{"id":113,"date":"2020-07-09T12:25:57","date_gmt":"2020-07-09T16:25:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/part\/chapter-7-topographic-maps\/"},"modified":"2020-11-13T19:07:19","modified_gmt":"2020-11-14T00:07:19","slug":"chapter-6-topographic-maps","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/part\/chapter-6-topographic-maps\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 6. Topographic Maps","rendered":"Chapter 6. Topographic Maps"},"content":{"raw":"[caption id=\"attachment_935\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1024\"]\"Topographic<\/a> Figure 6.1 |<\/strong> A topographic map of Mt. St. Helens (upper right) is a 2D way to convey 3D information about the shape of the mountain (lower left).Source: Karla Panchuk (2020), with topographic models by Clarknova (2008) CC BY-SA 3.0. View source<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n

Introduction<\/h1>\r\nA topographic map <\/strong>is a type of map that adds a vertical dimension to an otherwise two-dimensional map defined by the north, south, east, and west compass directions. This third dimension on a topographic map is represented by contour lines<\/strong>, which represent a constant elevations above either sea level (either average sea level (a.s.l.) or mean sea level (m.s.l.)). A map with such elevation lines gives the map reader detailed information regarding the shape of Earth\u2019s surface, also called its topography<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nIf you know how to interpret a topographic map, you can locate and identify features on Earth\u2019s surface such as hills, valleys, depressions, steep cliffs and gentle slopes. This information can be applied to important tasks such as identifying areas that may be prone to geologic hazards such as landslides and flooding. Anyone interested in purchasing property, landscaping, planning a hike or camping trip, or who needs to survey an area for construction of a road, dam or building, will want to first consult a topographic map.\r\n

Learning Outcomes<\/h1>\r\n

After completing this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\r\n

\u2022 Recognize topographic and geologic patterns\r\n\u2022 Read and construct contour lines\r\n\u2022 Determine gradients\r\n\u2022 Read map scales and convert fractional scales\r\n\u2022 Construct a topographic profile<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Key Terms<\/h1>\r\n

\u2022 Bar (graphical) scale\r\n\u2022 Benchmarks\r\n\u2022 Contour interval\r\n\u2022 Contour line\r\n\u2022 Equator\r\n\u2022 Fractional (ratio) scale\r\n\u2022 Gradient\r\n\u2022 Hachure marks\r\n\u2022 Index contour\r\n\u2022 Latitude\r\n\u2022 Longitude\r\n\u2022 Prime Meridian\r\n\u2022 Relief\r\n\u2022 Topographic profile\r\n\u2022 Verbal scale\r\n\u2022 Vertical exaggeration<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Attributions<\/h2>\r\nAdapted from:\r\n\r\nMcBeth, J., Panchuk, K., Prokopiuk, T., Hauber, L., & Lacey, S. (2020). Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, 1st Canadian Ed<\/em>., Chapter 7. Topographic Maps<\/em><\/a> by J. McBeth, S. W. Lacey, & T. C. Prokopiuk. CC BY-SA 4.0\r\n\r\nDeline, B., Harris. R. & Tefend, K. (2015) Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology, 1st Edition<\/a>, <\/em>Chapter 3. Topographic Maps by K. Tefend & B. Deline. CC BY-SA 4.0","rendered":"
\"Topographic<\/a>
Figure 6.1 |<\/strong> A topographic map of Mt. St. Helens (upper right) is a 2D way to convey 3D information about the shape of the mountain (lower left).Source: Karla Panchuk (2020), with topographic models by Clarknova (2008) CC BY-SA 3.0. View source<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Introduction<\/h1>\n

A topographic map <\/strong>is a type of map that adds a vertical dimension to an otherwise two-dimensional map defined by the north, south, east, and west compass directions. This third dimension on a topographic map is represented by contour lines<\/strong>, which represent a constant elevations above either sea level (either average sea level (a.s.l.) or mean sea level (m.s.l.)). A map with such elevation lines gives the map reader detailed information regarding the shape of Earth\u2019s surface, also called its topography<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

If you know how to interpret a topographic map, you can locate and identify features on Earth\u2019s surface such as hills, valleys, depressions, steep cliffs and gentle slopes. This information can be applied to important tasks such as identifying areas that may be prone to geologic hazards such as landslides and flooding. Anyone interested in purchasing property, landscaping, planning a hike or camping trip, or who needs to survey an area for construction of a road, dam or building, will want to first consult a topographic map.<\/p>\n

Learning Outcomes<\/h1>\n

After completing this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n

\u2022 Recognize topographic and geologic patterns
\n\u2022 Read and construct contour lines
\n\u2022 Determine gradients
\n\u2022 Read map scales and convert fractional scales
\n\u2022 Construct a topographic profile<\/p>\n

Key Terms<\/h1>\n

\u2022 Bar (graphical) scale
\n\u2022 Benchmarks
\n\u2022 Contour interval
\n\u2022 Contour line
\n\u2022 Equator
\n\u2022 Fractional (ratio) scale
\n\u2022 Gradient
\n\u2022 Hachure marks
\n\u2022 Index contour
\n\u2022 Latitude
\n\u2022 Longitude
\n\u2022 Prime Meridian
\n\u2022 Relief
\n\u2022 Topographic profile
\n\u2022 Verbal scale
\n\u2022 Vertical exaggeration<\/p>\n

Attributions<\/h2>\n

Adapted from:<\/p>\n

McBeth, J., Panchuk, K., Prokopiuk, T., Hauber, L., & Lacey, S. (2020). Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, 1st Canadian Ed<\/em>., Chapter 7. Topographic Maps<\/em><\/a> by J. McBeth, S. W. Lacey, & T. C. Prokopiuk. CC BY-SA 4.0<\/p>\n

Deline, B., Harris. R. & Tefend, K. (2015) Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology, 1st Edition<\/a>, <\/em>Chapter 3. Topographic Maps by K. Tefend & B. Deline. CC BY-SA 4.0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-113","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/113","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/113\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1011,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/113\/revisions\/1011"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=113"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}