lab-03-atmospheric-structure-and-pressure-systems\/#Lab03EX1Step4\">Lab 03 EX1 Step 4<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Label this line <strong>Environmental Air<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Label the axes of your graph. Include units.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Complete the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#stabilityanalysisform\">Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form<\/a>. Give your answers for ELR to one decimal place. Assume a DALR of 10\u00b0C \/ km and an MALR of 6\u00b0C \/ km.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>An air parcel of 24\u00b0C and dew-point temperature of 16\u00b0C is currently hovering at the surface. The air parcel is forced to rise up to an altitude of 2000 m.\r\n<ol type=\"a\">\r\n \t<li>Calculate the lifting condensation level (LCL). Add the LCL to your graph.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Plot a line showing the hypothetical change in temperature of this rising parcel on your graph.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Label this line <strong>Air Parcel<\/strong>. On the line indicate where the rising parcel of air cools at the DALR and where it cools at the MALR.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nSubmit the Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form and your graph as directed by your instructor.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EX4: Orographic Process<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nAir blowing off the Pacific Ocean has a temperature of 15\u00b0C and a dew-point temperature of 10\u00b0C at Vancouver (sea level). This air is forced to rise over the Coast Range on its way to Calgary.\r\n<ol start=\"9\">\r\n \t<li>What is the LCL of the air blowing off the Pacific Ocean at Vancouver?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the temperature of the air parcel at the top of the Coast Range (z = 2200 m)?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the temperature of the air parcel in Calgary (z = 1200m)?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nShow your calculations.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Reflection Questions<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>If we changed the temperature of the air parcel in Vancouver to 30\u00b0C and dew-point temperature to 7\u00b0C in EX4, what would the temperature of the air parcel be when it reaches Calgary? Explain what will happen in 2-3 sentences.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Condensation, as occurs at the LCL, is one example of phase change. Take a picture of something around you that illustrates one of the processes of phase change. Take the photo at home or somewhere outside. Include one or two sentences to describe what that example is. Do not use a scenario that has already been discussed in class.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Draw a line on the picture in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure8.5\">Figure 8.5<\/a> indicating where the Lifting Condensation Level (LCL) is. Explain your reasoning in 2-3 sentences.<a id=\"figure8.5\" class=\"internal\"><\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_82\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"650\"]<img class=\"wp-image-82\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabs2020\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.9-View-from-downtown-Vancouver.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"479\" \/> <strong>Figure 8.5.<\/strong> View from downtown Vancouver over the harbour. Cumulus clouds are rising from the snow-covered mountains in the distance. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<br \/><\/em>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"worksheets\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Worksheets<\/h1>\r\nEX1 Worksheet - Table 8.5\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Table-8.5.docx\">Table 8.5 EX1 Worksheet [Word]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Table-8.5.odt\">Table 8.5 EX1 Worksheet [ODT]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Table-8.5.pdf\">Table 8.5 EX1 Worksheet [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<a id=\"stabilityanalysisform\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Atmospheric-Stability-Analysis-Form.docx\">Lab 08 Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form [Word]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Atmospheric-Stability-Analysis-Form.xlsx\">Lab 08 Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form [Excel]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Atmospheric-Stability-Analysis-Form.odt\">Lab 08 Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form [ODT]<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Atmospheric-Stability-Analysis-Form.pdf\">Lab 08 Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h1><a id=\"supmat\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Supporting Material<\/h1>\r\n<a class=\"internal\" href=\"#top\"><em>Back to top<\/em><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"pdf\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2430\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1457\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-2430\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Psychrometric-table-for-use-with-sling-psychrometer.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1457\" height=\"994\" \/> Table 8.6. Psychrometric table for use with sling psychrometer. Wet bulb depression (T - Tw) is in \u00b0C. Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"h5p\">\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; font-size: 12px;\"><caption style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><a id=\"table8.6\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.6. Psychrometric table for use with sling psychrometer. Wet bulb depression (T - T<sub>w<\/sub>) is in \u00b0C. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T - Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">T (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">0<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">0.5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">1<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">1.5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">2<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">2.5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">3<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">3.5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">4<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">4.5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">5.5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">6<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">6.5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">7<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">7.5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">8<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">8.5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">9<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">9.5<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"shaded\">10<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>-5<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>90.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>80.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>70.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>51.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>41.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>32.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>23.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>14.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>5.6%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>-4<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>90.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>81.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>71.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>44.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>36.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>27.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>18.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>10.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>2.1%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>-3<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>90.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>82.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>73.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>55.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>47.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>39.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>30.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>22.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>14.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>7.3%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>-2<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>91.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>82.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>74.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>49.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>41.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>34.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>26.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>18.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>12.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>4.3%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>-1<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>91.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>83.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>75.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>52.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>44.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>37.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>29.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>22.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>16.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>9.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>1.3%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>0<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>92.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>84.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>76.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>69.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>46.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>39.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>32.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>25.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>20.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>14.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>7.1%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>92.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>84.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>77.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>70.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>49.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>42.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>35.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>29.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>24.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>18.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>12.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>4.6%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>92.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>85.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>78.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>71.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>51.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>44.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>38.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>31.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>27.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>22.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>17.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>10.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>2.2%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>93.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>86.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>79.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>72.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>46.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>40.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>34.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>30.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>26.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>21.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>15.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>8.3%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>93.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>86.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>80.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>73.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>55.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>49.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>43.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>37.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>33.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>29.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>25.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>19.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>13.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>6.4%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>93.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>87.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>80.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>74.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>68.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>45.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>39.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>36.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>32.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>28.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>24.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>18.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>12.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>4.5%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>93.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>87.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>81.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>75.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>69.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>52.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>47.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>41.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>38.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>35.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>32.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>27.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>23.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>17.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>10.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>2.8%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>7<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>94.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>88.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>82.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>76.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>70.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>49.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>43.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>41.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>38.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>35.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>31.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>27.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>22.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>16.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>9.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>1.1%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>8<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>94.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>88.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>82.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>77.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>71.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>55.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>45.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>43.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>40.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>37.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>34.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>30.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>26.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>21.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>15.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>8.1%<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>9<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>94.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>88.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>83.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>77.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>72.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>52.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>47.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>45.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>43.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>40.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>37.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>33.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>29.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>25.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>20.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>14.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>6.9%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>10<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>94.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>89.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>83.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>78.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>73.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>68.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>49.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>47.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>45.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>42.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>39.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>36.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>33.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>29.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>24.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>19.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>13.2%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>11<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>94.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>89.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>84.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>79.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>74.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>69.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>55.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>49.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>47.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>44.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>42.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>39.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>36.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>32.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>28.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>24.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>18.8%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>12<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>94.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>89.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>84.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>79.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>75.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>70.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>52.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>48.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>46.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>44.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>42.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>39.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>36.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>32.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>28.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>23.7%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>13<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>95.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>90.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>85.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>80.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>75.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>71.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>52.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>48.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>46.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>44.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>41.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>38.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>35.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>32.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>28.0%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>14<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>95.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>90.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>85.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>81.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>76.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>72.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>55.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>52.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>48.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>46.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>44.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>41.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>38.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>35.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>31.8%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>15<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>95.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>90.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>86.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>81.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>77.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>72.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>68.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>51.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>48.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>46.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>43.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>41.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>38.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>35.3%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>16<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>95.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>90.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>86.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>82.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>77.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>73.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>69.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>51.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>48.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>46.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>43.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>41.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>38.4%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>17<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>95.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>91.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>86.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>82.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>78.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>74.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>70.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>51.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>48.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>46.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>43.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>41.2%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>18<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>95.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>91.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>87.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>82.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>78.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>74.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>70.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>51.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>48.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>46.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>43.7%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>19<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>95.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>91.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>87.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>83.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>79.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>75.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>71.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>51.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>48.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>46.0%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>20<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>95.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>91.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>87.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>83.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>79.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>75.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>72.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>68.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>51.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>48.2%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>21<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>95.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>91.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>87.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>84.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>80.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>76.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>72.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>69.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>51.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>50.1%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>22<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>96.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>92.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>88.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>84.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>80.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>77.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>73.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>69.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>51.9%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>23<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>96.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>92.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>88.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>84.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>81.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>77.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>73.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>70.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>54.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>53.5%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>24<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>96.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>92.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>88.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>85.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>81.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>77.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>74.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>71.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>55.0%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>25<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>96.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>92.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>88.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>85.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>81.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>78.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>74.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>71.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>68.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>56.4%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>26<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>96.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>92.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>89.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>85.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>82.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>78.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>75.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>72.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>69.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>57.7%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>27<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>96.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>92.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>89.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>85.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>82.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>79.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>75.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>72.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>69.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>59.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>58.9%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>28<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>96.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>92.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>89.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>86.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>82.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>79.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>76.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>73.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>70.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.4%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>60.0%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>29<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>96.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>93.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>89.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>86.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>83.0%<\/td>\r\n<td>79.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>76.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>73.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>70.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>61.0%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>30<\/td>\r\n<td>100%<\/td>\r\n<td>96.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>93.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>89.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>86.5%<\/td>\r\n<td>83.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>80.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>77.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>74.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>71.1%<\/td>\r\n<td>68.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>67.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.7%<\/td>\r\n<td>66.2%<\/td>\r\n<td>65.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.9%<\/td>\r\n<td>64.3%<\/td>\r\n<td>63.6%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.8%<\/td>\r\n<td>62.0%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\"><caption><a id=\"table8.7\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.7. Saturation humidity vs actual air temperature or actual humidity vs dew-point temperature. T = dry-bulb temperature; T<sub>d<\/sub> = dew-point temperature; e = actual vapour pressure; e<sub>s<\/sub> = saturation vapour pressure; q = specific humidity; q<sub>s<\/sub> = saturated specific humidity.\u00a0<em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/caption>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\" scope=\"row\">T or T<sub>d\u00a0<\/sub>(\u00b0C)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\" scope=\"row\">e<sub>s\u00a0<\/sub>or e (Pa)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\" scope=\"row\">q<sub>s\u00a0<\/sub>or q (g\/kg)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\" scope=\"row\">T or T<sub>d<\/sub> (\u00baC)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\" scope=\"row\">e<sub>s<\/sub> or e (Pa)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\" scope=\"row\">q<sub>s<\/sub> or q (g\/kg)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">611<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">3.76<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-39<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">657<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">4.04<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-38<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">23<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.14<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">706<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">4.35<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-37<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">25<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.15<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">758<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">4.67<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-36<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.17<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">813<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">5.01<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-35<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">31<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.19<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">872<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">5.37<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-34<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">34<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.21<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">935<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">5.76<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-33<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">38<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.23<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1002<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">6.18<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-32<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">41<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.25<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1073<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">6.61<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-31<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">46<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1148<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">7.08<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.31<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1228<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">7.57<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-29<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">55<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.34<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1313<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">8.10<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">61<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.37<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1402<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">8.65<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-27<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">67<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.41<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1498<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">9.25<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-26<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">73<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.45<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">14<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1598<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">9.87<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-25<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">80<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.49<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">15<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1705<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">10.54<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-24<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">88<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.54<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">16<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1818<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">11.24<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-23<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">96<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.59<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">17<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1938<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">11.99<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-22<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">105<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.64<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2064<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">12.77<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-21<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">114<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.70<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">19<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2197<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">13.60<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">125<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.77<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">20<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2338<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">14.48<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-19<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">136<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.84<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">21<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2487<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">15.41<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">148<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.91<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">22<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2644<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">16.40<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-17<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">161<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.99<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">23<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2809<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">17.43<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-16<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">175<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.08<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">24<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2984<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">18.53<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-15<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">190<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.17<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">25<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">3167<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">19.68<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-14<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">207<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.27<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">26<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">3361<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">20.90<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-13<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">224<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.38<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">27<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">3565<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">22.18<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-12<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">243<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.49<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">28<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">3779<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">23.54<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-11<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">264<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.62<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">29<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">4005<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">24.96<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-10<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">286<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.76<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">30<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">4242<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">26.47<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-9<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">309<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.90<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">31<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">4492<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">28.05<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">334<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">2.05<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">32<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">4754<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">29.72<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">361<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">2.22<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">33<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">5029<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">31.47<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">390<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">2.40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">34<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">5318<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">33.31<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">421<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">2.59<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">35<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">5622<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">35.26<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">454<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">2.79<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">36<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">5940<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">37.30<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">490<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">3.01<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">37<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">6274<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">39.45<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">527<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">3.24<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">38<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">6624<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">41.70<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">568<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">3.50<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">39<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">6990<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">44.07<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">611<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">3.76<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">40<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">7374<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">46.56<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"figure8.11\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Figure 8.6. Psychrometric Graph<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_85\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"650\"]<img class=\"wp-image-85\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabs2020\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.10-Psychometric-graph-to-find-relative-humidity-from-wet-and-dry-bulb-temperatures.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"758\" \/> Figure 8.6. Psychrometric graph, to find relative humidity from wet and dry-bulb temperatures. <em> Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eoas.ubc.ca\/books\/Practical_Meteorology\/prmet102\/Ch04-watervapor-v102b.pdf\">R. Stull (2017) [PDF]<\/a> CC BY-NC-SA.<br \/><\/em>[\/caption]\r\n<h1>References<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Geography Department, Langara College.(2017). <em>Geography 1180 Lab Manual.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Stull, R. (2017). <em>Practical meteorology: An algebra-based survey of atmospheric science,\u00a0version 1.02b<\/em>. University of British Columbia.<\/p>","rendered":"<p><a id=\"top\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Moisture in the atmosphere is an important component in understanding our atmosphere, as it allows us to understand the concept of humidity, how clouds and fog are formed, and when precipitation occurs. Atmospheric stability helps us to understand whether a parcel of air would sink, rise, or remain stationary, thereby determining whether clouds (and precipitation) form or not. Have you ever wondered why the climate is wetter on one side of a mountain than the other? Orographic lifting explains the effect mountains can have on precipitation patterns.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning Objectives<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>After completion of this lab, you will be able to<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Understand some of the most common variables used in atmospheric moisture.<\/li>\n<li>Learn the relationship between different moisture variables.<\/li>\n<li>Determine the stability of the atmosphere.<\/li>\n<li>Compute a problem associated with the orographic lifting process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1>Pre-Readings<\/h1>\n<p>In order to complete this lab, some background information on moisture variables, atmospheric stability with respect to an air parcel, adiabatic processes, and orographic lifting are required.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Moisture Variables<\/h2>\n<p>A common method to determine the humidity in the atmosphere is to use an instrument called a sling psychrometer (Figure 8.1).<a id=\"figure8.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_73\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-73\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-73\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabs2020\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-7.1-Sling-Psychrometer.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-7.1-Sling-Psychrometer.jpg 1632w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-7.1-Sling-Psychrometer-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-7.1-Sling-Psychrometer-1024x773.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-7.1-Sling-Psychrometer-768x580.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-7.1-Sling-Psychrometer-1536x1160.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-7.1-Sling-Psychrometer-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-7.1-Sling-Psychrometer-225x170.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-7.1-Sling-Psychrometer-350x264.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-73\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 8.1.<\/strong> Sling psychrometer. <em> Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Sling_psychrometer.JPG\">Cambridge Bay Weather (2005)<\/a>. Public Domain.<br \/><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>From the sling psychrometer, we can obtain two readings: the <strong>dry-bulb temperature (T)<\/strong> and <strong>wet-bulb temperature (T<sub>w<\/sub>)<\/strong>. The difference between the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature is the <strong>wet-bulb depression (T-T<sub>w<\/sub>)<\/strong>. This is expressed mathematically in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.1\">Equation 8.1<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"equation8.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Equation 8.1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\text{Wet-bulb depression} = T - T_{W} (^{\\circ}C).[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>We can then use a psychrometric table to determine the <strong>relative humidity (RH)<\/strong> of the air using the four-step procedure described here and illustrated in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure8.2\">Figure 8.2<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 1<\/strong>: Calculate the wet-bulb depression. If T = 20\u00b0C and T<sub>w<\/sub> = 15\u00b0C, then using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.1\">Equation 8.1<\/a>,<\/p>\n<p>[latex]T - T_{W} = 5^{\\circ}C.[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 2<\/strong>:\u00a0Using the psychrometric table (<a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.6\">Table 8.6<\/a>), look down the first column until you locate the dry-bulb temperature (T = 20\u00b0C ).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 3<\/strong>: Still using the table, look across until you locate the wet-bulb depression calculated in Step 1.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 4<\/strong>: Trace lines across from T and down from T\u2212T<sub>w<\/sub>. The RH is found where these lines intersect. In this example, RH = 61.4%.<a id=\"figure8.2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_74\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-74\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-74 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Using-a-Psychrometric-Table-1024x699.png\" alt=\"The dry-bulb temperatures from -5 to 30 \u00b0C fill the first column and the wet bulb depressions from 0 to 10\u00b0C fill the second row of the psychometric table. The relative humidity is determined by finding the cell whose row corresponds to the dry-bulb temperature and whose column corresponds to the wet bulb depression values for a given scenario.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"699\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Using-a-Psychrometric-Table-1024x699.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Using-a-Psychrometric-Table-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Using-a-Psychrometric-Table-768x524.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Using-a-Psychrometric-Table-65x44.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Using-a-Psychrometric-Table-225x154.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Using-a-Psychrometric-Table-350x239.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Using-a-Psychrometric-Table.png 1457w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-74\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 8.2.<\/strong> How to use a psychrometric table: 1. Calculate the wet-bulb depression. 2. Locate the intersection of T and T-Tw. 3. This value is the RH value. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>We can also use <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.7\">Table 8.7<\/a> to help us determine other variables. For example, if T = 20\u00b0C, then <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.7\">Table 8.7<\/a> shows us that the <strong>saturation vapour pressure (e<sub>s<\/sub>)<\/strong> is 2338 Pa.<\/p>\n<p>Relative humidity can be calculated from vapour pressure using Equation 8.2:<\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"equation8.2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Equation 8.2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[latex]RH (\\%) = \\dfrac{e \\hspace{2pt} (Pa)}{e_s \\hspace{2pt} (Pa)} \\times 100\\%[\/latex],<\/p>\n<p>We can calculate the <strong>actual vapour pressure (e)<\/strong> by rearranging Equation 8.2:<\/p>\n<p>[latex]e \\hspace{2pt} (Pa) = 2338 \\hspace{2pt} Pa \\times \\dfrac{61.4}{100} = 1436 \\hspace{2pt} Pa.[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>Now that we have e = 1436 Pa, we can obtain the <strong>dew-point temperature (T<sub>d<\/sub>)<\/strong> from <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.7\">Table 8.7<\/a>. By inspection of the table, we can see that e = 1436 Pa is between the values 1402 Pa and 1498 Pa, and hence T<sub>d<\/sub> is between 12\u00b0C and 13\u00b0C (specifically, 12.35\u00b0C by linear interpolation).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"Lab08AtmosStab\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Atmospheric Stability<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Concepts<\/h3>\n<p>Atmospheric stability helps determine whether clouds (and precipitation) form or not. The atmosphere could be<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>stable, and so the air parcel remains stationary,<\/li>\n<li>unstable, and the air parcel either rises or sinks, or<\/li>\n<li>conditionally unstable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A key to understanding atmospheric stability is the adiabatic process. An adiabatic process is one in which air is heated or cooled due to expansion or contraction but without addition or subtraction of heat. Air will heat or cool at the <strong>dry adiabatic lapse rate<\/strong> (<strong>DALR <\/strong>= 10\u00b0C\/1000m) when the relative humidity is less than 100%. When the relative humidity is 100% (i.e. saturated air), air heats or cools at the <strong>moist\/saturated adiabatic lapse rate<\/strong> (<strong>MALR<\/strong> = 6\u00b0C\/1000m on average but varies between 5-9\u00b0C\/1000m).<\/p>\n<p>In <a class=\"internal\" href=\"\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/lab-03-atmospheric-structure-and-pressure-systems\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Lab 03<\/a>, you were introduced to the ideas of a sounding and the <strong>Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR)<\/strong>. The temperature data of the lower atmosphere is typically measured by a weather balloon. Twice a day, meteorologists release a weather balloon to measure temperatures at different elevations. The data are transmitted back to the ground where meteorologists can determine the stability.<\/p>\n<p>To recap, the ELR is calculated using Equation 8.3:<\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"equation8.3\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Equation 8.3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[latex]ELR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) = -1000 \\left( \\dfrac{\\Delta T (^{\\circ} C)}{\\Delta z (m)} \\right) = -1000 \\left( \\dfrac{T_{2} - T_{1}}{z_{2} - z_{1}} \\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>where<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0394 = delta symbol, represents the <strong>change<\/strong> in the variable it precedes (for example, the change in temperature)<\/li>\n<li>T = air temperature (\u00b0C)<\/li>\n<li>z = altitude (m)<\/li>\n<li>T<sub>1<\/sub> , z<sub>1 <\/sub>= the measurement taken at the lower point in the atmosphere<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note that the ELR is also commonly presented with the units \u00b0C\/1000m and so the equation differs slightly compared to the way it was presented in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/lab-03-atmospheric-structure-and-pressure-systems\/\">Lab 03<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>To determine atmospheric stability, meteorologists compare the adiabatic lapse rate of an air parcel (either DALR and\/or MALR) with the environmental lapse rate (ELR). There are three possible conditions:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>If ELR &gt; DALR &gt; MALR, there is absolute instability (unstable).<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0If DALR &gt; ELR &gt; MALR, there is conditional instability (conditionally unstable).<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0If DALR &gt; MALR &gt; ELR, there is absolute stability (stable).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Finally, as dry air parcels rise, they cool at the DALR until the dew-point temperature is reached. The elevation at which the dew-point is reached is the <strong>Lifting Condensation Level (LCL)<\/strong>. The LCL can be calculated using Equation 8.4:<\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"equation8.4\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Equation 8.4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = \\dfrac{T (^{\\circ}C)-T_{d}(^{\\circ}C)}{DALR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m)}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>where T is the temperature of the air parcel and\u00a0T<sub>d<\/sub> is the dew-point temperature of the air parcel at the surface, both in \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p>The final calculation that we may wish to do is to calculate temperature at a specific altitude with a known lapse rate, and known change in altitude. The <strong>temperature at a specific altitude (T<sub>z<\/sub>)<\/strong> can be calculated using Equation 8.5:<\/p>\n<p><strong><a id=\"equation8.5\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Equation 8.5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[latex]T_{z} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = T_{Initial}(^{\\circ} C) \\pm \\Big[ {|\\Delta z (m)|} \\times \\text{Lapse Rate} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) \\Big][\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>The lapse rate may be the DALR or MALR as appropriate. Add (+) to T<sub>Initial<\/sub> when T<sub>z<\/sub> is at a lower altitude than T<sub>Initial<\/sub>, and subtract from T<sub>Initial<\/sub> when T<sub>z<\/sub> is at a higher altitude.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Application<\/h3>\n<p>Let us put all these concepts together with an example. Assume that the data transmitted by a weather balloon are presented in Table 8.1. We can then use the following seven-step process to visualize what will happen to an air parcel as it rises through the atmosphere.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto;\">\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\">\n<caption><a id=\"table8.1\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.1. Data from an imaginary atmospheric sounding.<\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Altitude (m)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Temperature (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">25.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">22.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">450<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">20.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">600<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">18.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">800<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">16.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1050<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">14.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">13.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1400<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">12.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1550<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">11.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1800<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">9.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2000<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">8.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Step 1:<\/strong> Transfer the data onto the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#stabilityanalysisform\">Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 2:<\/strong> For each layer of the atmosphere, determine the <strong>change in altitude (\u2206z)<\/strong> and <strong>change in temperature (\u2206T)<\/strong>. For example, layer 1 is between 0 m (z<sub>1<\/sub>) and 200 m (z<sub>2<\/sub>), and so:<\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\Delta z = 200 m - 0 m = 200 m[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]\\Delta T = 22.8^{\\circ} C \u2013 25.0^{\\circ} C = -2.2^{\\circ} C[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p>Values for all layers are presented in Table 8.2.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"width: 75%;\">\n<caption><a id=\"table8.2\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.2. Partially completed Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form with changes in altitude and temperature recorded. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Layer<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Altitude (m)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Temp. (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394z (m)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394T (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">ELR (\u00b0C\/1000 m)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Stability<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">25.0<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">22.8<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">450<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">20.0<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">3<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">600<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">18.4<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">4<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">800<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">16.6<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1050<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">14.4<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">6<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">13.1<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">7<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1400<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">12.1<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">8<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22120.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1550<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">11.3<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">9<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1800<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">9.9<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">10<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">2000<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">8.8<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Step 3:<\/strong> Determine the ELR of all layers of the atmosphere using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.3\">Equation 8.3.<\/a> For example, for layer 1,<\/p>\n<p>[latex]ELR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) = -1000 \\left( \\dfrac{\\Delta T(^{\\circ} C)}{\\Delta z(m)} \\right) = -1000 \\left( \\dfrac{-2.2^{\\circ}C}{200m} \\right) = 11.0 ^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m.[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>Values for all layers are presented in Table 8.3.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"width: 75%;\">\n<caption><a id=\"table8.3\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.3. Partially completed Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form with ELRs recorded. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Layer<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Altitude (m)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Temp. (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394 Alt. (m)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394 Temp. (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">ELR (\u00b0C\/1000 m)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Stability<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">25.0<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">11.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">22.8<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">11.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">450<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">20.0<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">3<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">10.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">600<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">18.4<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">4<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">9.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">800<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">16.6<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">8.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1050<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">14.4<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">6<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">8.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">13.1<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">7<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1400<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">12.1<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">8<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22120.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1550<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">11.3<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">9<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1800<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">9.9<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">10<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">2000<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">8.8<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Step 4:<\/strong> Determine the stability of all layers of the atmosphere by comparing the values of the ELR to the DALR and MALR. For example, for layer 1, the ELR is 11.0\u00b0C, which is greater than both the DALR and the MALR. The layer is therefore unstable.\u00a0Values for all layers are presented in Table 8.4.<\/p>\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\" style=\"width: 75%; height: 352px;\">\n<caption><a id=\"table8.4\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.4. Completed Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form with stability conditions recorded. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Layer<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Altitude (m)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Temp. (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394 Alt. (m)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">\u0394 Temp. (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">ELR (\u00b0C\/1000 m)<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Stability<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">25.0<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">11.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">unstable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">22.8<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">11.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">unstable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">450<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">20.0<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">3<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">10.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">unstable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">600<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">18.4<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">4<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">9.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">conditionally unstable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">800<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">16.6<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22122.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">8.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">conditionally unstable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1050<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">14.4<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">6<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">8.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">conditionally unstable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">13.1<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">7<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">stable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1400<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">12.1<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">8<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22120.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">stable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1550<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">11.3<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">9<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">250<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">stable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">1800<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">9.9<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 43.7153px; height: 16px;\">10<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\">\u22121.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\">5.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\">stable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"width: 43.7153px; height: 16px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 267.413px; height: 16px;\">2000<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; width: 238.385px; height: 16px;\">8.8<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 227.899px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 232.031px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.59px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\" style=\"text-align: center; width: 235.451px; height: 16px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Step 5:<\/strong> Once the Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form is completed, we can plot an atmospheric sounding similar to the one you did in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/lab-03-atmospheric-structure-and-pressure-systems\/#sounding\">Lab 03<\/a>. This will help us analyze what could happen to an air parcel. First, plot the temperature data as a line with markers (Figure 8.3).<a id=\"figure8.3\" class=\"internal\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1068\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1068\" style=\"width: 863px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1068 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.3-atmospheric-sounding.png\" alt=\"Temperature in degrees Celsius is plotted on the x axis and elevation in metres is plotted on the y axis.\" width=\"863\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.3-atmospheric-sounding.png 863w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.3-atmospheric-sounding-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.3-atmospheric-sounding-768x538.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.3-atmospheric-sounding-65x45.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.3-atmospheric-sounding-225x157.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.3-atmospheric-sounding-350x245.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 863px) 100vw, 863px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1068\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 8.3.<\/strong> Atmospheric sounding line plotted from data in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.3\">Table 8.3<\/a>. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Step 6:<\/strong> Calculate the change in temperature of an imaginary air parcel as it rises from the ground to 2000 m elevation.<\/p>\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>First up, we need to decide if the air parcel is saturated or not (i.e., RH &gt; 100% or RH &lt; 100%). The air parcel has a temperature (T) of 22\u00b0C and dew-point temperature (Td) of 16\u00b0C at the surface. Because T is greater than Td, we know that the air parcel is not saturated with water vapour (i.e. RH &lt; 100%). It will therefore cool at the DALR as it rises until the dew-point temperature is reached.<\/li>\n<li>So, we need to calculate the LCL using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.4\">Equation 8.4<\/a> for this air parcel to determine the altitude at which the dew-point temperature is reached. In this example,<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = \\dfrac{T (^{\\circ}C)-T_{d}(^{\\circ}C)}{DALR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m)}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = \\dfrac{22^{\\circ} C - 16^{\\circ} C}{10^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = \\dfrac{6^{\\circ} C}{10^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = 6^{\\circ} C \\left( \\dfrac{1000 \\hspace{2pt} m}{10^{\\circ} C} \\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = 600 \\hspace{2pt} m.[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\" style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">c. Once the air parcel reaches its LCL, the rate of cooling slows to the MALR, and so we now need to calculate the temperature of the air parcel at 2000 m (T<sub>z<\/sub>) using the MALR and <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.5\">Equation 8.5<\/a>. In this example, T<sub>Initial<\/sub> = T<sub>d<\/sub> = 16\u00b0C, and z<sub>1<\/sub> = LCL = 600 m:<\/p>\n<p>[latex]T_{z} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = T_{Initial}(^{\\circ} C) \\pm \\Big[ {|\\Delta z (m)|} \\times \\text{Lapse Rate} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) \\Big][\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]T_{z=2000m} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = 16^{\\circ} C - \\left[|600m - 2000m| \\times \\dfrac{6^{\\circ}C}{1000m}\\right][\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]T_{z=2000m} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = 16^{\\circ} C - \\left[1400m \\times \\dfrac{6^{\\circ}C}{1000m}\\right][\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]T_{z=2000m} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = 16^{\\circ} C - 8.4^{\\circ} C[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]T_{z=2000m} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = 7.6^{\\circ}C[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 7:<\/strong> Plot the change in temperature of this air parcel and the LCL on the atmospheric sounding. Select a different colour and\/or different line marker or style for each line. Label each component of the plot. The result is shown on Figure 8.4.<a id=\"figure8.4\" class=\"internal\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1243\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1243\" style=\"width: 863px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1243 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.4-cooling-air-parcel-v1.png\" alt=\"Sounding plot from Figure 8.3 with an additional data line showing the corresponding elevations at the initial temperature, the dew point and 7.6 degrees Celsius. The LCL is drawn as a horizontal line at 600m. Air parcels cool at DALR at elevations less than the LCL. At elevations the LCL and above, air parcels cool at the MALR.\" width=\"863\" height=\"603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.4-cooling-air-parcel-v1.png 863w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.4-cooling-air-parcel-v1-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.4-cooling-air-parcel-v1-768x537.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.4-cooling-air-parcel-v1-65x45.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.4-cooling-air-parcel-v1-225x157.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.4-cooling-air-parcel-v1-350x245.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 863px) 100vw, 863px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1243\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 8.4.<\/strong> Changing temperature of a rising parcel of air. The temperature of the ambient atmosphere (Environmental air) is shown with a blue line with dots. The temperature of the rising parcel of air is shown with a red line with crosses. The LCL is shown with a dashed green line. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\">Orographic Lifting<\/h2>\n<p>An orographic lifting process is where an air parcel is forced to go over a geographic barrier such as a mountain. When the air parcel ascends on the sea side of the mountain (blue arrows), air cools adiabatically until it reaches the Lifting Condensation Level (LCL). Consequently, air becomes saturated and water vapour condenses to form clouds. As air descends on the leeward side of the mountain (red arrows with hatching), it warms adiabatically at the DALR. <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure8.5\">Figure 8.5<\/a> illustrates this concept.<a id=\"figure8.5\" class=\"internal\"><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1384\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1384\" style=\"width: 793px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1384 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.5-adapted.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"793\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.5-adapted.jpg 793w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.5-adapted-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.5-adapted-768x376.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.5-adapted-65x32.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.5-adapted-225x110.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Figure-8.5-adapted-350x171.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1384\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 8.5.<\/strong> Schematic diagram illustrating the orographic effect. <em>Source: M. Stewart (2013), CC BY-SA, adapted by C. Welch.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>We can use the relationships presented above to calculate the the change in temperature of an air parcel as it moves through the orographic process. For example, assume an air parcel at sea-level has temperature of 20\u00b0C and dew-point temperature of 15\u00b0C. This air parcel is forced to rise over a mountain that is 2000 m high and descend back to sea-level on the other side of the mountain (leeward side).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 1<\/strong>: Determine the LCL using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.4\">Equation 8.4<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p>[latex]LCL \\hspace{2pt} (m) = \\dfrac{T (^{\\circ}C)-T_{d}(^{\\circ}C)}{DALR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m)} = \\dfrac{20^{\\circ} C - 15^{\\circ} C}{10^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m} = 500 \\hspace{2pt} m[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 2<\/strong>: Determine the temperature of the air parcel when it reaches the summit using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.5\">Equation 8.5<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p>[latex]T_{z} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = T_{Initial}(^{\\circ} C) - \\Big[{|\\Delta z (m)|} \\times MALR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) \\Big][\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]T_{z=2000m} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = 15^{\\circ} C - \\left[|500m - 2000m| \\times \\dfrac{6^{\\circ}C}{1000m} \\right] = 6^{\\circ}C[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Step 3<\/strong>: Determine the temperature of the air parcel when it sinks back to sea-level on the other side of the mountain (leeward side) using <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#equation8.5\">Equation 8.5<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p>[latex]T_{z} \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C) = T_{Initial} (^{\\circ} C) + \\Big[{|\\Delta z (m)|} \\times DALR \\hspace{2pt} (^{\\circ} C\/1000 \\hspace{2pt} m) \\Big][\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>[latex]T_{z=0m} = 6^{\\circ} C + \\left[|2000m - 0m| \\times \\dfrac{10^{\\circ}C}{1000m}\\right] = 26^{\\circ}C[\/latex]<\/p>\n<h1>Lab Exercises<\/h1>\n<p>In this lab, you will be doing a number of different calculations to help you understand the concepts of atmospheric moisture and stability. You will:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Convert between moisture variables and related temperatures.<\/li>\n<li>Relate atmospheric moisture to your own comfort level.<\/li>\n<li>Analyze atmospheric stability and visually present the information you calculate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A calculator is required, and you will also be plotting a graph\u2014your instructor will decide if you will use a graph paper or a spreadsheet. Please make sure to show all your calculations (to maximize partial credits) and not just the answers. It is estimated that this lab will take 4-5 hours to complete.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EX1: Moisture Variables<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>Complete <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.5\">Table 8.5<\/a>. It is also available for download in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#worksheets\">Worksheets<\/a>. <strong>Give answers for RH and T<sub>d<\/sub> to one decimal place, and e to the nearest integer. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Use <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.6\">Table 8.6<\/a> and <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#table8.7\">Table 8.7<\/a> in the Supporting Material section. Show your calculations on a separate page.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto;\">\n<table class=\"grid aligncenter\">\n<caption><a id=\"table8.5\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.5. Conversions between moisture variables.<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 84px;\">\n<th scope=\"col\"><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Dry-bulb temperature<\/p>\n<p>(T)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Wet-bulb temperature<\/p>\n<p>(Tw)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Wet-bulb depression<\/p>\n<p>(T-Tw)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Relative humidity<\/p>\n<p>(RH)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Saturation vapour pressure<\/p>\n<p>(es)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Actual vapour pressure<\/p>\n<p>(e)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Dew-point temperature<\/p>\n<p>(Td)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<th scope=\"row\">a)<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">13\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\">11\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<th scope=\"row\">b)<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">15\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\">6\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<th scope=\"row\">c)<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">28\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\">70.1%<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<th scope=\"row\">d)<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">20\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\">N\/A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\">N\/A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\">13.0\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<th scope=\"row\">e)<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">5\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\">705 Pa<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<th scope=\"row\">f)<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\">3779 Pa<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\">2267 Pa<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<th scope=\"row\">g)<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 140.99px; height: 17px;\">24\u00b0C<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 137.986px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 130.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 115.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 165.99px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 145px; height: 17px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 146.997px; height: 17px;\">24.0\u00b0C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EX2: Atmospheric Moisture<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>On a cold snowy day, the outside air temperature is 0\u00b0C and the relative humidity is 100%. The air is taken into the house and heated to 21\u00b0C. What is the relative humidity inside the house?<\/li>\n<li>Dew is often formed on grass early in the morning but not at other times of the day. Explain why this is.<\/li>\n<li>Go to <a href=\"https:\/\/climate.weather.gc.ca\/climate_data\/hourly_data_e.html?hlyRange=2013-06-11%7C2021-07-21&amp;dlyRange=2013-06-13%7C2021-07-21&amp;mlyRange=%7C&amp;StationID=51442&amp;Prov=BC&amp;urlExtension=_e.html&amp;searchType=stnName&amp;optLimit=yearRange&amp;StartYear=1840&amp;EndYear=2021&amp;selRowPerPage=25&amp;Line=39&amp;searchMethod=contains&amp;Month=7&amp;Day=21&amp;txtStationName=vancouver&amp;timeframe=1&amp;Year=2021\">Historical Data Report for Vancouver International Airport<\/a>. Check that the date matches today&#8217;s date. Have a look at the relative humidity. Next, click the Previous Day button located to the left of the date bar, and track the relative humidity over the preceding 3-4 days. Think back to how you felt over those days. Do you feel more comfortable when the RH is high, or low? Explain the major factors that affect RH.<\/li>\n<li>Search online to acquire the company names and model numbers of at least two different instruments (other than the sling psychrometer) for sensing humidity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EX3: Atmospheric Stability<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>A meteorological balloon is sent aloft and temperature data are obtained. Your instructor will provide you with this data, or instructions on how to obtain it.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Open the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#stabilityanalysisform\">Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form<\/a> in Worksheets and enter the temperature and altitude data.<\/li>\n<li>Plot the vertical temperature profile (sounding) using Excel. If required, step-by-step instructions on how to do this are provided in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"\/geoglabmanualv2\/chapter\/lab-03-atmospheric-structure-and-pressure-systems\/#Lab03EX1Step4\">Lab 03 EX1 Step 4<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Label this line <strong>Environmental Air<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Label the axes of your graph. Include units.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Complete the <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#stabilityanalysisform\">Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form<\/a>. Give your answers for ELR to one decimal place. Assume a DALR of 10\u00b0C \/ km and an MALR of 6\u00b0C \/ km.<\/li>\n<li>An air parcel of 24\u00b0C and dew-point temperature of 16\u00b0C is currently hovering at the surface. The air parcel is forced to rise up to an altitude of 2000 m.\n<ol type=\"a\">\n<li>Calculate the lifting condensation level (LCL). Add the LCL to your graph.<\/li>\n<li>Plot a line showing the hypothetical change in temperature of this rising parcel on your graph.<\/li>\n<li>Label this line <strong>Air Parcel<\/strong>. On the line indicate where the rising parcel of air cools at the DALR and where it cools at the MALR.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Submit the Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form and your graph as directed by your instructor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EX4: Orographic Process<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>Air blowing off the Pacific Ocean has a temperature of 15\u00b0C and a dew-point temperature of 10\u00b0C at Vancouver (sea level). This air is forced to rise over the Coast Range on its way to Calgary.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li>What is the LCL of the air blowing off the Pacific Ocean at Vancouver?<\/li>\n<li>What is the temperature of the air parcel at the top of the Coast Range (z = 2200 m)?<\/li>\n<li>What is the temperature of the air parcel in Calgary (z = 1200m)?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Show your calculations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Reflection Questions<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<ol>\n<li>If we changed the temperature of the air parcel in Vancouver to 30\u00b0C and dew-point temperature to 7\u00b0C in EX4, what would the temperature of the air parcel be when it reaches Calgary? Explain what will happen in 2-3 sentences.<\/li>\n<li>Condensation, as occurs at the LCL, is one example of phase change. Take a picture of something around you that illustrates one of the processes of phase change. Take the photo at home or somewhere outside. Include one or two sentences to describe what that example is. Do not use a scenario that has already been discussed in class.<\/li>\n<li>Draw a line on the picture in <a class=\"internal\" href=\"#figure8.5\">Figure 8.5<\/a> indicating where the Lifting Condensation Level (LCL) is. Explain your reasoning in 2-3 sentences.<a id=\"figure8.5\" class=\"internal\"><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<figure id=\"attachment_82\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-82\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-82\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabs2020\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.9-View-from-downtown-Vancouver.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.9-View-from-downtown-Vancouver.png 1440w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.9-View-from-downtown-Vancouver-300x221.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.9-View-from-downtown-Vancouver-1024x755.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.9-View-from-downtown-Vancouver-768x566.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.9-View-from-downtown-Vancouver-65x48.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.9-View-from-downtown-Vancouver-225x166.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.9-View-from-downtown-Vancouver-350x258.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-82\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 8.5.<\/strong> View from downtown Vancouver over the harbour. Cumulus clouds are rising from the snow-covered mountains in the distance. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<br \/><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a id=\"worksheets\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Worksheets<\/h1>\n<p>EX1 Worksheet &#8211; Table 8.5<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Table-8.5.docx\">Table 8.5 EX1 Worksheet [Word]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Table-8.5.odt\">Table 8.5 EX1 Worksheet [ODT]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Table-8.5.pdf\">Table 8.5 EX1 Worksheet [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a id=\"stabilityanalysisform\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Atmospheric-Stability-Analysis-Form.docx\">Lab 08 Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form [Word]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Atmospheric-Stability-Analysis-Form.xlsx\">Lab 08 Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form [Excel]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Atmospheric-Stability-Analysis-Form.odt\">Lab 08 Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form [ODT]<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Lab-08-Atmospheric-Stability-Analysis-Form.pdf\">Lab 08 Atmospheric Stability Analysis Form [PDF]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1><a id=\"supmat\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Supporting Material<\/h1>\n<p><a class=\"internal\" href=\"#top\"><em>Back to top<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pdf\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_2430\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2430\" style=\"width: 1457px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2430\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Psychrometric-table-for-use-with-sling-psychrometer.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1457\" height=\"994\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Psychrometric-table-for-use-with-sling-psychrometer.png 1457w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Psychrometric-table-for-use-with-sling-psychrometer-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Psychrometric-table-for-use-with-sling-psychrometer-1024x699.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Psychrometric-table-for-use-with-sling-psychrometer-768x524.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Psychrometric-table-for-use-with-sling-psychrometer-65x44.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Psychrometric-table-for-use-with-sling-psychrometer-225x154.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2020\/07\/Psychrometric-table-for-use-with-sling-psychrometer-350x239.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1457px) 100vw, 1457px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2430\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Table 8.6. Psychrometric table for use with sling psychrometer. Wet bulb depression (T &#8211; Tw) is in \u00b0C. Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"h5p\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; font-size: 12px;\">\n<caption style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><a id=\"table8.6\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.6. Psychrometric table for use with sling psychrometer. Wet bulb depression (T &#8211; T<sub>w<\/sub>) is in \u00b0C. <em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">T &#8211; Tw (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">T (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<td class=\"shaded\">0<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">0.5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">1<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">1.5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">2<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">2.5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">3<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">3.5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">4<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">4.5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">5.5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">6<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">6.5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">7<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">7.5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">8<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">8.5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">9<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">9.5<\/td>\n<td class=\"shaded\">10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-5<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>90.0%<\/td>\n<td>80.1%<\/td>\n<td>70.4%<\/td>\n<td>60.8%<\/td>\n<td>51.3%<\/td>\n<td>41.9%<\/td>\n<td>32.7%<\/td>\n<td>23.5%<\/td>\n<td>14.5%<\/td>\n<td>5.6%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-4<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>90.5%<\/td>\n<td>81.1%<\/td>\n<td>71.8%<\/td>\n<td>62.7%<\/td>\n<td>53.7%<\/td>\n<td>44.8%<\/td>\n<td>36.0%<\/td>\n<td>27.3%<\/td>\n<td>18.7%<\/td>\n<td>10.3%<\/td>\n<td>2.1%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-3<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>90.9%<\/td>\n<td>82.0%<\/td>\n<td>73.2%<\/td>\n<td>64.5%<\/td>\n<td>55.9%<\/td>\n<td>47.4%<\/td>\n<td>39.1%<\/td>\n<td>30.8%<\/td>\n<td>22.6%<\/td>\n<td>14.6%<\/td>\n<td>7.3%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-2<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>91.3%<\/td>\n<td>82.8%<\/td>\n<td>74.4%<\/td>\n<td>66.1%<\/td>\n<td>57.9%<\/td>\n<td>49.8%<\/td>\n<td>41.9%<\/td>\n<td>34.0%<\/td>\n<td>26.3%<\/td>\n<td>18.6%<\/td>\n<td>12.1%<\/td>\n<td>4.3%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>-1<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>91.7%<\/td>\n<td>83.6%<\/td>\n<td>75.5%<\/td>\n<td>67.6%<\/td>\n<td>59.8%<\/td>\n<td>52.1%<\/td>\n<td>44.5%<\/td>\n<td>37.0%<\/td>\n<td>29.6%<\/td>\n<td>22.3%<\/td>\n<td>16.5%<\/td>\n<td>9.6%<\/td>\n<td>1.3%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>92.1%<\/td>\n<td>84.3%<\/td>\n<td>76.6%<\/td>\n<td>69.0%<\/td>\n<td>61.5%<\/td>\n<td>54.2%<\/td>\n<td>46.9%<\/td>\n<td>39.8%<\/td>\n<td>32.7%<\/td>\n<td>25.8%<\/td>\n<td>20.5%<\/td>\n<td>14.4%<\/td>\n<td>7.1%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>92.4%<\/td>\n<td>84.9%<\/td>\n<td>77.6%<\/td>\n<td>70.3%<\/td>\n<td>63.2%<\/td>\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\n<td>49.2%<\/td>\n<td>42.3%<\/td>\n<td>35.6%<\/td>\n<td>29.0%<\/td>\n<td>24.2%<\/td>\n<td>18.8%<\/td>\n<td>12.3%<\/td>\n<td>4.6%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>92.7%<\/td>\n<td>85.5%<\/td>\n<td>78.5%<\/td>\n<td>71.5%<\/td>\n<td>64.7%<\/td>\n<td>57.9%<\/td>\n<td>51.3%<\/td>\n<td>44.7%<\/td>\n<td>38.3%<\/td>\n<td>31.9%<\/td>\n<td>27.7%<\/td>\n<td>22.8%<\/td>\n<td>17.0%<\/td>\n<td>10.3%<\/td>\n<td>2.2%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>93.0%<\/td>\n<td>86.1%<\/td>\n<td>79.3%<\/td>\n<td>72.6%<\/td>\n<td>66.1%<\/td>\n<td>59.6%<\/td>\n<td>53.2%<\/td>\n<td>46.9%<\/td>\n<td>40.8%<\/td>\n<td>34.7%<\/td>\n<td>30.8%<\/td>\n<td>26.4%<\/td>\n<td>21.3%<\/td>\n<td>15.4%<\/td>\n<td>8.3%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>93.3%<\/td>\n<td>86.6%<\/td>\n<td>80.1%<\/td>\n<td>73.7%<\/td>\n<td>67.4%<\/td>\n<td>61.2%<\/td>\n<td>55.0%<\/td>\n<td>49.0%<\/td>\n<td>43.1%<\/td>\n<td>37.2%<\/td>\n<td>33.7%<\/td>\n<td>29.8%<\/td>\n<td>25.2%<\/td>\n<td>19.9%<\/td>\n<td>13.7%<\/td>\n<td>6.4%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>93.5%<\/td>\n<td>87.1%<\/td>\n<td>80.8%<\/td>\n<td>74.7%<\/td>\n<td>68.6%<\/td>\n<td>62.6%<\/td>\n<td>56.7%<\/td>\n<td>50.9%<\/td>\n<td>45.2%<\/td>\n<td>39.6%<\/td>\n<td>36.4%<\/td>\n<td>32.9%<\/td>\n<td>28.8%<\/td>\n<td>24.1%<\/td>\n<td>18.6%<\/td>\n<td>12.2%<\/td>\n<td>4.5%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>93.7%<\/td>\n<td>87.6%<\/td>\n<td>81.5%<\/td>\n<td>75.6%<\/td>\n<td>69.7%<\/td>\n<td>64.0%<\/td>\n<td>58.3%<\/td>\n<td>52.7%<\/td>\n<td>47.2%<\/td>\n<td>41.8%<\/td>\n<td>38.9%<\/td>\n<td>35.7%<\/td>\n<td>32.0%<\/td>\n<td>27.8%<\/td>\n<td>23.0%<\/td>\n<td>17.4%<\/td>\n<td>10.7%<\/td>\n<td>2.8%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>94.0%<\/td>\n<td>88.0%<\/td>\n<td>82.2%<\/td>\n<td>76.4%<\/td>\n<td>70.8%<\/td>\n<td>65.2%<\/td>\n<td>59.7%<\/td>\n<td>54.4%<\/td>\n<td>49.1%<\/td>\n<td>43.9%<\/td>\n<td>41.3%<\/td>\n<td>38.3%<\/td>\n<td>35.0%<\/td>\n<td>31.3%<\/td>\n<td>27.0%<\/td>\n<td>22.0%<\/td>\n<td>16.2%<\/td>\n<td>9.3%<\/td>\n<td>1.1%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>94.2%<\/td>\n<td>88.4%<\/td>\n<td>82.8%<\/td>\n<td>77.2%<\/td>\n<td>71.8%<\/td>\n<td>66.4%<\/td>\n<td>61.1%<\/td>\n<td>55.9%<\/td>\n<td>50.8%<\/td>\n<td>45.8%<\/td>\n<td>43.4%<\/td>\n<td>40.8%<\/td>\n<td>37.8%<\/td>\n<td>34.4%<\/td>\n<td>30.6%<\/td>\n<td>26.2%<\/td>\n<td>21.1%<\/td>\n<td>15.1%<\/td>\n<td>8.1%<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>94.3%<\/td>\n<td>88.8%<\/td>\n<td>83.3%<\/td>\n<td>77.9%<\/td>\n<td>72.7%<\/td>\n<td>67.5%<\/td>\n<td>62.4%<\/td>\n<td>57.4%<\/td>\n<td>52.5%<\/td>\n<td>47.6%<\/td>\n<td>45.4%<\/td>\n<td>43.0%<\/td>\n<td>40.3%<\/td>\n<td>37.2%<\/td>\n<td>33.8%<\/td>\n<td>29.9%<\/td>\n<td>25.4%<\/td>\n<td>20.2%<\/td>\n<td>14.1%<\/td>\n<td>6.9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>94.5%<\/td>\n<td>89.1%<\/td>\n<td>83.8%<\/td>\n<td>78.6%<\/td>\n<td>73.5%<\/td>\n<td>68.5%<\/td>\n<td>63.6%<\/td>\n<td>58.7%<\/td>\n<td>54.0%<\/td>\n<td>49.3%<\/td>\n<td>47.3%<\/td>\n<td>45.1%<\/td>\n<td>42.6%<\/td>\n<td>39.9%<\/td>\n<td>36.8%<\/td>\n<td>33.3%<\/td>\n<td>29.3%<\/td>\n<td>24.8%<\/td>\n<td>19.5%<\/td>\n<td>13.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>94.7%<\/td>\n<td>89.5%<\/td>\n<td>84.3%<\/td>\n<td>79.3%<\/td>\n<td>74.3%<\/td>\n<td>69.5%<\/td>\n<td>64.7%<\/td>\n<td>60.0%<\/td>\n<td>55.4%<\/td>\n<td>50.9%<\/td>\n<td>49.0%<\/td>\n<td>47.0%<\/td>\n<td>44.8%<\/td>\n<td>42.3%<\/td>\n<td>39.5%<\/td>\n<td>36.4%<\/td>\n<td>32.8%<\/td>\n<td>28.8%<\/td>\n<td>24.2%<\/td>\n<td>18.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>94.8%<\/td>\n<td>89.8%<\/td>\n<td>84.8%<\/td>\n<td>79.9%<\/td>\n<td>75.1%<\/td>\n<td>70.4%<\/td>\n<td>65.8%<\/td>\n<td>61.2%<\/td>\n<td>56.7%<\/td>\n<td>52.4%<\/td>\n<td>50.7%<\/td>\n<td>48.8%<\/td>\n<td>46.8%<\/td>\n<td>44.5%<\/td>\n<td>42.0%<\/td>\n<td>39.2%<\/td>\n<td>36.0%<\/td>\n<td>32.4%<\/td>\n<td>28.4%<\/td>\n<td>23.7%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>95.0%<\/td>\n<td>90.1%<\/td>\n<td>85.2%<\/td>\n<td>80.5%<\/td>\n<td>75.8%<\/td>\n<td>71.2%<\/td>\n<td>66.7%<\/td>\n<td>62.3%<\/td>\n<td>58.0%<\/td>\n<td>53.7%<\/td>\n<td>52.2%<\/td>\n<td>50.5%<\/td>\n<td>48.6%<\/td>\n<td>46.6%<\/td>\n<td>44.3%<\/td>\n<td>41.7%<\/td>\n<td>38.9%<\/td>\n<td>35.7%<\/td>\n<td>32.1%<\/td>\n<td>28.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>95.1%<\/td>\n<td>90.3%<\/td>\n<td>85.6%<\/td>\n<td>81.0%<\/td>\n<td>76.5%<\/td>\n<td>72.0%<\/td>\n<td>67.7%<\/td>\n<td>63.4%<\/td>\n<td>59.2%<\/td>\n<td>55.0%<\/td>\n<td>53.6%<\/td>\n<td>52.0%<\/td>\n<td>50.3%<\/td>\n<td>48.5%<\/td>\n<td>46.4%<\/td>\n<td>44.1%<\/td>\n<td>41.5%<\/td>\n<td>38.7%<\/td>\n<td>35.5%<\/td>\n<td>31.8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>95.2%<\/td>\n<td>90.6%<\/td>\n<td>86.0%<\/td>\n<td>81.5%<\/td>\n<td>77.1%<\/td>\n<td>72.8%<\/td>\n<td>68.5%<\/td>\n<td>64.4%<\/td>\n<td>60.3%<\/td>\n<td>56.3%<\/td>\n<td>54.9%<\/td>\n<td>53.5%<\/td>\n<td>51.9%<\/td>\n<td>50.2%<\/td>\n<td>48.3%<\/td>\n<td>46.2%<\/td>\n<td>43.9%<\/td>\n<td>41.4%<\/td>\n<td>38.5%<\/td>\n<td>35.3%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>95.4%<\/td>\n<td>90.8%<\/td>\n<td>86.4%<\/td>\n<td>82.0%<\/td>\n<td>77.7%<\/td>\n<td>73.5%<\/td>\n<td>69.4%<\/td>\n<td>65.3%<\/td>\n<td>61.3%<\/td>\n<td>57.4%<\/td>\n<td>56.2%<\/td>\n<td>54.9%<\/td>\n<td>53.4%<\/td>\n<td>51.8%<\/td>\n<td>50.1%<\/td>\n<td>48.2%<\/td>\n<td>46.1%<\/td>\n<td>43.8%<\/td>\n<td>41.3%<\/td>\n<td>38.4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>95.5%<\/td>\n<td>91.0%<\/td>\n<td>86.7%<\/td>\n<td>82.4%<\/td>\n<td>78.3%<\/td>\n<td>74.2%<\/td>\n<td>70.1%<\/td>\n<td>66.2%<\/td>\n<td>62.3%<\/td>\n<td>58.5%<\/td>\n<td>57.4%<\/td>\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\n<td>54.8%<\/td>\n<td>53.4%<\/td>\n<td>51.8%<\/td>\n<td>50.1%<\/td>\n<td>48.2%<\/td>\n<td>46.1%<\/td>\n<td>43.8%<\/td>\n<td>41.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>95.6%<\/td>\n<td>91.3%<\/td>\n<td>87.0%<\/td>\n<td>82.9%<\/td>\n<td>78.8%<\/td>\n<td>74.8%<\/td>\n<td>70.9%<\/td>\n<td>67.0%<\/td>\n<td>63.2%<\/td>\n<td>59.5%<\/td>\n<td>58.5%<\/td>\n<td>57.3%<\/td>\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\n<td>54.8%<\/td>\n<td>53.3%<\/td>\n<td>51.7%<\/td>\n<td>50.0%<\/td>\n<td>48.1%<\/td>\n<td>46.0%<\/td>\n<td>43.7%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>19<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>95.7%<\/td>\n<td>91.5%<\/td>\n<td>87.3%<\/td>\n<td>83.3%<\/td>\n<td>79.3%<\/td>\n<td>75.4%<\/td>\n<td>71.5%<\/td>\n<td>67.8%<\/td>\n<td>64.1%<\/td>\n<td>60.5%<\/td>\n<td>59.5%<\/td>\n<td>58.4%<\/td>\n<td>57.3%<\/td>\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\n<td>54.7%<\/td>\n<td>53.3%<\/td>\n<td>51.7%<\/td>\n<td>50.0%<\/td>\n<td>48.1%<\/td>\n<td>46.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>95.8%<\/td>\n<td>91.7%<\/td>\n<td>87.6%<\/td>\n<td>83.6%<\/td>\n<td>79.7%<\/td>\n<td>75.9%<\/td>\n<td>72.2%<\/td>\n<td>68.5%<\/td>\n<td>64.9%<\/td>\n<td>61.4%<\/td>\n<td>60.5%<\/td>\n<td>59.5%<\/td>\n<td>58.4%<\/td>\n<td>57.3%<\/td>\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\n<td>54.8%<\/td>\n<td>53.3%<\/td>\n<td>51.7%<\/td>\n<td>50.0%<\/td>\n<td>48.2%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>21<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>95.9%<\/td>\n<td>91.8%<\/td>\n<td>87.9%<\/td>\n<td>84.0%<\/td>\n<td>80.2%<\/td>\n<td>76.5%<\/td>\n<td>72.8%<\/td>\n<td>69.2%<\/td>\n<td>65.7%<\/td>\n<td>62.2%<\/td>\n<td>61.4%<\/td>\n<td>60.5%<\/td>\n<td>59.5%<\/td>\n<td>58.5%<\/td>\n<td>57.3%<\/td>\n<td>56.1%<\/td>\n<td>54.8%<\/td>\n<td>53.4%<\/td>\n<td>51.8%<\/td>\n<td>50.1%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>22<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>96.0%<\/td>\n<td>92.0%<\/td>\n<td>88.1%<\/td>\n<td>84.3%<\/td>\n<td>80.6%<\/td>\n<td>77.0%<\/td>\n<td>73.4%<\/td>\n<td>69.9%<\/td>\n<td>66.4%<\/td>\n<td>63.1%<\/td>\n<td>62.3%<\/td>\n<td>61.4%<\/td>\n<td>60.5%<\/td>\n<td>59.5%<\/td>\n<td>58.5%<\/td>\n<td>57.4%<\/td>\n<td>56.2%<\/td>\n<td>54.8%<\/td>\n<td>53.4%<\/td>\n<td>51.9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>96.0%<\/td>\n<td>92.2%<\/td>\n<td>88.4%<\/td>\n<td>84.7%<\/td>\n<td>81.0%<\/td>\n<td>77.4%<\/td>\n<td>73.9%<\/td>\n<td>70.5%<\/td>\n<td>67.1%<\/td>\n<td>63.8%<\/td>\n<td>63.1%<\/td>\n<td>62.3%<\/td>\n<td>61.4%<\/td>\n<td>60.5%<\/td>\n<td>59.6%<\/td>\n<td>58.5%<\/td>\n<td>57.4%<\/td>\n<td>56.2%<\/td>\n<td>54.9%<\/td>\n<td>53.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>24<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>96.1%<\/td>\n<td>92.3%<\/td>\n<td>88.6%<\/td>\n<td>85.0%<\/td>\n<td>81.4%<\/td>\n<td>77.9%<\/td>\n<td>74.5%<\/td>\n<td>71.1%<\/td>\n<td>67.8%<\/td>\n<td>64.6%<\/td>\n<td>63.9%<\/td>\n<td>63.1%<\/td>\n<td>62.3%<\/td>\n<td>61.5%<\/td>\n<td>60.6%<\/td>\n<td>59.6%<\/td>\n<td>58.6%<\/td>\n<td>57.5%<\/td>\n<td>56.3%<\/td>\n<td>55.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>96.2%<\/td>\n<td>92.5%<\/td>\n<td>88.8%<\/td>\n<td>85.2%<\/td>\n<td>81.7%<\/td>\n<td>78.3%<\/td>\n<td>74.9%<\/td>\n<td>71.6%<\/td>\n<td>68.4%<\/td>\n<td>65.2%<\/td>\n<td>64.6%<\/td>\n<td>63.9%<\/td>\n<td>63.2%<\/td>\n<td>62.4%<\/td>\n<td>61.6%<\/td>\n<td>60.7%<\/td>\n<td>59.7%<\/td>\n<td>58.7%<\/td>\n<td>57.6%<\/td>\n<td>56.4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>26<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>96.3%<\/td>\n<td>92.6%<\/td>\n<td>89.0%<\/td>\n<td>85.5%<\/td>\n<td>82.1%<\/td>\n<td>78.7%<\/td>\n<td>75.4%<\/td>\n<td>72.2%<\/td>\n<td>69.0%<\/td>\n<td>65.9%<\/td>\n<td>65.3%<\/td>\n<td>64.6%<\/td>\n<td>64.0%<\/td>\n<td>63.2%<\/td>\n<td>62.5%<\/td>\n<td>61.6%<\/td>\n<td>60.7%<\/td>\n<td>59.8%<\/td>\n<td>58.8%<\/td>\n<td>57.7%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>27<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>96.3%<\/td>\n<td>92.7%<\/td>\n<td>89.2%<\/td>\n<td>85.8%<\/td>\n<td>82.4%<\/td>\n<td>79.1%<\/td>\n<td>75.9%<\/td>\n<td>72.7%<\/td>\n<td>69.6%<\/td>\n<td>66.5%<\/td>\n<td>66.0%<\/td>\n<td>65.3%<\/td>\n<td>64.7%<\/td>\n<td>64.0%<\/td>\n<td>63.3%<\/td>\n<td>62.5%<\/td>\n<td>61.7%<\/td>\n<td>60.8%<\/td>\n<td>59.9%<\/td>\n<td>58.9%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>28<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>96.4%<\/td>\n<td>92.9%<\/td>\n<td>89.4%<\/td>\n<td>86.0%<\/td>\n<td>82.7%<\/td>\n<td>79.5%<\/td>\n<td>76.3%<\/td>\n<td>73.2%<\/td>\n<td>70.1%<\/td>\n<td>67.1%<\/td>\n<td>66.6%<\/td>\n<td>66.0%<\/td>\n<td>65.4%<\/td>\n<td>64.8%<\/td>\n<td>64.1%<\/td>\n<td>63.4%<\/td>\n<td>62.6%<\/td>\n<td>61.8%<\/td>\n<td>60.9%<\/td>\n<td>60.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>29<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>96.5%<\/td>\n<td>93.0%<\/td>\n<td>89.6%<\/td>\n<td>86.3%<\/td>\n<td>83.0%<\/td>\n<td>79.8%<\/td>\n<td>76.7%<\/td>\n<td>73.6%<\/td>\n<td>70.6%<\/td>\n<td>67.7%<\/td>\n<td>67.2%<\/td>\n<td>66.6%<\/td>\n<td>66.1%<\/td>\n<td>65.5%<\/td>\n<td>64.9%<\/td>\n<td>64.2%<\/td>\n<td>63.5%<\/td>\n<td>62.7%<\/td>\n<td>61.9%<\/td>\n<td>61.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>100%<\/td>\n<td>96.5%<\/td>\n<td>93.1%<\/td>\n<td>89.8%<\/td>\n<td>86.5%<\/td>\n<td>83.3%<\/td>\n<td>80.2%<\/td>\n<td>77.1%<\/td>\n<td>74.1%<\/td>\n<td>71.1%<\/td>\n<td>68.2%<\/td>\n<td>67.7%<\/td>\n<td>67.2%<\/td>\n<td>66.7%<\/td>\n<td>66.2%<\/td>\n<td>65.6%<\/td>\n<td>64.9%<\/td>\n<td>64.3%<\/td>\n<td>63.6%<\/td>\n<td>62.8%<\/td>\n<td>62.0%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<caption><a id=\"table8.7\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Table 8.7. Saturation humidity vs actual air temperature or actual humidity vs dew-point temperature. T = dry-bulb temperature; T<sub>d<\/sub> = dew-point temperature; e = actual vapour pressure; e<sub>s<\/sub> = saturation vapour pressure; q = specific humidity; q<sub>s<\/sub> = saturated specific humidity.\u00a0<em>Source: L. Tang, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.<\/em><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\" scope=\"row\">T or T<sub>d\u00a0<\/sub>(\u00b0C)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\" scope=\"row\">e<sub>s\u00a0<\/sub>or e (Pa)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\" scope=\"row\">q<sub>s\u00a0<\/sub>or q (g\/kg)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\" scope=\"row\">T or T<sub>d<\/sub> (\u00baC)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\" scope=\"row\">e<sub>s<\/sub> or e (Pa)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\" scope=\"row\">q<sub>s<\/sub> or q (g\/kg)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-40<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.11<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">611<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">3.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-39<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.12<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">657<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">4.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-38<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">23<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.14<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">706<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">4.35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-37<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">25<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.15<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">758<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">4.67<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-36<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">28<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.17<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">813<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">5.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-35<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">31<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.19<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">872<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">5.37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-34<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">34<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.21<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">935<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">5.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-33<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">38<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.23<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1002<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">6.18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-32<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">41<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.25<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1073<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">6.61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-31<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">46<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.28<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1148<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">7.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-30<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.31<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1228<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">7.57<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-29<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">55<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.34<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">11<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1313<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">8.10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-28<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">61<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.37<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1402<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">8.65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-27<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">67<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.41<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1498<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">9.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-26<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">73<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.45<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">14<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1598<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">9.87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-25<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">80<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.49<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">15<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1705<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">10.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-24<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">88<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.54<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">16<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1818<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">11.24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-23<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">96<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.59<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">1938<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">11.99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-22<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">105<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.64<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2064<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">12.77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-21<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">114<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.70<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">19<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2197<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">13.60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-20<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">125<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.77<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2338<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">14.48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-19<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">136<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.84<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">21<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2487<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">15.41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-18<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">148<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.91<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">22<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2644<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">16.40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-17<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">161<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">0.99<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">23<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2809<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">17.43<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-16<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">175<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.08<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">24<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">2984<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">18.53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-15<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">190<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.17<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">25<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">3167<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">19.68<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-14<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">207<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.27<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">26<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">3361<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">20.90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-13<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">224<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.38<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">27<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">3565<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">22.18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-12<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">243<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.49<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">28<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">3779<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">23.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-11<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">264<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.62<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">29<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">4005<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">24.96<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-10<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">286<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.76<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">4242<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">26.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">309<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">1.90<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">31<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">4492<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">28.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">334<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">2.05<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">32<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">4754<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">29.72<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">361<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">2.22<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">33<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">5029<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">31.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-6<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">390<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">2.40<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">34<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">5318<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">33.31<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">421<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">2.59<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">35<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">5622<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">35.26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">454<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">2.79<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">36<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">5940<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">37.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">490<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">3.01<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">37<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">6274<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">39.45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">527<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">3.24<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">38<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">6624<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">41.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">-1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">568<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">3.50<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">39<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">6990<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">44.07<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 17px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 90.3125px;\">611<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.047px;\">3.76<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 86.5469px;\">40<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 102.734px;\">7374<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 17px; width: 115.062px;\">46.56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a id=\"figure8.11\" class=\"internal\"><\/a>Figure 8.6. Psychrometric Graph<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_85\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-85\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-85\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabs2020\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.10-Psychometric-graph-to-find-relative-humidity-from-wet-and-dry-bulb-temperatures.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"758\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.10-Psychometric-graph-to-find-relative-humidity-from-wet-and-dry-bulb-temperatures.png 894w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.10-Psychometric-graph-to-find-relative-humidity-from-wet-and-dry-bulb-temperatures-257x300.png 257w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.10-Psychometric-graph-to-find-relative-humidity-from-wet-and-dry-bulb-temperatures-878x1024.png 878w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.10-Psychometric-graph-to-find-relative-humidity-from-wet-and-dry-bulb-temperatures-768x896.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.10-Psychometric-graph-to-find-relative-humidity-from-wet-and-dry-bulb-temperatures-65x76.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.10-Psychometric-graph-to-find-relative-humidity-from-wet-and-dry-bulb-temperatures-225x263.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1340\/2021\/03\/Figure-7.10-Psychometric-graph-to-find-relative-humidity-from-wet-and-dry-bulb-temperatures-350x408.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-85\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8.6. Psychrometric graph, to find relative humidity from wet and dry-bulb temperatures. <em> Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eoas.ubc.ca\/books\/Practical_Meteorology\/prmet102\/Ch04-watervapor-v102b.pdf\">R. Stull (2017) [PDF]<\/a> CC BY-NC-SA.<br \/><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1>References<\/h1>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Geography Department, Langara College.(2017). <em>Geography 1180 Lab Manual.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"hanging-indent\">Stull, R. (2017). <em>Practical meteorology: An algebra-based survey of atmospheric science,\u00a0version 1.02b<\/em>. University of British Columbia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":970,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":["leonard-tang"],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[72],"license":[],"class_list":["post-93","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","contributor-leonard-tang"],"part":23,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/93","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/970"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/93\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2447,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/93\/revisions\/2447"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/23"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/93\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=93"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=93"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=93"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geoglabmanualv2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=93"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}