{"id":63,"date":"2020-07-09T12:24:58","date_gmt":"2020-07-09T16:24:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/part\/chapter-3-igneous-rocks\/"},"modified":"2020-10-15T16:54:20","modified_gmt":"2020-10-15T20:54:20","slug":"chapter-3-igneous-rocks","status":"publish","type":"part","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/part\/chapter-3-igneous-rocks\/","title":{"raw":"Chapter 3. Igneous Rocks","rendered":"Chapter 3. Igneous Rocks"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_687\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1024\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/part\/chapter-3-igneous-rocks\/image1-1456\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-687\"><img class=\"size-large wp-image-687\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" \/><\/a> <strong>3.1 |<\/strong> A geologist at the Hawai'ian Volcano Observatory collects a sample of lava for later chemical analysis. The inset image is an example of a labelled sample bag, recording where, when, and how the sample was collected. Source: USGS (2020) Public Domain. <a href=\"https:\/\/volcanoes.usgs.gov\/observatories\/hvo\/hvo_volcano_watch.html?vwid=1456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">View image<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<a href=\"#whatsup3-1\"><em>Click here to read more about what's happening in Figure 3.1.<\/em><\/a><em>\r\n<\/em>\r\n<h1>Introduction<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">All rocks found on the Earth are classified into one of three groups: igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. This classification is based on the origin of each of the rock types. The focus of this chapter will be on igneous rocks, which are the only rocks that form from what was once a molten or liquid state. Therefore, igneous rocks are defined as those rock types that form by the cooling of magma or lava. Each igneous rock has a name that distinguishes it from other igneous rocks.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Igneous rocks differ from each other primarily due to:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>the original composition of the molten material from which the rock is derived, and<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the cooling process of the molten material that ended up forming the rock.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThese two parameters are the basis for a classification system for igneous rocks that is based on composition and texture. The <strong>composition<\/strong> of an igneous rock refers to the minerals in the rock, and their chemical make-up. The <strong>texture<\/strong> of an igneous rock refers to visible features such as the sizes of mineral grains making up the rock, the presence of glass, the presence fragmented material, or vesicles (holes).\r\n<h1>Learning Outcomes<\/h1>\r\nAfter completing this chapter, you should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Classify igneous rock types based on colour, texture, and mafic colour index<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify, when possible, the minerals present in an igneous rock<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the cooling history of an igneous rock<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h1>Key Terms<\/h1>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Amygdaloidal<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Aphanitic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Extrusive<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Felsic (Silicic)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ferromagnesian<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Glassy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Intermediate<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Intrusive<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mafic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Non-ferromagnesian<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Phaneritic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Phenocryst<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Porphyritic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ultramafic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Vesicular<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">\r\n<h2><a id=\"whatsup3-1\"><\/a>What's Happening In This Figure?<\/h2>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/part\/chapter-3-igneous-rocks\/image1-1456\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-687\"><img class=\"wp-image-687 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"139\" height=\"105\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nThis following article is from <a href=\"https:\/\/volcanoes.usgs.gov\/observatories\/hvo\/hvo_volcano_watch.html?vwid=1456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Volcano Watch<\/em><\/a><i> for 19 March, 2020.<\/i><i>Volcano Watch <\/i>is part of the weekly volcanic activity update by the USGS's Hawai'ian Volcano Observatory.\r\n<h5><strong>HVO's geological sample collections are an important resource<\/strong><\/h5>\r\nOn December 30, 2015, an HVO geologist wore protective gear during collection of a fresh lava sample for chemical analysis from a p\u0101hoehoe breakout along scattered Pu\u2018u \u2018\u014c\u2018\u014d lava flows. Inset image caption: Metadata is written on a bag that holds a sample taken from p\u0101hoehoe that was collected on August 18, 2006. The front of the bag notes the date and time the sample was collected, sample-collector initials, a description of the sample, and the unique sample identifier; the coordinates of the sample collection location are written on the back of the sample bag. USGS photos.\r\n\r\nIn the past, HVO would occasionally post images of people collecting lava samples on our website. These photos usually featured a person (with little-exposed skin) holding a rock hammer, with a metal bucket nearby. The bucket contained water to \"quench\" the sample, solidifying the hot lava into a cold glass. Natural-fiber or heat-resistant gloves, and sometimes a face mask, protected the sample collector from heat radiating off the 1150 \u00baC (2100 \u00baF) lava. The hammer was used to scoop some of the molten material into the bucket, which would hiss and steam in reaction; more water would be added to cool down the sample so it could be placed in a cloth bag.\r\n\r\nHVO carefully archives or curates these precious geological samples collected by current and past HVO geologists, collaborators, visiting scientists, and volunteers. Most of the HVO samples were collected from around the Island of Hawai\u2018i over the past several decades as part of HVO's mission to monitor eruptive activity (sampling active lava flows) or to characterize previous volcanic activity (sampling prehistoric lava flows on or beneath the surface). For samples collected within Hawai\u2018i Volcanoes National Park, HVO works closely with National Park Service archivists to ensure appropriate record keeping and tracking.\r\n\r\nWhen a sample is collected, it's important to document the sample's \"metadata.\" This includes the name of the sample collector, coordinates marking sample location, and the collection date. If the sample was taken from molten lava, it's labeled as a \"quenched\" sample, and the time of sample collection is also noted.\r\n\r\nAs part of metadata, geologists generally describe the sample location (such as the Southwest Rift Zone of K\u012blauea) and characterize the sample itself (a grey-colored, discontinuous, fine ash, for example). Usually, the sample is given a unique identifier (ID), often a combination of numbers and letters, which is written on the sample bag. This ID connects the sample to its metadata, which is entered into a searchable database.\r\n\r\nMuch preparation and forethought go into sample collection, with prior project planning, permitting, and gaining permission from landowners. For every geologist, it's important to ask: \"What question(s) will this sample help me to answer?\" Samples are collected sometimes because their specific chemistry or physical characteristics can reveal important information that helps scientists to understand the past, or on-going, or potential future volcanic activity and hazards.\r\n\r\nFor example, a sample of ash from the Ka\u2018\u016b Desert indicates that ash was deposited in that location at some point in the past and could, therefore, be deposited there in the future. Particle size and chemical analyses of the ash can provide information about the eruption magnitude (size) and character (was the eruption driven by steam or magmatic gas?).\r\n\r\nSuch information improves understanding of the range of behaviors Hawaiian volcanoes exhibited in the past and could exhibit in the future. Likewise, rapid analyses of molten lava samples during the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption allowed HVO to detect changes in magma chemistry that foretold a change in eruptive behavior\u2014the arrival of increasingly hot and fluid lava\u2014and associated hazards.\r\n\r\nSeveral sample collections are currently being curated at HVO. The youngest consists of lava and ejecta from K\u012blauea's 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption and summit-collapse events. Other collections include lava samples from historical eruptions of K\u012blauea (including products of Pu\u2018u \u2018\u014c\u2018\u014d and ejecta collected downwind of Halema\u2018uma\u2018u when there was an active lava lake); geological samples that aided in creating the <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/i2524A\">Geologic map of the Island of Hawaii<\/a>; and ash and other ejecta collected as part of research to understand older explosive events in K\u012blauea's history. The Pu\u2018u \u2018\u014c\u2018\u014d collection in particular is perhaps unique in the world for its completeness and longevity covering a single eruptive event and is thus extremely valuable.\r\n\r\nEach sample collection and resulting analytical data informs HVO and the wider volcanological community a little more about the behavior and hazards of Hawai'ian volcanoes. These collections will continue to be an important resource for researchers, especially because some samples are from areas that are no longer accessible, having been covered by more recent lava flows or within the area of K\u012blauea's summit that collapsed in 2018.\r\n\r\nEventually, one of Hawai'i's volcanoes will erupt again, and HVO will have another sample collection to curate and care for, and to help us understand Hawaiian volcanoes and their hazards a little more.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\r\nAdapted from:\r\n\r\nMcBeth, J., Panchuk, K., Prokopiuk, T., Hauber, L., &amp; Lacey, S. (2020). <em>Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, 1st Canadian Ed<\/em>., <a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/geolmanual\/part\/chapter-3-igneous-rocks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Chapter 3. Igneous Rocks<\/em><\/a> by L. Hauber &amp; J. McBeth. CC BY-SA 4.0\r\n\r\nDeline, B., Harris. R. &amp; Tefend, K. (2015) <em><a href=\"https:\/\/ung.edu\/university-press\/books\/laboratory-manual-for-introductory-geology.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology, 1st Edition<\/a>, <\/em>Chapter 8. Igneous Rocks by K. Tefend. Harris. CC BY-SA 4.0\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_687\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-687\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/part\/chapter-3-igneous-rocks\/image1-1456\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-687\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-687\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-2048x1537.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-350x263.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-687\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>3.1 |<\/strong> A geologist at the Hawai&#8217;ian Volcano Observatory collects a sample of lava for later chemical analysis. The inset image is an example of a labelled sample bag, recording where, when, and how the sample was collected. Source: USGS (2020) Public Domain. <a href=\"https:\/\/volcanoes.usgs.gov\/observatories\/hvo\/hvo_volcano_watch.html?vwid=1456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">View image<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a href=\"#whatsup3-1\"><em>Click here to read more about what&#8217;s happening in Figure 3.1.<\/em><\/a><em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<h1>Introduction<\/h1>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">All rocks found on the Earth are classified into one of three groups: igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. This classification is based on the origin of each of the rock types. The focus of this chapter will be on igneous rocks, which are the only rocks that form from what was once a molten or liquid state. Therefore, igneous rocks are defined as those rock types that form by the cooling of magma or lava. Each igneous rock has a name that distinguishes it from other igneous rocks.<\/p>\n<p class=\"no-indent\">Igneous rocks differ from each other primarily due to:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>the original composition of the molten material from which the rock is derived, and<\/li>\n<li>the cooling process of the molten material that ended up forming the rock.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>These two parameters are the basis for a classification system for igneous rocks that is based on composition and texture. The <strong>composition<\/strong> of an igneous rock refers to the minerals in the rock, and their chemical make-up. The <strong>texture<\/strong> of an igneous rock refers to visible features such as the sizes of mineral grains making up the rock, the presence of glass, the presence fragmented material, or vesicles (holes).<\/p>\n<h1>Learning Outcomes<\/h1>\n<p>After completing this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Classify igneous rock types based on colour, texture, and mafic colour index<\/li>\n<li>Identify, when possible, the minerals present in an igneous rock<\/li>\n<li>Determine the cooling history of an igneous rock<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h1>Key Terms<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Amygdaloidal<\/li>\n<li>Aphanitic<\/li>\n<li>Extrusive<\/li>\n<li>Felsic (Silicic)<\/li>\n<li>Ferromagnesian<\/li>\n<li>Glassy<\/li>\n<li>Intermediate<\/li>\n<li>Intrusive<\/li>\n<li>Mafic<\/li>\n<li>Non-ferromagnesian<\/li>\n<li>Phaneritic<\/li>\n<li>Phenocryst<\/li>\n<li>Porphyritic<\/li>\n<li>Ultramafic<\/li>\n<li>Vesicular<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox\">\n<h2><a id=\"whatsup3-1\"><\/a>What&#8217;s Happening In This Figure?<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/part\/chapter-3-igneous-rocks\/image1-1456\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-687\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-687 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"139\" height=\"105\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-2048x1537.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-65x49.jpg 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-225x169.jpg 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1073\/2020\/07\/image1-1456-350x263.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 139px) 100vw, 139px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This following article is from <a href=\"https:\/\/volcanoes.usgs.gov\/observatories\/hvo\/hvo_volcano_watch.html?vwid=1456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Volcano Watch<\/em><\/a><i> for 19 March, 2020.<\/i><i>Volcano Watch <\/i>is part of the weekly volcanic activity update by the USGS&#8217;s Hawai&#8217;ian Volcano Observatory.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>HVO&#8217;s geological sample collections are an important resource<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>On December 30, 2015, an HVO geologist wore protective gear during collection of a fresh lava sample for chemical analysis from a p\u0101hoehoe breakout along scattered Pu\u2018u \u2018\u014c\u2018\u014d lava flows. Inset image caption: Metadata is written on a bag that holds a sample taken from p\u0101hoehoe that was collected on August 18, 2006. The front of the bag notes the date and time the sample was collected, sample-collector initials, a description of the sample, and the unique sample identifier; the coordinates of the sample collection location are written on the back of the sample bag. USGS photos.<\/p>\n<p>In the past, HVO would occasionally post images of people collecting lava samples on our website. These photos usually featured a person (with little-exposed skin) holding a rock hammer, with a metal bucket nearby. The bucket contained water to &#8220;quench&#8221; the sample, solidifying the hot lava into a cold glass. Natural-fiber or heat-resistant gloves, and sometimes a face mask, protected the sample collector from heat radiating off the 1150 \u00baC (2100 \u00baF) lava. The hammer was used to scoop some of the molten material into the bucket, which would hiss and steam in reaction; more water would be added to cool down the sample so it could be placed in a cloth bag.<\/p>\n<p>HVO carefully archives or curates these precious geological samples collected by current and past HVO geologists, collaborators, visiting scientists, and volunteers. Most of the HVO samples were collected from around the Island of Hawai\u2018i over the past several decades as part of HVO&#8217;s mission to monitor eruptive activity (sampling active lava flows) or to characterize previous volcanic activity (sampling prehistoric lava flows on or beneath the surface). For samples collected within Hawai\u2018i Volcanoes National Park, HVO works closely with National Park Service archivists to ensure appropriate record keeping and tracking.<\/p>\n<p>When a sample is collected, it&#8217;s important to document the sample&#8217;s &#8220;metadata.&#8221; This includes the name of the sample collector, coordinates marking sample location, and the collection date. If the sample was taken from molten lava, it&#8217;s labeled as a &#8220;quenched&#8221; sample, and the time of sample collection is also noted.<\/p>\n<p>As part of metadata, geologists generally describe the sample location (such as the Southwest Rift Zone of K\u012blauea) and characterize the sample itself (a grey-colored, discontinuous, fine ash, for example). Usually, the sample is given a unique identifier (ID), often a combination of numbers and letters, which is written on the sample bag. This ID connects the sample to its metadata, which is entered into a searchable database.<\/p>\n<p>Much preparation and forethought go into sample collection, with prior project planning, permitting, and gaining permission from landowners. For every geologist, it&#8217;s important to ask: &#8220;What question(s) will this sample help me to answer?&#8221; Samples are collected sometimes because their specific chemistry or physical characteristics can reveal important information that helps scientists to understand the past, or on-going, or potential future volcanic activity and hazards.<\/p>\n<p>For example, a sample of ash from the Ka\u2018\u016b Desert indicates that ash was deposited in that location at some point in the past and could, therefore, be deposited there in the future. Particle size and chemical analyses of the ash can provide information about the eruption magnitude (size) and character (was the eruption driven by steam or magmatic gas?).<\/p>\n<p>Such information improves understanding of the range of behaviors Hawaiian volcanoes exhibited in the past and could exhibit in the future. Likewise, rapid analyses of molten lava samples during the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption allowed HVO to detect changes in magma chemistry that foretold a change in eruptive behavior\u2014the arrival of increasingly hot and fluid lava\u2014and associated hazards.<\/p>\n<p>Several sample collections are currently being curated at HVO. The youngest consists of lava and ejecta from K\u012blauea&#8217;s 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption and summit-collapse events. Other collections include lava samples from historical eruptions of K\u012blauea (including products of Pu\u2018u \u2018\u014c\u2018\u014d and ejecta collected downwind of Halema\u2018uma\u2018u when there was an active lava lake); geological samples that aided in creating the <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/i2524A\">Geologic map of the Island of Hawaii<\/a>; and ash and other ejecta collected as part of research to understand older explosive events in K\u012blauea&#8217;s history. The Pu\u2018u \u2018\u014c\u2018\u014d collection in particular is perhaps unique in the world for its completeness and longevity covering a single eruptive event and is thus extremely valuable.<\/p>\n<p>Each sample collection and resulting analytical data informs HVO and the wider volcanological community a little more about the behavior and hazards of Hawai&#8217;ian volcanoes. These collections will continue to be an important resource for researchers, especially because some samples are from areas that are no longer accessible, having been covered by more recent lava flows or within the area of K\u012blauea&#8217;s summit that collapsed in 2018.<\/p>\n<p>Eventually, one of Hawai&#8217;i&#8217;s volcanoes will erupt again, and HVO will have another sample collection to curate and care for, and to help us understand Hawaiian volcanoes and their hazards a little more.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Attributions<\/h2>\n<p>Adapted from:<\/p>\n<p>McBeth, J., Panchuk, K., Prokopiuk, T., Hauber, L., &amp; Lacey, S. (2020). <em>Introductory Physical Geology Laboratory Manual, 1st Canadian Ed<\/em>., <a href=\"https:\/\/openpress.usask.ca\/geolmanual\/part\/chapter-3-igneous-rocks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><em>Chapter 3. Igneous Rocks<\/em><\/a> by L. Hauber &amp; J. McBeth. CC BY-SA 4.0<\/p>\n<p>Deline, B., Harris. R. &amp; Tefend, K. (2015) <em><a href=\"https:\/\/ung.edu\/university-press\/books\/laboratory-manual-for-introductory-geology.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology, 1st Edition<\/a>, <\/em>Chapter 8. Igneous Rocks by K. Tefend. Harris. CC BY-SA 4.0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"parent":0,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"pb_part_invisible":false,"pb_part_invisible_string":""},"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-63","part","type-part","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/63","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/part"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/63\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":855,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/63\/revisions\/855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=63"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/geolmanual\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=63"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}