{"id":502,"date":"2016-07-22T07:50:20","date_gmt":"2016-07-22T11:50:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/?post_type=chapter&p=502"},"modified":"2017-06-12T19:14:44","modified_gmt":"2017-06-12T23:14:44","slug":"14-patterns-change-in-form","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/chapter\/14-patterns-change-in-form\/","title":{"raw":"\u00a714. Patterns of Change in Form","rendered":"\u00a714. Patterns of Change in Form"},"content":{"raw":"

The vocabulary of this chapter has shown various degrees of change that Latin nouns may undergo in becoming English words. We can establish a sort of spectrum of MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE<\/b>, ranging from the least modified to the totally transformed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n1. The Latin word appears in English without any change in form<\/span>:
<\/span>arena<\/b>, camera<\/b>, campus<\/b>, circus<\/b>, forum<\/b>, odium<\/b>\r\n\r\n2. The Latin noun base becomes the English derivative<\/span>:
<\/span><\/i>L. forma<\/b> > E form<\/i>, L campus<\/b> > E camp<\/i>, L signum<\/b> E sign<\/i>\r\n\r\n3. The Latin word is modified on consistent principles<\/span>:\r\n<\/span>a. The English word is the Latin base plus silent -e\r\n<\/span>L causa<\/b> > E cause<\/i>, L fortuna<\/b> > E fortune<\/i>, L modus<\/b> > E mode\r\n<\/span>b. Latin -tia<\/b> or -tium<\/b> or -cium<\/b> becomes English -ce<\/i>[footnote] Latin -gium<\/strong> might also become English -ge<\/em>, as L vestigium<\/strong> (\u201cfootprint\u201d) > E vestige<\/em>, and L collegium<\/strong> (\u201cguild\u201d) > E. college<\/em>.[\/footnote]\r\n<\/span>L gratia<\/b> > E grace<\/i>, L vitium<\/b> > E vice<\/i>, L officium<\/b> > E office<\/i><\/i><\/span>\r\n<\/span>c. Latin -ia <\/b>or -ium <\/b>becomes English -y<\/i>\r\n<\/span><\/i>L gloria<\/b> <\/i>> E glory, <\/i>L <\/i>lilium<\/b> > <\/i>E lily<\/i>\r\n\r\n4. The Latin word undergoes a major and unpredictable change in form<\/span>:\r\n<\/span>L. camera<\/b> > E chamber<\/i>, L radius<\/b> > E ray<\/i>, L. granum<\/b> > E grain<\/i>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n

As you may have surmised, most of the changes in types 2 to 4 occurred during and after transmission through French. Many lst declension nouns, for example, survive as French words in -e<\/i> (type 3.a); cf. L terra<\/b> > F terre<\/i>, L luna<\/b> > F lune<\/i>. In the Old French period (12th century), words like gloria<\/b>, memoria<\/b>, and victoria<\/b> had assumed the form glorie<\/i>, m\u00e9morie<\/i>, and victorie<\/i>, whence English glory<\/i>, memory<\/i>, and victory<\/i> (type 3.c). Later they evolved into modern French gloire<\/i>, m\u00e9moire<\/i>, and victoire<\/i>. At a fairly recent date, English borrowed the word memoir<\/i> from modern French. Thus memoir<\/i> and memory<\/i> are English doublets.<\/p>","rendered":"

The vocabulary of this chapter has shown various degrees of change that Latin nouns may undergo in becoming English words. We can establish a sort of spectrum of MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE<\/b>, ranging from the least modified to the totally transformed.<\/p>\n

\n

1. The Latin word appears in English without any change in form<\/span>:
<\/span>arena<\/b>, camera<\/b>, campus<\/b>, circus<\/b>, forum<\/b>, odium<\/b><\/p>\n

2. The Latin noun base becomes the English derivative<\/span>:
<\/span><\/i>L. forma<\/b> > E form<\/i>, L campus<\/b> > E camp<\/i>, L signum<\/b> E sign<\/i><\/p>\n

3. The Latin word is modified on consistent principles<\/span>:
\n<\/span>a. The English word is the Latin base plus silent -e
\n<\/span>L causa<\/b> > E cause<\/i>, L fortuna<\/b> > E fortune<\/i>, L modus<\/b> > E mode
\n<\/span>b. Latin -tia<\/b> or –tium<\/b> or –cium<\/b> becomes English –ce<\/i>[1]<\/sup><\/a>
\n<\/span>L gratia<\/b> > E grace<\/i>, L vitium<\/b> > E vice<\/i>, L officium<\/b> > E office<\/i><\/i><\/span>
\n<\/span>c. Latin –ia <\/b>or –ium <\/b>becomes English –y<\/i>
\n<\/span><\/i>L gloria<\/b> <\/i>> E glory, <\/i>L <\/i>lilium<\/b> > <\/i>E lily<\/i><\/p>\n

4. The Latin word undergoes a major and unpredictable change in form<\/span>:
\n<\/span>L. camera<\/b> > E chamber<\/i>, L radius<\/b> > E ray<\/i>, L. granum<\/b> > E grain<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

As you may have surmised, most of the changes in types 2 to 4 occurred during and after transmission through French. Many lst declension nouns, for example, survive as French words in –e<\/i> (type 3.a); cf. L terra<\/b> > F terre<\/i>, L luna<\/b> > F lune<\/i>. In the Old French period (12th century), words like gloria<\/b>, memoria<\/b>, and victoria<\/b> had assumed the form glorie<\/i>, m\u00e9morie<\/i>, and victorie<\/i>, whence English glory<\/i>, memory<\/i>, and victory<\/i> (type 3.c). Later they evolved into modern French gloire<\/i>, m\u00e9moire<\/i>, and victoire<\/i>. At a fairly recent date, English borrowed the word memoir<\/i> from modern French. Thus memoir<\/i> and memory<\/i> are English doublets.<\/p>\n

  1. Latin -gium<\/strong> might also become English -ge<\/em>, as L vestigium<\/strong> (\u201cfootprint\u201d) > E vestige<\/em>, and L collegium<\/strong> (\u201cguild\u201d) > E. college<\/em>. ↵<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"Chapter 2: The Latin Noun (Declensions 1 & 2)","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[52],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-502","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-numberless"],"part":442,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/502","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/502\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2060,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/502\/revisions\/2060"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/442"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/502\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=502"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=502"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=502"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.bccampus.ca\/greeklatinroots\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=502"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}